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Scientific Basis for the Therapeutic use of Clitoria ternatea linn.
(Aprajita): A Review Sanjeev Kumar
1, Abhishek Kumar
2 and Anil Kumar Singh
3 1,2
Phd Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, I.M.S, B.H.U,Varanasi, India, 3Professor and Head, Department Of Dravyaguna, Faculty Of Ayurveda, I.M.S Bhu.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic uses of Clitoria ternatea Linn..
Aparijita (Clitoria ternatea Linn.) (Fam. Fabaceae); a perennial climber with slender downy stem,
found throughout the tropical regions of the country being cultivated in gardens everywhere and
often also found growing over hedges and thickets. The herb has been mentioned in several
Ayurvedic treatises including Samhitas viz. Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Chakradatta,
Sharangdhar samhita, Bhaisajya-ratnavali Nighantus. Its efficacy and safety is supported by research
and thousands of years of knowledge and experience. Despite being such an old medicine, its new
benefits are constantly being studied. Aprajita is one of the most efficacious herbs known in
Ayurvedic pharmacopeia since vedic times. Hence here is an attempt to compile all the classical
references of Aprajita a wonder drug.
Keywords: Clitoria ternatea, Aparijita, Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Nighantu.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent times, the use of herbal products has increased significantly. Aprajita is an important
medicinal plant that has been widely used therapeutically in the orient and is becoming increasingly
popular in the developing countries as well as in the west. Word ‘Aprajita’ is also used for ‘Aishani
disha’. In Shaunkiya Atharvaveda samhita ‘Aprajita’ term used for Vish-vaidya. In India, Aprajita is
largely treasured as a revitalizing herb used by Ayurvedic medical practitioners for almost 3000 years.
The herb has been mentioned in several Ayurvedic treatises including Charaka Samhita and Sushruta
Samhita. In addition to being a well-known antibacterial & antiinflammatory1,2
. Herb for centuries, it has
also been used as an anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, and antiemetic agent. The
ancient Ayurvedic sages, who were also great physicians, revealed Aprajita’s role in promoting Medhya
(intellect), chakshuya (eye tonic), svasa-kasa (respiratory system), shoolaghna (pain killer), vishaghna
(antipoisonous), Balya (strength, especially mind), etc. Over the centuries, the role of Aprajita in the
treatment of Kustha (leprosy/skin disorder), Asra-vikara (blood disorders), Kasa (cough), Visa (poison),
Sopha (edema), Jwara (fever), Unmada (insanity), and has been well described. Clitorea ternatea Linn.
belongs to family Fabaceae. Well known plant in the traditional medicine. The juice of the flowers is
reportedly used in insect bites and skin diseases, the paste of the flowers is applied to cure infections of
the eye, and entire plant is used as antidote for snake bites.3
Clitoria ternatea L. (CT) (Family: Fabaceae) commonly known as 'Butterfly pea', a traditional
Ayurvedic medicine, has been used for centuries as a memory enhancer, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic,
antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing and sedative agent. This plant has a long use in traditional
Ayurvedic medicine for several diseases and the scientific studies has reconfirmed those with modern
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA) Volume 02, Issue 04, [April
@IJAPSA-2016, All rights Reserved
relevance. Due to Aprajita’s widespread availability across the globe, it is often recognized by different
names in different regions and languages .Thus,
Blue Flower of Clitorea ternatea Linn.
II.
A reference is found in Atharveda about Aprajita, it has been described as rakshogna,
krityadushan,Yashasya and varchasva medicine in the pauplad branch of Atharveda.
samhita (P.S 20/20/6) word Aprajita used for V
Aprajita. Aprajita as Medhya (A.P. 18/1/15
and Paraskar grahya sutra (1/21).
Charak Samhita In Charaka Samhita it is explained under
mahakashay dravya, Sirovairechanik dhoom, Agruadi tail, Apasmar chi
Mahagandhahasti namak agad, Visha chikitsa.
Table 1:
S . No Formulation
1 Mulini dravya
2 Sirovirechanopag Mahakashay
3 Vayasthapan Mahakashay
4 Sirovairechanik Dhoom
5 Sirovairechanik dravya kalp sangrah
6 Agruadi Ttail
7 Dhoompan dravya
8 Nasya
9 Gandhahasti namak agad
10 Maha gandhahasti namak agad
11 Dhoompan dravya
12 Darvikar sarpdast chikitsa
International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and Agriculture (IJAPSA)Volume 02, Issue 04, [April - 2016] e-ISSN: 2394-5532, p
2016, All rights Reserved
’s widespread availability across the globe, it is often recognized by different
names in different regions and languages .Thus, Aprajita has a lot to offer to the medical world.
Linn. White Flower of Clitorea ternatea
II. Classical Review of Aprajita
A reference is found in Atharveda about Aprajita, it has been described as rakshogna,
krityadushan,Yashasya and varchasva medicine in the pauplad branch of Atharveda.
word Aprajita used for Vishavaidya. Atharva parisist and other texts quote
Aprajita. Aprajita as Medhya (A.P. 18/1/15-17; 18/2/6; 32/1/13 ) Mentioned in Kausika Sutra (139/7
Samhita kala
In Charaka Samhita it is explained under Mulani dravya, Sirovirechanopag mahakashaya, Vayasthapana
mahakashay dravya, Sirovairechanik dhoom, Agruadi tail, Apasmar chikitsa, Gandhahasti namak agad,
isha chikitsa.4Table 1
Table 1: Showing Aprajita in Charak Samhita
Formulation Reference Page No
Mulini dravya C. Su. 1/78 43
Sirovirechanopag Mahakashay C. Su. 4/27 86
Vayasthapan Mahakashay C. Su. 4/50 98
Sirovairechanik Dhoom C. Su. 5/26 117
Sirovairechanik dravya kalp sangrah C. Su. 8/151 794
Agruadi Ttail C. Ci.3/267 160
Dhoompan dravya C. Ci.9/73 323
C. Ci.10/42 335
Gandhahasti namak agad C. Ci.23/71 637
Maha gandhahasti namak agad C. Ci.23/78 638
Dhoompan dravya C. Ci.23/100 640
Darvikar sarpdast chikitsa C. Ci.23/195 659
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Page 181
’s widespread availability across the globe, it is often recognized by different
has a lot to offer to the medical world.
Clitorea ternatea Linn.
A reference is found in Atharveda about Aprajita, it has been described as rakshogna,
krityadushan,Yashasya and varchasva medicine in the pauplad branch of Atharveda. In the pauplad
and other texts quote
entioned in Kausika Sutra (139/7)
Sirovirechanopag mahakashaya, Vayasthapana
kitsa, Gandhahasti namak agad,
Page No
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Sushruta Samhita In Sushruta samhita Aprajita explained as urdhvabhaghar dravya, vamak dravya, medya yoga,
vishaghna dravya, etc.5 Table 2
Table 2: Showing Aprajita in Sushruta samhita
S . No Formulation Reference Volume & Page No
1 Urdhvabhaghara dravya S.Su 39/3 I & 368
2 Kaval dharniya dravya S.Ci. 22/63 II & 482
3 Medhya yoga S.Sa 10/69 II & 242
4 Vishagna Karma S.Ka 1/54 III & 10
5 Vishagna Karma S.Ka 1/64 III & 12
6 Darvikar sarpdasta chikitsa S. Ka. 5/75 III & 58
7 Mandali sarpdasta chikitsa S.Ka. 5/76 III & 59
8 Visha sanshaman S.Ka. 6/12 III & 63
9 Mahasugandhi agad S.Ka. 6/19 III &63
10 Kapila mushik dast chikitsa S.Ka. 7/23 III & 70
11 Alark visha chikitsa S.Ka. 7/52 III & 75
12 Kaphaj pratisyay S.Ut. 24/32 III & 262
Vagbhat Samhita
Acharya vagbhata in Uttara sthana quoted Aprajita as the best remedy for Apasmara.6
Table 3
Table 3: Showing Aprajita in Ashtang Hriday
S . No Formulation Reference Page No
1 Arkadi gana A.H.Su. 15/28 237
2 Siroverechan dravya A.H.Su. 21/18 297
3 Vrindadi chikitsa A.H.Su. 22/63 855
4 Ropan tail A.H.Su. 34/2 897
5 Pratisaran kshar A.H.Su. 35/46 905
6 Mandali Sarp chikitsa A.H.Su. 136/61 912
7 Mushika alark Visha chikitsa A.H.Su. 38/36 922
Nighantu kala
The term Nighantu is based on the term Nigama. The etymology of nigama is, which brings out the
extremely concealed or secret meaning of words in systemic way. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Table 4
Table 4: Showing synonyms of Aprajita7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
Synonyms S.N A.N D.N S.N H.N M.N K.N B.P G.R.M R.N N.A P.N S.N S.N
Asphota - - - - - - - + + - - - - +
Girikarni + - + + - - + + + + - + - +
Girikarnika - + + + - - + - - + + - - -
Vishnukranta - - - - - + + + + - + - - -
Ashphota - - - - - - - + + - - - - +
Adrikarni - - - - + - - - - + - + - -
Gavadani + - + + - - + - - + - - - -
Sveta - - + + - - + - - - - - - -
Katbhi - - + - - - + - - - - - - -
Vishaghni - - - + - - - - - - - - - -
valli - - + + - - + - - - - - - -
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Gana/Varga/ Mahakashay Table 5
Table 5: Showing the classification according to different authors
Classical text Gana / Varga/ Mahakashay
Charak Samhita Siroverechanopaga, Vayasthapan
Sushruta Samhita Urdhvabhaghara
Astang Hridaya Arkadi Gana
Nighantu Varga
Ashtang nighantu Shyamadi
Saushrut nighantu shyamadi
Dhanvantari nighantu Karviradi
Sodhal nighantu karviradi
Hridaydipak nighantu Doshaghna
Madanpal nighantu Abhyadi
Keydev nighantu Aushadhi
Bhavprakash nighantu Guduchyadi
Gunaratnamala Guduchyadi
Raj nighantu Guduchyadi
Nighantu adarsh Palashadi
Priya nighantu Pippalyadi
Saraswati nighantu Latadi
Rasapanchak Table 6
Table 6: Showing Rasapanchak in different Nighantu
Rasapanchaka G.R.M M.N R.N P.N S.N D.N B.N So.N K.N
Rasa
Katu + + - + - - + + -
Kashay + - - - + - + - -
Tikta + - + + + + + - +
Virya
Shita + - - + + - + - +
Vipak
Katu + - + - - - + + +
Doshagnta
Tridoshagna + + - - - + + - +
Kaphashamak - - - - - - - + -
Kaphavatashamak - - + - - - - + -
Pittashamak + - - -
Karmas Table 7
Table 7: Showing Karmas of Aprajita
Karma G.R.M M.N R.N P.N S.N D.N B.N So.N K.N
Medhya + + - + - - + - -
Kanthya - - + - - - - +
Chakshusya + - - + - + + - +
Sotha + - - - - - + - -
Vrana + + - - - + - +
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Krimi - + - - + - - - -
Mada - - + - - - - - -
Svasa - - + - - - - + -
Kasa - - + - - - - + -
Daha - - + - - - - - -
Kustha - - - - - - + - +
Shula + - + - - - - - +
Kilas - - - - - - + -
Jvar - - + - - - - - -
Rogaghnata Table 8
Table 8: Showing Rogaghnata of Aprajita according to various authors
Roghagnta G.R.M M.N R.N P.N S.N D.N B.N So.N K.N
Shulaghna + - + + + - - - +
Vishaghna + - - + - - - + +
Krimighna - + - - - - - - -
Kusthagna - - - - - - + - +
Important yogas of Aprajita Table 9
Table 9: Showing some of the Yogas of Aprajita
Yoga Adhikar Reference & Pages
Agruadi tail Jvar C.Ci. 3/267,160
Gandhahasti namak Agad Vish chikitsa C.Ci. 23/71,637
Mahagandhahasti namak Agad Vish Chikitsa C.Ci. 23/78,638
Mahasugandhi Agad Vish Chikitsa S.Ka. 6/19,63
Ropan tail Vrana Chikitsa A.H.U. 34/2,897
Siddharthak Agad Unmad Chikitsa Chakradatta21
, 125
Bindu Ghrit Sneha kalpana Sarangdhar22
, 223-224
Vatraktantako Rasa Vata rakta Bhaisajya ratnavali23
, 513
SYNONYMS 24
Sanskrit : Girikarnika, Vishnukranta
Assamese : Aparajita
Bengali : Aparajita
English : Clitoria
Gujrati : Gokarni
Hindi : Aparajita
Kannada : Girikarnika Balli, Girikarnika
Malayalam : Shankhapushapam
Marathi : Gokarna, Aparajita
Oriya : Aparajita
Punjabi : Koyal
Tamil : Kakkanam
Telugu : Dintena
Habit and Habitat
A rambling, Perennial, indigenous, climber, found commonly throught India including Andaman
Islands, up to an attitude of 1,500 m.25
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Chemical Constituents
Major Constituent
Aparajitin26
O
O
H3C(CH2)18H2C HC C
H2C CH2
CH
H3C
Aprajitin
Minor Constituents27,28
� − ��������, ��� ���� − 4 − � − 3,6 − ����; ������� − 3 −���� �������.
Major Therapeutic Claim
Antidepressent29
Dosage
Powder of the leaves30
: 3 to 5 gm
Decoction of the leaves30
: 50 to 100 ml.
III. Pharmacology
Alcoholic extract of aerial parts and root (including leaves) of C. ternatea demonstrated memory
retention activity in rats and an increase in rat brain acetylcholine content and acetyl cholinesterase
activity.31
The extract of leaves along with stem, flowers and fruit showed analgesic activity in rats and
mice.32
The methonolic extract of aerial parts showed nootropic, anxiolytic, antidepressant,
anticonvulsant, and antistress activities in rats and mice.33
The chloroform extract of entire plant
including leaves showed antibacterial activity.34
IV. Ethnobotanical Study
The plant is used against snake poison or bite and, the seeds are used as Purgative and root is used
as diuretic.35
The flowers are used in eye infection, Headache.32
The leaves are used in burns.36
V. Discussion
Clitoria ternatea Linn. (CT) (Family: Fabaceae) commonly known as 'Butterfly pea', a traditional
Ayurvedic medicine. The words Aprajita is available in the literatures of vedic period like Atharva veda
parishad etc. Word ‘Aprajita’ is also used for ‘Aishani disha’. In Shaunkiya Atharvaveda samhita
‘Aprajita’ term used for “Vish-vaidya”. In India, Aprajita is largely treasured as a revitalizing herb used
by Ayurvedic medical practitioners for almost 3000 years. The herb has been mentioned in several
Ayurvedic treatises including Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Aprajita is mentioned as one of
the ingredients of Agruadi tail, Bindu Ghrit, Ropan tail in Brihatrayi. When we analyses classical
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references of Aprajita we can infer that most of the Acharyas are of the opinion that Aprajita promots
Medhya (intellect), Chakshuya (eye tonic),Svasa-kasa (respiratory system), Shoolaghna (pain killer),
Vishaghna (antipoisonous), Balya (strength, especially mind), etc. Over the centuries, the role of
Aprajita in the treatment of Kustha (leprosy/skin disorder), Asra Vikara (blood disorders), Kasa (cough),
Visa (poison), Sopha (edema), Jwara (fever), Unmada (insanity), and has been well described.
VI. Conclusion
The present review on Aprajita of different Veda, Samhita, nighantus and can be useful to know
about the different formulations of Aprajita in which different parts of this plant is used. By this way we
can used Aprajita in the treatment of different diseases. Most of the classics have mentioned Aprajita
having Medhya (intellect), Chakshuya (eye tonic), Svasa-kasa (respiratory system), Shoolaghna (pain
killer), Vishaghna (antipoisonous), Balya (strength, especially mind), etc properties. There is a huge
surge in Ayurvedic plants and world over it has become a subject of intensive research for various
aspects. There have also been substantial efforts to standardize the Ayurvedic crude drugs as well as
finished Ayurvedic medicines. The long history of safe usage of Ayurvedic medicines can be
extrapolated only when the botanical identity of the plant going into those medicines is established and
standardized. Hence proper nomenclature and establishing their exact botanical origin is must. A
detailed clinical study is required to understand the mode of action of this drugs and their efficacy.
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