MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
SECONDARY ENGAGMENT
PROGRAMME
SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 10
EASTER TERM 2020-2021
Week 1 Lesson 1
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of the
Human Resource.
Sub - Topic: Population – Structure and Characteristics
Concept: The most studied aspects of population structure are age and sex. Other aspects
that can also be studied include race, language, religion, and social/occupational
groups.
Objectives: Students will:
Define key terms related to the structure and characteristics of a population.
Identify and explain at least three characteristics of a population.
Identify at least two sources of population statistics.
Identify and explain three uses of population statistics. groups.
Content: A resource is defined as anything natural or physical which can be harnessed to
create wealth or improve the standard of people
There are two broad groups of resources. There are human resources and
physical/natural resources.
Human resource
Human resources include all the skills, talents and abilities which individuals
possess in a population.
Key Terms associated with human resources
Population: the total number of people living in a given place at a given time.
Demography: is the study of the population to determine its characteristics such
as size, composition, structure and distribution.
Census: a government survey of population which usually takes place once every
ten years. Major characteristics of a population according to age, sex, occupation,
ethnicity, religion, dependency ratio. A census can also be defined as an official
count of the people in a country.
Demographic data of a country is obtained from a census which is an account and
analysis of the population (usually every 10 years).
Analysis provides information on:
Population size
Number of persons in the labour force
Male- Female ratio
Age- Sex ratio
Marital Status of adults
Migration composition
Educational Attainment
Dependency ratio
Sources of population statistics:
National census
Registrar’s Office
Office of Naturalisation
Records of religious institutions.
Uses of population statistics:
This information is useful to policy makers for planning in the areas of:
Health
Education
Housing
Social Services
Welfare Needs
Infrastructural Development
Employment
Activity: Interview your family members and complete copies of the following form.
https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-
content/uploads/2019/11/2012_Census_QuestionnaireForm-BIND.pdf
Draw tables to present data gathered for:
P1.2
P4.3
Home work: Explain the following concepts and terms associated with population:
birth rate, death rate, natural increase, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, fertility
rate, migration, immigration, emigration, net migration, brain drain, urbanisation,
depopulation, population density, population distribution, dependency ratio.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Population
Complete the crossword puzzle below
Across
2. people moving into a country or area
7. the number of deaths per 1000 of the population each
year 10. the number of babies who die in their first year per
1000 live births
13. the number of people living in an area or country
14. the difference between the numbers of people
emigrating and immigrating
16. the study of population
17. movement of people out of an area or country
18. the number of people living in an area, per square
kilometre is called population ____.
Down
1. the number of children born in one year per 1000 of the
population
3. the difference between the birth rate and the death rate
4. moving from one place to live in another
5. the average number of years which someone is expected to
live
6. the loss of population from a particular area or country
8. population _____ refers to the spread of people across an
area
9. the emigration of educated, skilled or qualified workers 11.
the average number of children which a woman can
expect to have over her lifetime
12. the ratio of the non-working population (children
and older people) to the working age population
15. a government survey of population which usually takes
place once every ten years
Week 1 Lesson 2
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and use of the
Human Resource.
Sub – Topic: Population Pyramid
Concept: Population pyramids are used by demographers as a tool for understanding the
make-up of a given population, whether a city, country, region, or the world.
Objectives: Students will:
Define the term population pyramid.
List the types of population pyramids.
Explain the differences among the population pyramids.
Content: What is a Population Pyramid?
A population pyramid can be defined as a type of graph consisting of a two-part bar
chart which shows the structure of a population by age and gender. Example shown
below.
What does a population pyramid show?
A population pyramid shows the population structure of a country. This information is captured
for a single point in time. It shows, at a glance, the relationship between the number of males and
females and their age profile. Over time, the shape will change to reflect the structural changes.
The population pyramid, shows the distribution of various age groups in a population which
normally forms the shape of a pyramid. It typically consists of two back-to-back bar graphs, with
population plotted on the X axis and age on the Y axis, one showing the number of males and one
showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups (also called cohorts). Males are
conventionally shown on the left and females on the right, and they may be measured by raw
number or as a percentage of the total population.
Types of Population Pyramids
Reading a Population Pyramid
Activity: Study the table and answer the questions that follow.
Population of Guyana By Age Group And Sex
Source: Draft Report of Housing and Population Census 1991/1992
Activity Questions:
How many persons are below 20 years?
How many persons are between 20 and 49 years?
How many persons are 50 years and above?
Examine the three age groups mentioned in questions 1-3. Which age
group do you think the government would have to make special provisions
for?
Home work: Find out about the population of your community. Write a short paragraph
escribing the composition of the population in your community.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5a5dffae975b9500106b89d1/population-
pyramids
Population Pyramids Activity
Instructions: Answer the questions below.
1. This population pyramid shows a country with a population that is
A. growing
B. staying the same
C. decreasing
2.
A. Growing B. Stable C. Shrinking
3. Which country has the most elderly people?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
4. In which stage does a country have a more equal amount of young, middle-aged,
and older people?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
5. Which country do you think has the best health care?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
6. Which country has the highest death rates?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
7. Which country has the lowest birth rates?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
8. Which country has the highest life expectancy?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
9. Which country has the lowest life expectancy?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
10. Which country would you expect to have the worst health care?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
Week 2 Lesson: 1
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of the
Human Resource
Sub – Topic: Population Pyramid
Concept: All population pyramids are not the same. This is so because of the variation in data
collected from the different population.
Objectives: Students will:
List the types of population structures
Describe the different types of population structures.
Content: There are three types of population pyramids: expansive, constrictive, and
stationary.
Expansive population pyramids depict populations that have a larger percentage
of people in younger age groups. Hence, the base is wide (refer to the diagram
below). Populations with this shape usually have high fertility rates with lower
life expectancies. Many third world countries have expansive population
pyramids.
Expansive Population Pyramid.
Constrictive population pyramids are named so because they are constricted at
the bottom. There is a lower percentage of younger people. Constrictive
population pyramids show declining birth rates, since each succeeding age group
is getting smaller and smaller (refer to the diagram below). The United States has
a constrictive population pyramid.
Constrictive population pyramids.
Stationary population pyramids are those that show a somewhat equal
proportion of the population in each age group. There is not a decrease or increase
in population; it is stable. Austria has a stationary population pyramid.
Activity: Compare and contrast the population pyramid of Guyana and Canada.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Population ACTIVITY
Instructions: Answer the questions below.
1. Which of the following is not one of the three types of population pyramids?
a. Expansive b. Stationary c. Constrictive d. fluctuating
2. This population pyramid shows a country whose population is
a. Growing
b. Stable
c. Shrinking
3. This population pyramid shows a country with a population that is
a. Growing
b. Stable (Staying the Same)
c. Shrinking
4. Which population has the most, young people?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
Week 2 Lesson 2
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of the
Human Resource
Sub – Topic: Population Distribution and Population Density
Objectives: Students will:
Define the terms population distribution and population density.
Identify and explain the factors that influence population distribution.
Concept: This deals with the geographical location/distribution of the people in a
population. In some areas there are more people than in others. In some areas
there are little to no people at all example swamps, forests, deserts on
mountaintops, and steep slopes.
Content: What is Population Distribution and population density?
• Population distribution refers to the way in which a population is spread out
over a given area. The map below shows the population distribution in the
world. It can be seen that:
- Population is not distributed evenly across the world.
- Some areas have a high concentrations of population eg China, India etc
while other areas have a low concentration of population eg. Russia, Canada
etc
- Most coastal regions tend to have a high population concentration.
Note: Population distribution is measured in terms of density.
• Population density refers to the number of people living in AN AREA per
square kilometer.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑺𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂= 𝑷𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝟒𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟔𝟎𝟎= 𝟖𝟎 𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑺𝑶𝑵 𝑷𝑬𝑹 𝑺𝑸𝑼𝑨𝑹𝑬 𝑲𝑴
Population density of an area may be described as low, moderate or high.
Relief of the land
• Higher ground tends to be winder, wetter, colder, and more difficult to access and is
therefore, less hospitable for humans
• Steep slopes make the use of machinery difficult, which in turn makes developing
settlements and certain farming practices harder.
• Steeper slopes are subject to more rapid and catastrophic events such as landslides.
Factors influencing population distribution
Relief of the land
Climate
Fertile areas
Location of mineral resources
Developed areas
Types of vegetation
• Low-level, flat land offers the most opportunities for the widest variety of land use. It
is usually warmer and drier with more fertile soils for farming.
• The level terrain means that the developing houses, industries and infrastructure is
much more straightforward.
Climate
Climate refers to the conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of
time (30 years).
• Some climates are too extreme to allow for much permanent habitation, while others
require adaptation to the conditions.
• The Caribbean enjoys a tropical climate which is generally warm and wet and in which
humans can live quite easily.
Fertile areas
• The best soils yield the largest crops of highest quality.
• Years ago people lived close to areas of agricultural activity to access food.
• However, due to the developments in modern transportation, food storage and retail
practices this is no longer the case.
Location of mineral resources
• Mineral deposits attract populations who are drawn by the prospect of
employment in the industries associated with extracting or processing the
mineral.
• The availability of the mineral resource in large quantities results in the
setting up of permanent infrastructure and the creation of additional
employment opportunities in the areas of constructions, education, health,
social services, entertainment, accommodations, etc.
Developed areas
• Most persons tend to live in the most developed areas of a country where there
is properly developed infrastructure for road, water and electricity.
• They also look for ease of access to the best educational, health and social
services. As well as recreation facilities, entertainment services,
commercial and banking facilities.
• Areas which do not have as developed facilities and services are normally less
densely populated.
Types of vegetation
• Areas with thick forest vegetation are less populated than area without this
thick forest vegetation.
• Additionally, in some areas forest/ thick vegetation has been cleared for
housing development as this vegetation is cleared more and more person
begin to settle thus increasing the population of the are
Activity
Worksheet
Instructions: Answer the questions below.
1. What is meant by the term population distribution?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. a. On the map of Guyana, shade an area of:
i. High population density
ii. Moderate population
iii. Low population density
b. Give two reasons for the difference in population density.
Week 3 Lesson 1
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of
Resources
Sub – Topic: Population Change
Objectives: Students will:
Identify the factors that are responsible for the change in the total of population.
Explain the factors in relation to the changes population pyramids
Concept: This deals with the geographical location/distribution of the people in a
population. In some areas there are more people than in others. In some areas
there are little to no people at all example swamps, forests, deserts on
mountaintops, and steep slopes.
Content: Population change key terms
• Birth rate - the number of children born in one year per 1000 of the population.
• Death rate - the number of deaths per 1000 of the population each year.
• Natural increase
A country has a growing population if the birth rate is greater than the death
rate.
Birth rate (br) – Death rate (DR) = Natural Increase (NI)
• Natural decrease
A country has a declining population if the death rate exceeds the birth rate.
Death rate (dr) – birth rate (br) = natural decrease (nd)
• Migration - moving from one place to live in another.
• Immigration - people moving into a country or area.
Emigration - movement of people out of an area or country.
When the rates of immigration are greater than rates of emigration there is an
increase in the population and this situation is described as net immigration
• Infant mortality rate –this is the number of deaths per 1000 infants (under the
age of one) in the population.
• Child mortality rate- this takes account of all the deaths of children up to the
age of 5.
• Fertility rate- the average number of births per woman in a given year.
• Life expectancy- this is the average number of years that individuals are
expected to live from birth in a particular country.
•
Activity: Copy and complete the table below using the information to calculate the natural
increase or decrease in each country, the first one has been done for you.
Country Birth Rate Death Rae Answer
Natural Increase
(NI)/ Natural
Decrease (ND)
A 12.92 4.40 8.52 NI
D 12.35 8.39
G 17.01 7.94
H 8.21 24.40
S 16.25 14.62
X 8.29 14.35
Home work: Identify why people tend to live in greater concentrations in different parts of
Guyana.
What are the main factors influencing this distribution and density?
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Population Distribution and Change
Complete the crossword puzzle below
Across
2. Soils which yield the largest crops of highest quality are said to be _____.
8. When a country has a growing population if the birth rate is greater than the death rate is
referred to as
9. people moving into a country
12. moving from one place to live in another
13. Population _____ refers to the number of people living in an area per square kilometre. Down
1. _____ deposits attract populations who are drawn by the prospect of employment.
3. movement of people out of a country
4. The number of children born in one year per 1000 of the population.5. the number of
deaths per 1000 of the population each year
6. Has been cleared for housing development.
7. Population ______ refers to the way in which a population is spread out over a given area.
10. Steep slopes make the use of machinery difficult, which in turn makes developing
settlements harder refers to ___.
11. The conditions of the atmosphere at a particular location over a long period of time.
Week 3 Lesson 2
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of Human
Resources
Sub – Topic: Migration
Objectives: Students will:
Define the terms related to Migration.
Identify and explain the push factors of migration.
Identify and explain the pull factors of migration.
Identify and explain the effects of migration.
Concept: Man has been migrating from one place to another for centuries. The reasons may
vary, but the migration only ends when he is comfortable.
Content: Key terms
Migration - moving from one place to live in another.
Immigration - people moving into a country or area.
Emigration - movement of people out of an area or country.
Net migration - the difference between the numbers of people emigrating and
immigrating
Types of migration
Internal migration - migration within a country.
Example: Movement from Lethem to Georgetown
Rural to urban migration - movement from the countryside into the towns and
cities. Example: movement from Essequibo to Georgetown.
Urban to rural migration - movement of people from the town or city to the
countryside. Example movement from Georgetown to Essequibo.
External migration - migration from one country to another.
Intra-Regional migration - migration from one country to another within the same
geographical area/region. E.g. From Barbados to Guyana (Caribbean).
International Migration – movement from a territory away to international
borders. Example : movement from Guyana to England
Causes of migration
Push and pull factors - factors which encourage people to migrate away from or
towards an area.
Why do people Migrate?
Push factors are the reasons why people leave an area. They include lack of
services, lack of safety, high crime, crop failure, drought, flooding, poverty, war.
Pull factors are the reasons people move to a particular area. These include higher
employment, more wealth, better services, good climate, being safer, less crime,
political stability, more fertile land, lower risk from natural hazards.
Migration usually happens as a result of a combination of these push and pull
factors.
Can you name any other Push and Pull Factors of migration?
PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS
The Effects of Migration
POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES
New skills introduced.
New cultures introduced and integrated. The labour force may be more ready.
It provides a temporary solution to unemployment problems.
Contributes to foreign exchange, especially in the form of remittance.
NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES
Exploitation of workers, which includes underemployment.
Open violence against newly arrived who do not wish to integrate.
Great stress is placed on the resources and social services of the country.
Further unemployment, as researchers who normally explore ventures migrate.
No investment due to people with money leaving. Brain drain. C) To the individual:
Discrimination.
Unable to find a job as quickly as expected. Low-paid, non-status jobs.
Culture shock.
Loneliness and separation from loved ones.
Home work: Prepare a list of possible push factors that may encourage persons to emigrate from
your community or pull factors that may have drawn them in.
Make a list of actions a government may take to reduce migration.
Reference:
Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and Tobago,
Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2o00). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide and Exercises,
Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54xM8VlgP7s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlkA2JqGYOk
Week 4 Lesson 1
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of the
Human Resource.
Sub – Topic: The factors that contribute to the development of human resources
Objective(s) Students will:
Give reasons for the development of the human resource.
Identify and explain the factors that contribute to the development of human
resources
Concept A population's size and its level of health and education are important factors
affecting its economic performance. For instance, a population weakened by
malnutrition or widespread disease is less productive than a healthy one. A society's
level and type of education have a great effect on the amount and kinds of goods
and services demanded and produced. It can, therefore, be concluded that all
institutions in society, such as the family, educational, government, religious, in
some way, influence and shape the quality of the human resource, and the quality
of the human resource in turns contributes to the progress of these institutions.
Content: Development of Human Resources Through
1. Nutrition and health
A healthy person may be described as one who’s physical, mental and emotional
capacities are not affected by any ailments or deficiencies. As such, governments
must be concerned with educating and providing citizens with access to proper
health care (primary/ preventative and secondary/ curative).
Primary / preventative healthcare includes all actions taken by the individuals,
groups or government to prevent themselves from contracting any form of sickness
or disease. See example on chart.
Secondary /Curative Healthcare – focuses on detection and treatment of diseases.
‘A nation’s health is a nation’s wealth’
Greater emphasis on the health of the worker
A healthy worker produces more than one who is not. Health provisions for workers
might be inadequate and this will adversely affect their performance. Workers who
are not healthy cannot be efficient. To this end, employers often contribute towards
health schemes for their workers, allow them sick leave or even have their own
doctors and nurses at the workplace. Many places of work have sick-bay facilities
for their workers or they have access to first aid in the event of minor illnesses.
Primary Healthcare
• including immunisations, maternal healthcare, healthcare education and care of older people. It is important for a government to ensure that everyone has access to affordable
Secondary Healtcare
• focuses on detection, treatment and cure of diseases (e.g. hospitals, clinics, medical research, treatments, therapies and rehabilitation).
2. Recreation
Regular physical exercise is recommended by medical practitioners in combination
with a healthy diet to assist in weight loss or weight control and in reducing the risk
of a number of diseases. It is also understood by mental health experts to offer a
method of releasing tensions.
Activity:
Make a list of recreational facilities in your community?
3. Religion
Religion can be defined as a belief system in a particular deity or God.
Every group in our society have different belief systems. The main religions in
Guyana are; Hinduism. Islam and Christianity. Smaller groups also exist like the
Rastafarianism.
Religion serves many purposes, such as it acts as a form of social control, by
teaching us the acceptable norms, values and morals of society. To add it helps us
to understand the reason for our existence.
Religious institutions help society to progress through the teaching and promotion
of the pristine and timeless values of love, peace, truth, righteousness, non-
violence, honesty and dedication to duty.
Activity
What are the correct names for the place of worship for the main religions
mentioned above?
Give two more purposes of religion?
Activity: Make a list of the various institutions/ organizations in your community that helps
human resource development. E.g.
Community: Beterverwagting
Health Education Recreation Religion Protection
Beterverwagting
Health Centre
Beterverwagting
Primary School
Beterverwagting
Community
Centre Ground
St. Peter’s
R.C. Church
Beterverwagting
Police Station
Beterverwagting
Secondary
School
Home Work
What is meant by the term “developing the human resource”?
Identify five ways of developing the human recourse.
What recreational activity/ activities do you pursue? Explain how these
activities are important to you.
Reference
Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and Tobago,
Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide and Exercises,
Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Week 4 Lesson 2
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of Human
Resources
Sub – Topic: Developing human resources cont’d
Objective(s) Students will:
Give reasons for the development of the human resource.
Identify and explain the factors that contribute to the development of human
resources
Concept: Human resources are evident in every society. It is how we develop and use this
resource that is vital to our country. This is so as use is dependent on the quality of
the people. Human resources are responsible for the utilization of our physical
resources. Because human resource is so vital to the continued existence of
mankind, care must be taken in moulding and making our human resource.
Content: Human Resources
Human resources refers to all physical and mental abilities in production; that is,
all labour and entrepreneurial skills. Human resource development is the process of
making the quality of labour and the entrepreneur better. This process has been
described as investment in human capital. The result of such investment is usually
increased productivity and lower costs of production. The factors that improve
labour productivity are the same ones that improve the human resources.
4. Education
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of
knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits
Education provides people with skills, knowledge and confidence to carry out a job,
function well in society and fulfil their potential. In the Caribbean there are four
stages of basic education: early childhood, primary, secondary and tertiary. Lack of
education is linked to poverty, lack of opportunity and poor mental health.
Educational institutions include schools, colleges and universities and special
education schools.
Types of Education
The Education (basic, moral, vocational and professional training, rehabilitation,
retraining)
Education available to all members of society, is important at the nursery, primary,
secondary and tertiary levels. This education is important as it aids in the
development of major skills necessary for the extraction and development of natural
and human resources.
5. Improvements in the levels of education
This will make training of the human resources easier. Also, with improved
education, employees can qualify for higher posts - promotions. With these facts in
mind, some employers allow workers time off to go and educate themselves or to
upgrade their education.
. 6. More training and retraining
Workers who are properly trained will work faster and this will benefit the
organisation and the country as a whole. Among many countries, this aspect of
human resource development is sadly lacking. Many employers are themselves
untrained and are therefore lax when it comes to the training of workers. They often
see it as a waste of time and money.
7.Protection
There is a constant threat of criminal activity that can cause persons to feel
threatened or insecure which can prevent persons from reaching their maximum
potential. In recognition of this governments have instituted a number of measures
to ensure a safe and crime free society.
8.Improved working conditions
If working conditions are poor, the human resources will be adversely affected.
Working conditions include ventilation, light, workspace, safe surroundings and so
on. If conditions are ideal, for example, more space or more efficient air
conditioning, output will increase. Also, if human resources are to develop, there
must be adequate bathroom, restroom, canteen and recreation facilities. With good
ventilation, adequate lighting, enough space to work in and safe surroundings, the
worker will develop and work more efficiently.
9.Motivation
External motivation in particular can encourage the human resources to improve.
For example, if they are given incentives, such as bonuses, they will work harder.
Such motivation can also change negative attitudes towards work into positive
ones. Positive attitudes might improve punctuality and eliminate low absenteeism.
10.Adequate amount of and quality capital
Workers with poor-quality machinery and equipment will not work well. In
addition, they must have the right amount of capital to work with. Attention to these
areas will improve the productivity of the human resources.
11.Good management
The manager who is able to organise people and materials efficiently and display
appropriate leadership will find that production and productivity will rise. For
developing countries to experience growth and development, it is essential that the
human resources be developed sufficiently.
Activity: What do you understand by human resource development?
Discuss FOUR ways in which human resources are developed in the country.
Home Work:
Define the term globalization.
List four advantages and four disadvantages of globalization.
Explain how can the government develop its human resource through sports and
culture.
Developing Human Resources
1. Which of the following is not a requirement of most workers in modern societies?
A. Flexibility
B. Physical Strength
C. Technical skills
D. Creative thinking
2. Human resources can best be described as what?
A. The number of people in the population who are economically active.
B. The ration of the working people to children and elderly.
C. The knowledge, skills, abilities and values of the population.
D. The number of persons available for work.
3. Which of the following is NOT a way to develop human resources?
A. Improving health care.
B. Increasing education.
C. Encouraging immigration.
D. Improving sports and cultural facilities.
4. Primary health care includes provision of what?
A. Safe drinking water.
B. Health centres
C. Hospitals
D. Pharmacies
5. In what area of education are scholarships usually found?
A. Primary education
B. Non-formal education
C. Formal secondary education
D. Formal tertiary education
Reference:
Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2012). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and Tobago,
Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2001). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide and Exercises,
Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
SECONDARY ENGAGMENT
PROGRAMME
SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 10
EASTER TERM 2020-2021
Week 5 Lesson 1
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use Of
Human Resources
Sub – Topic: Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment
Objective: students will:
Define key terms associated with work.
Explain factors that can contributes to the availability of work in the job market.
Concept: People in a country’s labour force work to ‘earn a living’ and to meet their own
basic needs.
Content: Terms
Employment - being in paid work;
Employed – receiving payment in exchange for the work you do.
Unemployed – have no work.
Underemployed - working part-time or in a job for which someone is too highly
skilled or qualified.
Unemployable - a person who does not have the necessary education, skills, or
attitudes to get a job.
Labour force - everyone of working age who is working or looking for work.
Factors that influence employment, unemployment and under- employment
Availability and use of capital
Capital is the amount of money or stock available to a person or to a
company.
Capital can be used to establish a business or help it expand or develop.
Countries can also invest capital in the hope of stimulating employment.
Caribbean countries spend large amounts of capital on paying off
international debts.
Level and range of skills demanded versus those available
Many Caribbean counties are largely primary producers/ agriculturally
based and do not offer enough positions, because the country is no
growing fast enough to meet the needs for jobs.
There is a mismatch between the skills required by employers and the
skills of the working population.
Students are leaving education without sufficient knowledge or skills to
take up work in an increasingly skills-based and technology – driven
market.
Students are qualifying from tertiary education establishments and not
finding suitable work to match their level of qualification.
Availability and creation of markets, trading patterns and preferences
Caribbean countries have small local or domestic markets.
Producers of goods and services have a limited number of potential
customers and little chance of expanding their business.
The creation of a regional market has helped producers in the Caribbean to
sell goods to all the people of the Caribbean.
The regional market is not large and Caribbean producers face a challenge
as many Caribbean countries produce similar products to one another.
Availability and creation of markets, trading patterns and preferences
Trading blocs – these are formed when a number of countries form a
group and agree to certain trade arrangements between themselves.
A major influence on demand for products is consumer taste or preference.
This can be influenced by home upbringing, commercial persuasive
advertising and attitudes towards health and well – being. Therefore if
consumers don’t buy the products the business would not be able to grow
and create employment.
Level of technology available in relation to resource development
New technology can replace human workers in certain circumstances e.g.
factory automation or agricultural mechanization.
Technology also creates new types of jobs e.g. computer technicians.
Technology in business often leads to improved productivity, and
competitiveness.
Activity: How does each factor influence the levels of employment, unemployment or
under- employment in the country?
What actions can the Government take to create jobs in the country?
What actions should an individual take to ensure he/she gains employment?
Home Work: Explain the following types of unemployment:
Temporary
Seasonal
Technological
Frictional
Structural
Cyclical
Reference:
Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and Tobago,
Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide and Exercises,
Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Week 5 Lesson 2
Topic: Sustainable Development and Use of Resources: Development and Use of Human
Resources
Sub – Topic: Preparation for the world of work
Objective(s): Students will:
Identify the types of industries and give examples
Explain how a person can prepare for employment.
State reasons why persons seek employment.
Identify some desirable attitudes and values for the work world.
Concept: Work is service performed by an employee at the request and under the control of
an employer and, therefore, on the employer's time.
Content: Types of Industries and Careers
Type of
Industry
Examples of
Industry Examples of Activity Examples of Workers
Primary
Mining
Quarrying
Drilling
Forestry
Agriculture
Aquaculture
Bauxite mining
Granite quarrying
Oil drilling
Lumber production
Crop production/ livestock rearing
Fish farming
Miners
Excavator operators
Drill workers
Forestry management
Farmers
Fish farmers
Secondary
Processing
Manufacturing
Construction
Cement production
Food processing
Furniture production
Crafts production
Housing construction
Assembly line workers,
engineers, mechanics
Food packagers
Craftsmen
Bricklayers
Electricians
Tertiary
Commercial
services
Social services
Banking, Accounting, Insurance,
Transport, Logistics,
Tourism and Hospitality
Health
Education
Bank tellers, Office
workers
Drivers
Warehouse workers,
Hotel workers, Chefs,
Waiting staff
Health workers
Teachers, Lecturers
Activity: Complete the table based on your career choice.
Type of Industry Industry Activity Job
How can you prepare for the world of work?
a. Complete your education.
b. Plan your career goals and work towards achieving it.
c. Research for job opportunities which you find yourself capable of doing or
possess the necessary skills for.
d. You may also look at the idea of self-employment.
Reasons for seeking employment
Providing for self and family.
Achieving a better status.
Seeking independence.
Helping others.
Learning new skills.
Developing the country.
Do not want to remain idle.
There is much satisfaction from being employed and it helps in relieving
stress.
Desirable attitudes and values for the work world
Good grooming
Good work attitude
Good articulation
Willingness to use initiative
Punctuality
Flexibility
Confidential and self-motivated
Home Work
Prepare a job application letter and curriculum vita for a career of your choice.
‘Trade Unions exist to ensure workers receive their rights.’
List some of the rights and responsibilities of an employee.
Preparation for The World Of Work
Instruction: Choose from the list of works to complete the sentences.
1. When choosing a job you should think about _______________________, needs and ambitions.
2. Job assessment should consider its financial rewards, work-life balance and
__________________.
3. The responsibilities of a job should be listed in a __________________________.
Instruction: Circle the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is most likely to increase your ability to find the right job?
A. A wide range of skills and interest.
B. Preparing a good CV.
C. Increased self-awareness.
D. Training in health and safety.
2. A person who aims to be self-employed needs to find out about all EXCEPT:
A. Interview techniques.
B. The market for their product or service.
C. The money they need to invest.
D. Raw materials and equipment.
job description interest fulfilment
3. You are seeking a job in an office and have been invited for an interview. Which of the following
is the MOST important thing you need to do?
A. Find out the remuneration.
B. Dress smartly and arrive on time.
C. Answer the interview questions honestly.
D. Be polite.
4. Which of the following is likely to be the most important factor in securing a job?
A. Your gender.
B. Your ethnicity.
C. Your qualifications and experience.
D. Your physical appearance.
5. A worker is frequently late because of transport difficulties. Punctuality at work is:
A. The employee’s right.
B. The employee’s responsibility.
C. The transport company’s responsibility
D. The employer’s responsibility.
Reference:
Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and Tobago,
Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide and Exercises,
Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Week: 6 Lesson 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural/ Physical Resource
Concept: Resources are essential to man’s survival.
Resource: Living and non-living things that may be useful to people and their
society. It is anything natural or physical that can be harnessed to create wealth or
improve the standard of living of a nation. It can be described as assets and the
means of meeting demands and achieving goals.
Content: What are Physical/Natural resources?
Physical/Natural resources are gifts of nature.
Physical/Natural resources may be classified into two categories. The diagram
below shows the categories.
Natural /Physical Resources
Renewable Resources
They can be replinished or replaced over time.
Examples:
Land Sun
Water Forest
Non- Renewable Resources
They cannot be replinished /replaced over time.
Examples:
Minerals- Gold, Diamond, Bauxite etc
Pertroleum Coal Natural Gas
Difference between Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
Renewable resource Non-renewable resource
It can be renewed as it is available in
infinite quantity
Once completely consumed, it cannot be renewed
due to limited stock
Sustainable in nature Exhaustible in nature
Low cost and environment-friendly High cost and less environment-friendly
Replenish quickly Replenish slowly or do not replenish naturally at all
Location and uses of non-renewable mineral resources in the Caribbean.
The table below shows the location and uses of non-renewable Mineral resources.
Resources Uses Country
Limestone Construction, cement manufacture Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Bauxite Aluminum production Guyana, Jamaica
Gypsum Cement manufacture, ingredient in plaster,
food additive, fertilizer component, soil
conditioner.
Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Petroleum Fuel Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Belize
Natural Gas Fuel Trinidad and Tobago
Diamonds Jewellery, industrial applications Guyana
Gold Jewellery, artefacts, industrial applications Guyana
Asphalt Road Construction Trinidad and Tobago
Marble Flooring, construction Jamaica
Activity: On an outlined map of the Caribbean, locate and name the countries where the
various non-renewable resources are found.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheet
Answer all questions.
1. Use the phrases below to create the definition for the term resource.
- Living and non – living
- things that are
- useful to people and their society
- Resources are
2. Complete the chart by giving examples of renewable resources
3. Give two characteristics of non-renewable resources.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Why are natural resources important to man? ________________________________
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
AIR
_______
WATER
LAND
_____________
______________
Week: 6 Lesson 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Land
Concept: Caribbean countries may be comparatively small. However, most of the islands
have rich, fertile soils, which ensures food security and in some instances, yield
valuable minerals.
Content: Uses of the land
Our land is used for many purposes such as:
Agriculture – farming and the rearing of livestock
Housing – development of settlement
Mining- bauxite, gold, diamond, petroleum.
Commercial and Industrial use - Building of industrial plants
Transport
PRODUCTIVE USE OF LAND IN SELECTED CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES
Country Agriculture Mineral
Belize Forestry, sugar-cane, citrus, rice, coconuts, food
crops.
-
Barbados Sugar-cane, ground provisions, bananas. Petroleum, limestone.
Dominica Bananas, coconuts, citrus, forestry. -
Grenada Nutmegs, cocoa, bananas, sugar-cane -
Guyana Sugar-cane, rice, forestry, cattle rearing Bauxite, gold , diamonds,
oil
Haiti Sugar-cane, ground provisions, bananas Bauxite
Jamaica Coffee, cocoa, sugar-cane, bananas, citrus Bauxite, gypsum
St. Lucia Bananas, cocoa, coconuts -
St. Vincent Arrowroot, bananas, ground provisions -
Trinidad and
Tobago
Sugar-cane, citrus, cocoa, coffee, ground
provisions, bananas, rice, coconuts
Petroleum, natural gas,
asphalt, limestone,
gypsum
Agricultural Land – is used to produce crops or for rearing of livestock animals.
Agricultural production takes place on:
- A commercial basis, involving large-scale production for sale in the local markets or for
export.
- A substance basis, involving small-scale production which allows individuals and
families to be self-sufficient and to have some excess produce available for sale.
Agriculture is important to the Caribbean because it:
- Contributes to food security.
“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for
an active and healthy life”. (World Food Summit, 1996)
- Raises foreign exchange earnings through exportation of produce.
- Provides employment directly in production and in secondary and tertiary industries.
Activity: on a map of Guyana, shade and name three areas where the land is used for large-
scale agriculture.
What actions can a government take to encourage farming in the Caribbean?
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd
Worksheets
1. Word Search.
Find the following words associated with uses of land.
AGRICULTURE LARGE SCALE SUBSISTANCE MINING
FOOD SECURITY INDUSTRY BAUXITE
2. Complete the chart with reasons for the development of agriculture in the Caribbean
3. Outline challenges faced by farming in your community?
Importance of
agriculture
________________
earns revenue and foreign
_____________________
____________________
Week: 7 Lesson: 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Land
Concept: Caribbean countries may be comparatively small. However, most of the islands
have rich, fertile soils, which contributes to food security in Caribbean as well as
in some instances, yield valuable minerals. Often human activities can lead to the
degradation of soil nutrients.
Content: Misuse of the agricultural land
Some improper practices can lead to the reduction of soil nutrients or misuse
of land. Some of these are: -
Poor planning- on the part of government which allows fertile land to be
used for housing and industrial developments instead of agriculture.
Quarrying and mining – for various minerals which result in the
vegetation and topsoil being removed without reafforestation.
Deforestation- the indiscriminate removal of forest trees over wide surface
areas exposes the valuable topsoil to erosion.
Poor farming techniques such as, shifting cultivation, mono-cropping,
overgrazing, vertical ploughing which leads to low yields and soil erosion.
CONSERVATION OF THE LAND
Land is a renewable resource. The land, however, should be preserved, protected and
wisely used so that it will maintain its fertility and continue to be productively used.
The following are conservation techniques:
Replanting of vegetation after mining and quarrying activities.
Controlled lumbering which ensures that only a few mature trees are removed from
forested areas.
Use of fertilizers to maintain soil fertility; humus is also a natural way of replenishing the
richness of the soil.
Crop rotation should replace mono - cropping. As the name implies this is a system of
farming whereby different crops are planted on the same piece of land is succession.
This benefits the land since different plants use different nutrients from the soil. Thus,
the fertility of the soil is preserved.
Pastures should be subdivided to allow for rotation of grazing.
Activity: Identify the various uses of land in the community in which you live.
Define the terms, crop rotation, humus, vertical ploughing, contour ploughing
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheets
Answer all questions.
1. List the various ways in which land/soil can be renewed in the chart. An example is done
for you
soil nutrients can be renewed by
mulching
_________________________________
Answer the following questions based on the picture shown above
1. What title would you give to the picture? ______________________________
2. What can be a reason for individuals practicing such as shown in the picture.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What can be some possible ways to resolve the issue depicted in the picture?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Week 7 Lesson 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Water
Concept: All living things depend on water for survival.
Content: Water
Water is a renewable natural resource. It is replenished through the water cycle.
Diagram of the water cycle.
The diagram above explains the water cycle. Liquid water evaporates into water
vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain
and snow. Water in different phases moves through the atmosphere
(transportation). Liquid water flows across land (runoff), into the ground
(infiltration and percolation), and through the ground (groundwater). Groundwater
moves into plants (plant uptake) and evaporates from plants into the atmosphere
(transpiration).
Uses of water
Water Sustains Life-All living things, including humans, depend on water to
survive.
Water as a solvent – Water has an excellent property of dissolving things.
As such, it is used extensively for personal hygiene, washing of several
items in the home and industries. Many medicines use water as a base.
Water as a cooling agent – the human body is naturally cooled by the
process of perspiration. Water is a cooling agent in automobile engines
and industrial machinery
Is used for transportation
Is used for recreation-recreational purposes for water include using the
water body for swimming, boating, and fishing. These water bodies are
protected for both our health and aesthetics.
Provides food- water provide habitat for marine life such as shrimp, fishes,
lobster etc which are food for human consumption.
Provides hydropower -Flowing water creates energy that can be captured
and turned into electricity. This is called hydroelectric
power or hydropower.
Water can be used for religious purposes, e.g. baptism and rituals
The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river
to store water in a reservoir as shown in the image above. Water released
from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn
activates a generator to produce electricity.
Activity: Make a model of the water cycle.
Examine the advantages and disadvantages of the use of hydropower.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheets
Answer all questions.
“Water is crucial to man’s existence.”
1. What percent of the earth is cover in water? ____________
2. Three sources of water are ____________, ______________ and __________
3. What is the picturing showing?
________________________________________________________________________
4. Using the statement above explain how water is crucial to the individual shown in the
picture?
5. Explain how the activity above can be dangerous to the water as a resource
Week: 8 Lesson 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Water
Concept: All living things depend on water for survival.
It is important to note that we all should make wise use of water.
Content: Conservation of water
What is water conservation?
Water conservation is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce
unnecessary water usage.
According to Fresh Water Watch, water conservation is important because fresh
clean water is a limited resource, as well as a costly one.
What are ways in which water can be conserved?
1. Water can be conserved through storage.
Conservancies should be constructed to collect and store water during the
rainy season, thus catering for the dry season.
2. Reducing water wastage
We can conserve water by reducing its wastage by:
Check for and repair leaks.
Turn off the faucet while brushing teeth or shaving etc.
Install a low-flow showerhead.
Government can install water meters
Factories should recycle water.
Installation of taps with built-in sensors/ automatic taps.
Water treatment
Drinking water sources are subject to contamination and require appropriate
treatment to remove disease-causing agents.
The most common steps in water treatment used by community water systems
(mainly surface water treatment) include:
Figure courtesy of EPA
Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation and flocculation are often the first steps in water treatment.
Chemicals with a positive charge are added to the water. The positive
charge of these chemicals neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other
dissolved particles in the water. When this occurs, the particles bind with
the chemicals and form larger particles, called floc.
Sedimentation
During sedimentation, floc settles to the bottom of the water supply, due to
its weight. This settling process is called sedimentation.
Filtration
Once the floc has settled to the bottom of the water supply, the clear water
on top will pass through filters of varying compositions (sand, gravel, and
charcoal) and pore sizes, in order to remove dissolved particles, such as
dust, parasites, bacteria, viruses, and chemicals.
Disinfection
After the water has been filtered, a disinfectant (for example, chlorine,
chloramine) may be added in order to kill any remaining parasites,
bacteria, and viruses, and to protect the water from germs when it is piped
to homes and businesses.
Activity: Why is it necessary to maintain reservoir in Caribbean countries?
What percentage of the global water is fresh water?
What is likely to happen if we do not use our water wisely?
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheets
Answer all questions.
1. What do you understand by the caption shown above ‘save water, ‘the world is in your
hands’?
2. Why do you think there is an urgent need to conserve water? Give reason for your
answer.
3. Discuss three ways in which the usage of water can be reduced.
4. Describe how water from a reservoir is treated before being distributed to the population.
Week 8 Lesson 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Forest
Concept: A forest is a complex ecosystem which is predominantly composed of trees,
shrubs and is usually a closed canopy. The forest is an important natural resource
to an individual, nationally, regionally and globally.
Content: Role and Uses of the Forest.
Forests provide an array of benefits to human societies. Forest:
Promotes Rainfall
Large, forested areas release significant amount of moisture into the atmosphere
through a process of transpiration. The moisture laden air then rises,
condensation takes place and precipitation results. If all forests are destroyed, then
rainfall will be greatly reduced, and drought will be the consequence.
Prevents soil erosion
Vegetation protects the soil in a variety of ways. Firstly, the leaves and branches
of the trees break the force of rain, reducing its capability to break up the soil.
Secondly, roots facilitate rainwater to soak into the soil. As water percolates
underground, there is a reduction in run-off, so soil erosion is prevented. Roots
also bind the soil and prevent it from being washed away.
Prevents flooding
The penetration of water into the soil reduces run off. This is what prevents
flooding in low lying areas.
Maintains the composition of the atmosphere.
The oxygen component of the atmosphere is used by human beings during
respiration. Thus exhaled air contains a higher percentage of carbon dioxide and
causes a lowering of the amount of oxygen. This imbalance in the amount of
natural composition of the atmosphere is rectified by plants. During the process of
photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is used up and the oxygen content is thus
normalized.
Reduces global warming.
The forests help to reduce global warming by absorbing carbon dioxide, a
greenhouse gas which traps earth’s heat, thus resulting in the increase of earth’s,
temperature.
Reduces Noise Pollution
Noise is produced from the use of heavy equipment, motor vehicles, aircraft and
factories. Forest play an important role in reducing noise pollution since dense
foliage absorbs sound waves and reduces decibel levels.
Wind Pollution
Forested areas act as an effective wind barrier which protects crops from damage
caused by heavy winds. It is therefore a usual practice for crops to be planted on
the Leeward side of forested areas. Crops such as cocoa coffee and bananas which
coexist with forests are provided with the necessary shade, moisture and
temperature for a successful growth and development.
Medicinal Remedies
A variety of herbs and plants from the forest are used in the production of several
herbal medicines. One example is the bark of the cinchona tree which is the
source of quinine which is used as a cure for malaria.
Recreation
The diversity of trees and flowering plants is breathtaking to behold. There are
also opportunities for hunting, camping, fishing, hiking, bathing, and
photography. The multitude of experiences which Caribbean forests offer are
promoted worldwide as a source of ecotourism.
Logging
Caribbean forests abound in hardwoods which provide lumber for the
construction of houses, bridges, furniture, and piers. A variety of jobs are
provided for lumberjacks, transport contractors, furniture makers, and operation
operators of sawmills.
Habitat
Habitat for wildlife, that is to our valuable flora and fauna. Flora means, flowers
and fauna means animals and birds. The forest is an important resource because it
serves as home to many living organisms that lives in the soil and amongst the
trees.
Activity: Create a print rich brochure on the uses on the forest.
Make a list of some species of tree found in the forest.
Make a list of flora and fauna that depends on the forest fro survival.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheets
Answer all questions.
1. Define the term forest.
________________________________________________________________________
2. On the Map of Guyana provided, shade an area where the natural vegetation is forest.
3. State three uses of the forest.
_____________________ _______________________ ______________
4.
Provide two arguments to support the statement above.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Forest! Our best defense of climate change.
5. Outline the function of the forest, nationally, regionally and globally.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Week: 9 Lesson: 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Forest
Concept: A number of activities have resulted in the indiscriminate destruction of forests.
Content: Improper practices related to the use of forest
Population is increasing, therefore there is a demand for land. To make more land
available deforestation takes place.
Deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, and removal of natural forest.
Forest have been cleared due to:
Shifting cultivation
This farming system requires the land to be cleared and burnt and crops are
planted.
When the nutrients from the soil is exhausted, due to heavy rainfall, the farmers
move to another area, cleared the forest vegetation and plant crops again.
Forest fire.
Natural causes- Many forest fires start from natural causes such as lightning
which set trees on fire.
Man- made causes- Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame,
cigarette or bidi, electric spark or any source of ignition comes into contact with
inflammable material.
Logging, or cutting down trees in a forest to harvest timber for wood,
products or fuel, is a primary driver of deforestation.
Establishment of settlements-
forests are cleared for the purpose of providing shelter.
Mining
Mineral such as gold, diamond and bauxite are found deep within the earth’s
crust. To access these minerals, the over burden (forest and soil and rocks) have to
be removed.
Industrial development.
This can lead to deforestation as coastal mangroves have been cleared, landfilled
or reclaimed and solid areas created for industrial projects (ports).
Activity: Research the laws and guidelines relating to the cutting down of trees in your
country
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheet.
Complete the word search above
1. What title would you give to the picture above?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. List one reason for the removal of the tress above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. On the map of Guyana provided, name and locate two areas where gold mining is done.
4. Insert on the map the location of the Iwokrama Rainforest conservation
5. Write a letter to Guyana Forestry Commission highlighting the activities which have
contributed to the removal of large areas of forest lands and suggest actions that should
be implemented to reduce deforestation in Guyana.
Week: 9 Lesson 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Forest
Concept: The destruction of the forest has severe consequences to humanity.
The long term negative impacts from deforestation outweighs the positives.
Content: Consequences of Deforestation
Deforestation can lead to economics benefits as resources are exploited and land
is used for commercial farming. However, the long term negative impacts of
deforestation tend to outweigh the positives.
Deforestation resulted in
Ecological damage- the loss of habitat and subsequent reduction in biodiversity
is a major concern. A number of endangered species such as the jaguar, harpy
eagle, Puerto Rican parrot and under threat from deforestation.
Soil erosion- no longer protected by the forest, the top soil is easily eroded by
during the period of heavy rainfall. Deep gullies form and the land become
chocked with sediments, increase the flood risk downstream.
Flooding- the removal of forest exposes the soil to the full force of rain. Without
the umbrella effect of the trees, water flows quickly over the ground surface into
rivers and floods often result.
Damage to coral reef- sediments washes out to the sea flowing heavy rainfall can
lead to sedimentation, causing coral to die. The clouding of the normally clear
tropical water which is necessary for the growth of coral reduces the sunlight thus
increasing the stress on the coral polyps.
Global impacts- the rainforest acts as huge carbon sinks (absorb carbon dioxide).
If forest is destroyed, less carbon will be absorbed and the greenhouse gases will
increase in the atmosphere. This could lead to increased global warming.
Activity: Research the name of three species of trees found in Guyana which are being
threaten by deforestation.
Make a list of gases that creates the greenhouse effect.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheets
Answer all questions.
1. Complete the table with endangered species of birds and animals in Guyana
2. Complete the word search below
Endangered animals Endangered birds
Jaguar Harpy eagle
Week 10 Lesson 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Forest
Concept: Land management should be explored in the reduction of the impacts of
deforestation. Conservation measures should be implemented so this resource can
be sustained for future generations.
Content: Conservation of the forest
Forest conservation is the practice of planting and maintaining forested areas for
the benefit and sustainability of future generations.
Sustainable forest management- many governments have designated certain
areas as forest reserves. In such areas, logging is strictly prohibited. For example,
in Guyana 3600 sq.km, of forest (Iwokrama) has been made available for
sustainable management. Half of the wilderness reserve will be preserved (remain
in its natural state) while the other half is used to sustainable forest management
techniques such as harvesting only mature trees, without damaging other parts of
the forest environment.
Map showing the location of Iwokrama Forest.
Reafforestation- where forest have been removed, trees can be replanted. In
Guyana, the government has set up a number of projects. They have involved
replanting local species of trees that have been cut down. For example, in the
Barima region Euterpe olerace, a type of manicole palm are planted in local
forests.
A comprehensive education programme- this is to inform the population of the
importance of the forest.
Selective and control cutting of trees for the purpose of export .
One of the measures the governments in the Caribbean have implement is to cut
trees that are mature and to cut trees of a particular species.
Implementation of strict and severe penalties for illegal logging.
Activity: The Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) has been developed by Guyana.
In what year the Low Carbon Development Strategy was lunched?
State the aims of the Low Carbon Development Strategy.
In which year Guyana and Norway signed the Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU).
What is the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)?
Name two countries in the Caribbean that export lumber.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheets
Answer all questions.
1. With the use of one example each, distinguish between preservation and conservation.
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2. Imagine you are a forest officer, convince a group of lumberjacks why they should
discontinue logging activities.
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3. Give TWO reasons for the conservation of forests.
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Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
(Brundtland Report, 1987)
4. Suggest, giving full details, THREE measures that the government of your country may
implement to ensure that forests will be available to satisfy the needs of the next
generation.
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5. Explain fully why EACH of the measures you have suggested will succeed.
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Week: 10 Lesson 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Marine life as a Resource
Concept: Marine life refers to all living organism found in waterways (sea, oceans, rivers)
that are beneficial to man.
Content: Marine life as a Resource
Marine life refers to all living organism found in waterways (sea, oceans, rivers)
that are beneficial to man.
Examples of Marine life are:
Fish, crabs, conch, lobster, shrimp, coral reefs etc.
Location
The extraction of marine life (fishing) is done on a large scale in:
Belize The Bahamas Guyana Trinidad Jamaica
Barbados
Several methods for catching fish are used:
1. Fillet (gill) nets
2. Trawling
3. Line fishing
4. Seining
5. Fish pots and reels.
Trawler Method of Fishing.
Benefits
Marine life provides us with:
Food
Seafood plays an essential role in feeding the world’s growing
population. They are harvested to provide food to local communities,
restaurants etc.
Provide employment
earns foreign exchange revenue- marine life are exported
provides eco – tourism activates such as snorkeling and diving on the coral
reefs.
Improper Practices
A number of challenges face the Caribbean fishing industry.
Over fishing- often involve catching and killing young fish which
cannot then mature and breed. This reduces fish stocks and is
unsustainable.
Pollution in both rivers and the sea from oil, sewage and waste can
contaminate fish and kill off fish stock.
Destruction of fishing grounds- Destruction of mangrove for
building purposes such as hotels and resorts remove important
breeding grounds and habitat of some marine life. Additionally,
breeding grounds are being destroyed due to tourism. When
yachts, utilized by tourists drop their anchors out in the sea, they
crush coral reefs.
Activity: On an outline map of the Caribbean, shade three areas where fishing is popular.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd
Worksheets
Answer all questions.
1. It is TRUE to say that marine life in the Caribbean is
a. a renewable resource
b. an unlimited resource
c. useless as a tourist attraction
d. does not contribute to person’s diet
2. Name three types of fish which are exported from the Caribbean Region.
____________________ ______________________ _____________
3. Describe the trawler method of fishing.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Discuss how marine life promotes tourism within the Caribbean region.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Instruction: Circle LETTER that’s next to the correct answer.
1. Conservation is best described as:
A. The creation of national parks and reserves.
B. The preservation of wild plants and animals.
C. The management of natural resources for future generations.
D. Reusing and recycling waste materials
2. Which of the following farming practices is NOT good for conserving soil?
A. Vertical ploughing.
B. Mulching with organic material.
C. Crop rotation.
D. Composting
3. An example of sustainable development would be:
A. A modern international airport.
B. A community eco – tourism lodge in the forest.
C. Development of new mineral reserves.
D. A new four lane highway.
4. Deforestation causes ALL of the following EXCEPT:
A. Soil erosion.
B. Loss of wildlife habitats.
C. Flooding downstream.
D. Decrease in carbon emissions.
5. An environmental impact assessment takes place whenever:
A. Illegal logging occurs.
B. A new housing development has been built.
C. Quarry land is to be rehabilitated.
D. Tourist development is proposed.
6. Non-renewable resources include:
A. Fish, minerals and fossil fuels.
B. Forest, agricultural land and water.
C. Minerals and fossil fuels.
D. Alternative energies and minerals.
7. Which is the best meaning of food security?
A. Access to healthy food for all.
B. A country which grows all its own food.
C. Warehouse storage of staple foods
D. A country which exports food products.
8. Which two Caribbean countries have large bauxite reserves?
A. Jamaica and Guyana
B. Trinidad and Jamaica
C. Trinidad and Belize
D. Belize and Guyana
9.All of the following are types of renewable energy EXCEPT:
A. Solar
B. Hydro-electric
C. Biogas
D. Natural gas
10 Global warming means that:
A. Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are increasing.
B. The temperature of the Earth’s seas and atmosphere are slowly increasing.
C. There are many more severe hurricanes.
D. The ice at the poles is melting
Page 1 of 42
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
SECONDARY ENGAGMENT
PROGRAMME
SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 10
EASTER TERM 2020-2021
Page 2 of 42
Week 11 Lesson 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Marine life as a Resource.
Concept: Marine population especially fish population needs to be protected so that the
fishing industry can survive for the future.
Content: Conservation and Sustainability
Sustainable fishing protects fish stocks, so that marine wildlife, and the fishing
industry can survive for the future.
Methods used to prevent overfishing include:
Banning the use of trawlers- this method of fishing involves dragging a
weighted net across the seabed. In this process coral reefs, seagrasses and
other habitat are damaged. Additionally, the net catch fish too small to eat
which is then wasted.
Implementation of a fishing season – this means governments can ensure
there is an open and close fishing season for some species of marine life.
In some countries there is a closed season for species such as conch and
lobster. During this period, harvesting of these species are prohibited.
scuba diving is prohibited
Page 3 of 42
Co-operatives has an annual quota. Only a given amount of fish is
permitted to harvest. Cooperatives also have an input as the number of
fishing boats operating per year.
Education programmes on the sustainability and protection of marine
animals, such as turtles, dolphins. Coral reefs etc.
Development of conservation parks for marine life. The use of these parks
are used for eco - tourism. This includes limiting the number of persons
visiting the site as well.
Activity: Research the ways in which the Guyana government helps to conserve their fish
stock.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheets
Complete the words with the missing letters
Page 4 of 42
Read the case study then answer the questions that following questions.
1. List two types of marine life which are harvested in Belize.
2. What factors promote fishing in Belize?
3. What methods of fishing is being used?
4. Account for the decline of the fish stock.
5. What measures were implemented by Belize to curb over-fishing.
Page 5 of 42
Week 11 Lesson 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Natural Resources: Beaches
Concept: In many Caribbean territories, the beach is an important asset to the nation’s
Economy.
Content: A beach is a narrow, gently sloping strip of land that lies along the edge of an
ocean or a lake.
Uses of beach
Beaches provide many recreational opportunities for millions of people.
Boating, fishing, swimming, walking, beachcombing, bird-watching,
playing and sunbathing are among the common activities beachgoers
enjoy.
Beaches provide protection to residents living near the ocean by acting as
a buffer against the high winds and waves of powerful storms or rough
seas.
The image below shows that beaches provide nesting ground for the
turtles eg. Shell beach in Region 1 Guyana, is used by the Leatherback
turtles as a nesting ground. The turtles hatch their eggs in cavities on the
beach. When the eggs are hatched, the hatchlings migrate to the sea.
Beaches also play an important role in the economy. Earns revenue and
foreign exchange from tourism activities. E.g. hotels, beach front bars.
Page 6 of 42
Beaches provide sand for construction
Improper practices of beaches
Many beaches, especially in urban areas, are extremely polluted.
Waves wash up debris from the ocean, while drainage pipes or rivers
deposit waste from inland areas. Some of this waste includes sewage and
other toxic chemicals.
Improper disposal of garbage, such as plastic bags, cans, and other
containers from picnics.
Medical waste, such as needles and surgical instruments, has even washed
up on beaches.
Oil spills from oil tankers
Impacts of beach pollution.
All beach pollution is harmful to wildlife.
Birds and turtles may choke on small bits of plastic.
Marine mammals such as sea lions may become tangled in ropes,
twine, or other material. Floating plastic may prevent algae or sea
plants from developing. This prevents animals that live in tide pools,
such as sea anemones or sea stars, from finding nutrients.
Hinders tourism. - a contaminated beach means tourist will not enjoy
the beach as a tourist site and facility. This will affect hotel attractions
and tourism as a whole.
Page 7 of 42
Conservation
Reducing pollution is an important way to protect beaches.
Visitors should never leave trash on the beach or throw it in the ocean.
Defaulters should be charged.
Limiting beachfront development can be an important step in
protecting the natural landscape of beaches.
Along some beaches, areas of vegetation known as “living shorelines”
protect the beach ecosystem from erosion and protect the inland area
from floods and storm surges.
Construction of groynes to prevent beach erosion.
Beach restoration-In some places, machinery is used to dredge sand
from the seabed just offshore and return it to the beach. Miami Beach,
in the U.S. state of Florida, was restored by this method.
Activity: Create a poster to bring about awareness on the causes, impacts and solutions to
beach pollution.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
https://www.bradtguides.com/destinations/central-south-america/guyana/shell-
beac
Page 8 of 42
Worksheets
Answer all questions.
1. Which of the following would NOT be used in conserving the environment in the
Caribbean?
a. Sand mining
b. Reforestation
c. Marine reserves
d. Land reclamation
2. Which of the following has the potential to cause the MOST serious threat of pollution to
the beaches of the Caribbean?
a. Hurricanes and high tides
b. ·An oil spill from a tanker
c. Improper garbage disposal
d. Unsuitable fishing practices
3. (a) State TWO uses of beaches.
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(b) Describe TWO possible environmental consequences of the misuse of beaches.
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(c) Suggest, giving full details, THREE measures a government can take to ensure
Protection of beaches.
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(d) Explain fully why EACH of the measures you suggested is likely to be successful.
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Page 9 of 42
Week: 12 Lesson: 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Land Pollution
Concept: The contamination of the land has far-reaching consequences that can be
catastrophic for water, soil and biodiversity.
Contents: What is pollution?
Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These
harmful materials are called pollutants. E.g. bottle, household detergent water.
Types of Pollution
Types of Pollution
Land
Water
Air
Noise
Page 10 of 42
Land Pollution
What is land pollution?
Land pollution is the introduction of solid, liquid and toxic waste on the land.
Land pollution results from incorrect disposal of household and industrial waste.
on the land. It may create serious problems, mainly on a local or national scale.
Causes of land Pollution
Littering/Dumping of waste
Littering is a common problem, no matter it is a city or a rural region. People just
throw their garbage on the ground without caring about the adverse effects on the
environment.
A common instance is that people just throw their cigarette butt on the ground
every time. Since cigarettes contain elements harmful to the environment, it leads
to land contamination.
Agricultural Activities
With the growing human population, the demand for food has increased
considerably. Farmers often use highly toxic fertilizers and pesticides to get rid of
insects, fungi and bacteria from their crops. However, with the overuse of these
chemicals, they result in contamination and poisoning of soil.
Mining Activities
During extraction and mining activities, several land spaces are created beneath
the surface. Mining from bauxite, gold, and diamond lead to severe destruction of
the land. Mines and pits are left, and pools of water collected. The toxic chemicals
used to extract the gold, such as mercury and cyanide are toxic to soils.
Industrialization – Dumping of waste from industries.
Due to an increase in demand for food, shelter, and house, more goods are
produced. This resulted in the creation of more waste that needs to be disposed of.
Page 11 of 42
To meet the demand of the growing population, more industries were developed.
Some of these industries produce toxic waste which is disposed on the land. Oil
production and consumption result in large areas of land being rendered useless due
to petrochemical pollutants. Other industrial activities produce a variety of toxic
wastes.
These include lead from battery manufacture, the production of paints, and the use
of mercury and cyanide in certain mining activities and electroplating.
. Construction Activities
Due to urbanization a large number of construction activities are taking place,
which has resulted in huge waste articles like wood, metal, bricks, plastic that can
be seen by naked eyes outside any building or office which is under construction.
The improper disposal of waste from construction activities can lead to land
pollution
Deforestation
The removal of forest cover is called deforestation. Excessive logging or
uncontrolled harvesting of forest trees can lead to erosion of the land.
Activity: Create a concept map to show the causes of land pollution.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Page 12 of 42
Worksheets
Unscramble the words below to find the causes
of land pollution.
Dtioeftaesorn strduationizialin
Ureaicultgr
ingterlit nimngi
ucncoonstrti
Page 13 of 42
Page 14 of 42
Week: 12 Lesson: 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Land Pollution
Concept: The contamination of the land has far-reaching consequences that can be
catastrophic for water, soil and biodiversity.
Contents: Consequences of Land Pollution
When the land is constantly treated with chemicals, destruction of minute
animals and plants which are part of the ecosystem can take place. The land
may become barren and not capable of producing.
Toxic waste is poisonous and affects human health in a variety of ways.
Lead disposed of in soil where people live, work, and grow crops eventually
enter the body leading to lead poisoning. This affects the central nervous
system and causes mental retardation in young children. Both adult and
children suffer from nausea, and brain and kidney damage from high levels
of lead poisoning which may result in death.
Pollution can lead to an unsightly environment. Garbage thrown at the side
of streets can also harbor rats, cockroaches, and mosquitoes.
Garbage dumped at the side of the street can lead to foul smells and thus
add to the discomfort of residents.
Oil spills on land destroy vegetation. The land becomes unproductive and
uninhabitable.
Land/soil that is affected by weedicides/pesticides cannot be safely used.
Animals/plants can be easily poisoned.
Page 15 of 42
Solutions to land pollution
Make people aware of the concept of the 3 R’s (Reduce, Recycle and
Reuse)
Governments must select suitable sites for the disposal of toxic wastes.
These sites must be far from human habitation and appropriately fortified
to prevent pollution of adjacent soil and ground water.
Legislation with severe penalties must be passed to regulate the disposal of
solid waste.
Used automotive oil, batteries, glass, paper, cans, etc can be collected at a
central location for recycling.
Householders can be educated on ways of reusing articles such as plastic
containers and cans.
Consumers should use shopping bags made of biodegradable materials
instead of plastic.
Activity: Identify three ways in which householders can reduce solid waste.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd
Page 16 of 42
Worksheets
Answer all questions.
1. Land pollution can be described as
(i) The destruction of the earth’s
surface and soil.
(ii) Burying of legal amounts of
biodegradable material.
(iii) The misuse of the land’s
resources.
(iv) Being either a direct or indirect
result of human activities
(a) i, iii, and iv
(b) ii, iii, and iv
(c) i, ii and iii
(d) All of the above
2. Causes of land pollution include
(i) An increase in urbanization
(ii) Dumping of domestic waste
(iii) Dumping of industrial waste
(iv) Improper agricultural activities
(a) i,iii and iv
(b) ii, iii and iv
(c) i,ii and iii
(d) All of the above
3. Which of the following is not
categorized as a type of land
pollution?
a. Solid waste
b. Chemical
c. Deforestation
d. Irrigation
4. All the following chemicals can lead
to land pollution through agricultural
practices except
(a) Hydroponics
(b) Insecticides
(c) Pesticides
(d) Fertilizers
5. Which of the following mining
practices contributes to land
pollution?
(i) Clear cutting
(ii) Skid trails
(iii) Leaching of mercury and
lead into the soil
(iv) Urine disposal
(a) i,iii and iv
(b) i,ii and iii
(c) ii, iii and iv
(d) iv, I and ii
6. All of the following contribute to
land pollution by disposing of
pollutants into landfills except.
(a) Sewage treatment
(b) Municipal waste
(c) Chemical and nuclear plants
(d) Deforestation
Page 17 of 42
1. (a) Define the term pollution.
(b) Identify TWO problems that cities face in disposing of solid waste.
( c) explain TWO reasons why proper garbage disposal is important to the economic
prosperity of a names Caribbean country.
Page 18 of 42
Week: 13 Lesson: 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Air Pollution
Concept: Air pollution is responsible for major harmful effects on human health, natural
ecosystem and the built environment.
Contents: Air Pollution
What is air pollution?
Air pollution is the contamination of the air with impurities. These include smoke,
dust and soot from forest fires and the burning of garbage.
Causes of Air Pollution
Industries – Smoke, dust and dangerous odour can be emitted from
factories (refer to the image below). Waste can also be created through
nuclear explosion or be emitted from nuclear factories
Vehicles- Emissions from the exhaust of cars, trucks, etc. add dangerous
chemical to the atmosphere.
Burning of domestic wastes adds smoke and dust to the atmosphere.
Page 19 of 42
Activity: Make a photo collage of ways in which your community contributes to air
pollution.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Page 20 of 42
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Page 21 of 42
Worksheet
Page 22 of 42
Week: 13 Lesson: 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Air Pollution
Concept: Changes in Earth’s temperature affect the environment in many ways.
Contents: The Greenhouse Effect
The excess emissions of greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, methane, CFCs into the atmosphere cause Earth's greenhouse effect to
grow stronger, warming the climate (Global Warming).
Global warming
Global warming may be defined as the increase in the average temperature of the
Earth.
What is the greenhouse effect?
Our atmosphere contains gases which are known as greenhouse gases. Sunlight
enters the Earth’s atmosphere as shortwave radiation and warms the Earth’s
surface. The Earth’s surface releases some of this radiation as heat. Greenhouse
gases absorb some of this heat, preventing it from being released into space thus
resulting in global warming. It can be said that these gases act like a blanket,
helping to keep the Earth warm. Without them, the Earth would be an extremely
cold place.
Page 23 of 42
Causes and Consequences of Global Warming
-Melting of ice cap
-Rise in sea level
-Flooding
-Loss of habitat
-Regular and severe storms,drought
Agriculture
Organic matter rotting in dump sites and elsewhere
also releases methane
Deforestation
Trees absorb CO2 .
The removal of forest result in the lingering of CO in the
atmosphere.
Cumbustion of Fossil Fuel
The use of coal, oil and gas to create electricity to power
our cars, release CO2 pollution.
Page 24 of 42
Rising Sea Levels
Climate change impacts rising sea levels. Average sea level around the world
rose about 8 inches (20 cm) in the past 100 years; climate scientists expect it
to rise more and more rapidly in the next 100 years as part of climate
change impacts
Melting Ice
Projections suggest climate change impacts within the next 100 years, if not
sooner, the world’s glaciers will have disappeared, as will the Polar ice cap,
and the huge Antarctic ice shelf, Greenland may be green again, and snow
will have become a rare phenomenon at what are now the world’s most
popular ski resorts.
Regular and severe storms and drought
Rising temperatures are hardly surprising, although they do not
mean that some parts of the world will not “enjoy” record cold
temperatures and terrible winter storms. (Heating disturbs the
entire global weather system and can shift cold upper air currents
as well as hot dry ones. The string of record high temperature years and the
record number of global droughts of the past decade will become a norm.
Change in ecosystem
As the world warms, entire ecosystems will move.
Already rising temperatures at the equator have pushed such staple crops as rice
north into once cooler areas, many fish species have migrated long distances to
stay in waters that are the proper temperature for them. Some species of
Page 25 of 42
animals will either die, migrate to other suitable habitat.
In once colder waters, this may increase fishermen’s catches; in warmer
waters, it may eliminate fishing.
Farmers in temperate zones are finding drier conditions difficult for crops
such as corn and wheat, and once prime growing zones are now threatened.
Activities that can reduce the greenhouse effect.
Embark on Reforestation and Afforestation projects.
Increase energy efficiency appliances
Reduced energy consumption
Use alternative sources of energy such as hydropower, solar energy
Activity: The use of fossil fuels produces one-third of global greenhouse gases.
Create a poster, describing ways to reduce the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and
natural gas).
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Page 26 of 42
Worksheet
Page 27 of 42
Week: 14 Lesson: 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Water Pollution
Concept: Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the hydrosphere.
Contents: Water pollution occurs when harmful substances—often chemicals or
microorganisms—contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body
of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the
environment.
Page 28 of 42
Activity: Create a model to show the causes of water pollution.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Page 29 of 42
Page 30 of 42
Week: 14 Lesson: 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Water Pollution
Concept: Water is essential to life. The sustainability of water is critical to our future
generation.
Contents: Consequences of Water Pollution
Acid rain contributes to fishes being killed in rivers and lakes
Destruction to Biodiversity- since oil is light, it floats on
the surface of the water. Theis prevents absorption of
oxygen. Fish and other marine life are affected. Birds, sea
lions and otters die when they become engulfed in the thick
oil.
Spread of diseases- Sewage transmit deadly diseases such
as dysentery, typhoid, and cholera.
Detergents encourage the proliferation of marine plant life
which uses up the oxygen in water; fishers are therefore
starved of oxygen.
Solid waste dumped into rivers prevent the flow of water
and contributes to flooding.
Eutrophication- the run off of fertilizer from agricultural
land into water ways promote the growth of marine plant
life and damage coral reefs.
Page 31 of 42
Solution
In time to come about half of the world's inhabitants will live in
water-scarce areas. Every drop of polluted water today is an
irreparable loss for tomorrow. That's why we must prevent water
pollution with measures like the following:
Reduce CO2 emissions to prevent global warming and acidification of the
oceans.
Reduce the use of chemical pesticides and nutrients on crops.
Reduce and safely treat waste water so that, as well as not polluting, it can
be reused for irrigation and energy production.
Oil producing countries should have a system in place to deal with oil
spills. The ‘slick-bar’ system recovers oil from the surface of water by
skimming off the oil. This system operates like a vacuum. Booms can also
be used, where floating barriers are placed in the water to prevent the
spillage from spreading.
Sewage treatment plants should be properly constructed and regularly
maintained so that dangerous effluents do not enter the water system.
Industries should create reservoirs for industrial effluent. These can be
treated to remove harmful chemicals before the water is disposed of.
Strict laws and penalties should be instituted and administered for all
forms of water pollution.
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Water treatment plants, using the processes of coagulation (the action or
process of a liquid, especially blood, changing to a solid or semi-solid
state), sedimentation (the process of settling or being deposited as a
sediment), filtration, and chlorination (to treat with chlorine), serve to
purify water.
Education using mass-media can serve to prevent individuals and
corporations from indiscriminate pollution of water.
Activity: Create an information pack encouraging people to act responsible with regard to
the conservation of water resources
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Worksheets
For each of the sentences below, do the following:
Tick A if it is true for Air Pollution
Tick W if it is true for Water Pollution
Tick L if is true for Land Pollution.
The first one is done.
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Page 34 of 42
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Week: 15 Lesson: 1
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Noise Pollution
Concept: Noise pollution can come from a variety of sources, but three of the most
damaging sources come from: Industrial Machinery. Vehicles. Commercial
Construction Projects.
Contents: Noise pollution is any undesirable sound which disturbs the peace and tranquility
of human beings.
Noise is unwanted sound; interrupting the conversation, or cause pain, as well as
the convenience of living activities, impedes the environment. Nowadays, the
noise has become a problem for many people.
Sources of Noise Pollution
Construction machinery – tractors, cranes, and backhoes
Transport equipment – airplane, trucks, motorcycles, and trains
Public address system
Factories and manufacturing plants.
Musical equipment, speakers and sound systems, radio and television.
Explosives-firecrackers, dynamite etc.; guns
Barking dogs
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Household/Domestic Appliances:
The household may be an industry in itself and is a source of the many indoor
noises like the banging of doors, noise of playing children, crying of infants,
moving of furniture, the loud conversation of the inhabitants etc.
Additionally, the entertainment equipment within the house, namely the radio,
record-players and tv sets. Domestic gadgets just like the mixer-grinders, pressure
cookers, desert coolers, air- conditioners, exhaust fans, vacuum cleaners, sewing
and washing machines are all indoor sources of sound pollution.
Industrial Sources:
Progress in technology (industrialisation) has resulted in creating sound pollution.
Textile mills, printing presses, engineering establishments and metal works etc.
contribute heavily towards noise pollution
Agricultural Machines:
Tractors, thrashers, harvesters, tube wells, powered tillers etc. have all made
agriculture highly mechanical, but at an equivalent time highly noisy background
contributes to noise pollution.
Defence Equipment:
A lot of sound pollution is added to the atmosphere by artillery, tanks, launching
of rockets, explosions, exercising of military airplanes and shooting practices.
Screams of jet engines and sonic booms have a deafening impact on the ears and
in extreme cases are known to shatter the windowpanes and old dilapidated
buildings.
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Public Address System/Noise for Fun:
People need only the slightest of an excuse for using loudspeakers. The reason
may be a religious function, birth, death, marriage, elections, demonstration, or
just commercial advertising. Public system, therefore, contributes in its own way
towards noise pollution.
Transport Vehicles:
Automobile revolution in urban centres has proved to be a big source of noise
pollution. Increasing traffic has given rise to traffic jams in congested areas.
Construction Sites:
Mining, construction of flyovers or a simple repair of the house produce
significant amount of noise. Drilling is a prime exercise. The construction
equipment is too noisy and is difficult to tolerate.
Activity: Write a letter of complaint to the Chairman of your NDC on the impacts of noise
pollution on the residents. Also suggest two actions the NDC can take to reduce
same.
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Page 38 of 42
Worksheets
Page 39 of 42
Week: 15 Lesson: 2
Topic: Development and Use of Natural Resources
Sub-Topic: Effects of the improper use of Natural Resources: Noise Pollution
Concept: Noise pollution contribute to health problems.
Contents: Consequences of Noise Pollution
Prolong exposure to noise levels above 80 decibels cause deafness.
Loud noise disturbs peaceful sleep resulting in restlessness and tiredness
It causes emotional disturbance and stress, resulting in anger and anxiety.
Production at work is hampered
Physiological effects results in indigestion, rise in blood pressure, nervousness,
and hypertension.
Solutions
Wearing of earplugs at construction sites where jackhammers and cutting and
grinding equipment are constantly in use.
Legislation to prohibit noise levels over 80 decibels in residential areas.
Education on the effects of noise pollution
More efficient silencers on vehicles.
Activity:
Reference: Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001). Modules in Social Studies, Trinidad and
Tobago, Caribbean Educational Publishers Ltd.
Sandy, M. et al. (2000). CXC Social Studies Essentials with SBA Study Guide
and Exercises, Kingston: Jamaica, Carlong Publishers Caribbean Ltd.
Page 40 of 42
Worksheets
Answer all questions
1. Noise pollution refers to sounds
(i) In the environment that are
caused by humans
(ii) That threaten the health or
welfare of human or animal
inhabitants
(iii) That are loud, intrusive or
distracting
(iv) That are pleasant
a. i, iii and iv
b. ii, iii and iv
c. i, ii and iv
d. i, ii and iii
2. The most common sources of noise
pollution are
(i) transportation vehicles
(ii) construction and industrial
machinery
(iii) a pocket radio
(iv) public address systems
a. i, iii and iv
b. ii, iii and iv
c. i, ii and iv
d. i, ii and iii
3. During the Divali celebrations in
Guyana an individual may experience
noise pollution from all of the following
sources except
a. Television
b. Firecrackers
c. Barking dogs
d. Musical equipment
4. Noise pollution may affect an individual
in all of the following ways except
a. Loss of hearing, deafness
b. Alertness, flow of adrenaline
c. Loss of sleep, lethargy
d. Stress, loss of productivity at work
5. Personal strategies to cope with noise
pollution include
i. Wearing earplugs
ii. Threatening the individuals
engaged in the source of noise
pollution
iii. Taking a mild sleep sedative
iv. Relocating
a. i, iii, and iv
b. ii, iii and iv
c. i, ii and iv
d. i, ii and iii
6. What type of legislation should be
enforced to curb noise pollution?
i. Restrictions on levels of music
being played from vehicles
ii. Promoters of events to play
loud music only during certain
hours
iii. Harsh imprisonment for
individuals who are guilty of
noise pollution
iv. Use of firecrackers and
explosives a safe distance away
from highly residential areas
a. i, iii and iv
b. ii, iii and iv
c. i, ii and iv
d. i, ii and iii
7.Which of the following methods of fishing is Most damaging to the eco-system?
(A) Trawling the seas
(B) Setting offish pots
(C) The use of dynamite
(D) The dropping of seine
8. Which of the following has the potential to cause the MOST serious pollution of the beaches
of the Caribbean?
(A) Oil spill from tankers
(B) Hurricanes and high tides
(C) Improper garbage disposal
(D) Unsuitable fishing practices
9.Which of the following statements is true
about marine life in the Caribbean?
(A)It is a renewable resource.
(B) It is an unlimited resource.
(C) It has no use as a tourist attraction.
(D) It is not important to persons’ diets.
10. Which of the following is based on exploiting non- renewable natural resources?
(A) Fishing
(B) Lumbering
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME
SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 10
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(C ) Bauxite mining
(D) Hydroelectric power
11. Which of the following groups of
resources can be classified as renewable?
(A) Forest, Water, Land
(B) Land, Bauxite, asphalt
(C) Petroleum, Forest, Water
(D) Bauxite, Petroleum, Natural gas
12. Which of the following Caribbean territories have the LEAST amount of forest reserves?
(A) Belize
(B) Guyana
(C) Barbados
(D)Dominica
13. Fish, bauxite and sand are BEST classified as
(A)minerals
(B)elements
(C) products
(D) resources