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Scientific Research
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Sci
enti
fic
Meth
od
• Make an observation
• Ask a testable question
• Form a hypothesis
• Design and perform an experiment to test hypothesis
• Repeat experiment
• Analyze data
• Draw Conclusions
• Share
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Ob
serv
ati
on
s an
d In
fere
nce
s • Observation
• What you see
• Inference
• What you think
• Example:
• You observe that the sky is darkening.
• You infer that it is about to storm.
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About Hypotheses• Avoid the phrase “educated guess”
• Instead, think of a hypothesis as a “proposed answer to a scientific question”
• Scientists will do plenty of research about their topic before forming a hypothesis
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About Experiments• Every experiment needs:
• A control
• Constants
• Independent variable
• Dependent variable
• Scientists should design an experiment that will thoroughly test their hypothesis
• Results of experimentation should always be compiled and shared
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Contr
ol
s• The control group is not
exposed to experimental conditions
• Used for comparison
• The group that is exposed to experimental conditions is the experimental group
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Const
an
ts• Variables that are
controlled for a held constant
• This way we can test one single variable and we can feel confident that our experimental results are due to that variable and not something else
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Ind
ep
end
ent
Vari
ab
le
• A condition that is manipulated
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Dep
end
en
t Vari
ab
le• A condition that is observed or measured
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Data
• Qualitative data
• Think QUALITY
• Observed, but not measured
• Smell, taste, color, texture etc.
• Quantitative data
• Think QUANTITY
• Measured
• Height, temperature, weight etc.
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Exam
pl
e!
• You want to see if a certain blood pressure medication will lower the blood pressure of people with hypertension (high blood pressure).
• Control
• people with high blood pressure that are NOT given the medication
• Constants
• age, weight, general health, gender, amount of medication given, diet
• Independent variable (X axis)
• Ask: Which variable can be manipulated to cause a change in the other variable? The medication can be manipulated to cause a change in the blood pressure (while blood pressure cannot be manipulated to change the medicine).
• Dependent variable (Y axis)
• Ask: Which variable is dependent on the other? The blood pressure of the person depends on the dosage of their medication.
• Qualitative Data
• Patient appears pale and tired while on medication
• Quantitative Data
• Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was reduced, on average, by
• 10 mmHg
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Assignment!• Complete the scientific method practice sheet