Download - Science Year 10 Revision
Year 10 REVISIONYear 10 REVISION
Exam: June 19th 2009Exam: June 19th 2009
You have TWO exams, ONE CHEMISTRY, You have TWO exams, ONE CHEMISTRY, ONE PHYSICS.ONE PHYSICS.Topics to revise are the following:Topics to revise are the following:
Chemistry Chemistry –– C1aC1aPatterns in PropertiesPatterns in PropertiesMaking ChangesMaking Changes
Physics Physics –– P1bP1bNow you see it, now you donNow you see it, now you don’’ttSpace and its mysteriesSpace and its mysteries
Patterns in PropertiesPatterns in PropertiesCHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
Year 10 RevisionYear 10 Revision
Patterns in PropertiesPatterns in PropertiesElements and Atomic Structure:Elements and Atomic Structure:
symbol, relative atomic mass, atomic number symbol, relative atomic mass, atomic number (p106), atomic structure (p112)(p106), atomic structure (p112)
Group 1: The Alkali Metals:Group 1: The Alkali Metals:Trends: which is most/least reactive? (p114/115)Trends: which is most/least reactive? (p114/115)
Group 7: The Halogens:Group 7: The Halogens:Trends: which is most/least reactive? (p118/119)Trends: which is most/least reactive? (p118/119)
Group 0: The Noble Gases:Group 0: The Noble Gases:Uses of Helium, Neon, Argon (p116/117)Uses of Helium, Neon, Argon (p116/117)
Colourful Chemistry:Colourful Chemistry:Colour of precipitates (p111)Colour of precipitates (p111)
Forensic Science:Forensic Science:Flame test colours, how to do a flame test (p125)Flame test colours, how to do a flame test (p125)
Patterns in Properties
ELEMENTS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE
GROUP 1: THE ALKALI METALS
GROUP 7: THE HALOGENS
GROUP 0: THE NOBLE GASES
COLOURFUL CHEMISTRY
FORENSIC SCIENCE
Example:Example:SodiumSodium
Relative Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
Symbol
Relative Atomic = number of protons and number of neutrons
Atomic Number = number of protons
Number of protons = Number of electrons
The Atom: Check It Out!The Atom: Check It Out!
Draw a labelled diagram Draw a labelled diagram of the atom showing the:of the atom showing the:
NucleusNucleusProtonsProtonsNeutronsNeutronsElectronsElectrons
ParticleParticle ChargeCharge Relative MassRelative Mass
ProtonsProtons Positive (+)Positive (+) 11
ElectronsElectrons Negative (Negative (--)) NegligibleNegligible
NeutronsNeutrons No chargeNo charge 11
Comparing TrendsComparing TrendsGroup 1: The Alkali MetalsGroup 1: The Alkali Metals
As you go down group 1, the alkali metals As you go down group 1, the alkali metals become MORE reactive.become MORE reactive.
Group 7: The HalogensGroup 7: The HalogensAs you go down group 7, the halogens (nonAs you go down group 7, the halogens (non--metals) become LESS reactive.metals) become LESS reactive.Fluorine is the MOST reactive.Fluorine is the MOST reactive.
Group 0: The Noble GasesGroup 0: The Noble GasesThe noble gases do not react with anything.The noble gases do not react with anything.
Transition MetalsTransition MetalsSummary Table of Transition Metal Colours:Summary Table of Transition Metal Colours:Colours of transition metals when reacted with sodium hydroxide:Colours of transition metals when reacted with sodium hydroxide:
Transition MetalTransition Metal Colour of PrecipitateColour of PrecipitateCobaltCobalt Blue (turns grey)Blue (turns grey)CopperCopper Pale BluePale BlueIron (II)Iron (II) Dark Green (turns brown)Dark Green (turns brown)Iron (III)Iron (III) OrangeOrange--BrownBrown
ManganeseManganese Pale BrownPale BrownNickelNickel GreenGreenZincZinc WhiteWhite
What is a precipitate?
Flame TestsFlame TestsMETALMETAL FLAME TEST COLOURFLAME TEST COLOUR
LITHIUMLITHIUM REDRED
SODIUMSODIUM ORANGEORANGE
POTASSIUMPOTASSIUM LILACLILAC
CALCIUMCALCIUM YELLOWYELLOW--REDRED
BARIUMBARIUM PALE GREENPALE GREEN
COPPERCOPPER GREENGREEN--BLUEBLUE
How do you do a flame test?
Making ChangesMaking ChangesCHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
Year 10 RevisionYear 10 Revision
Revision: Testing for GasesRevision: Testing for GasesMake a leaflet or poster to show how you Make a leaflet or poster to show how you would test for the following gases:would test for the following gases:
1.1. Test for OxygenTest for Oxygen2.2. Test for HydrogenTest for Hydrogen3.3. Test for Carbon DioxideTest for Carbon Dioxide4.4. Test for AmmoniaTest for AmmoniaInclude:Include:
A diagram of how you would set up the A diagram of how you would set up the equipment.equipment.A description of what you would see or A description of what you would see or hear if the specific gas is present.hear if the specific gas is present.
Oxygen Hydrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
Making Changes
TESTING FOR OXYGEN TESTING FOR HYDROGEN
TESTING FOR CARBON DIOXIDE
TESTING FOR AMMONIA
Upward Delivery
If gas is less dense than air, e.g. hydrogen, ammonia
Downward Delivery
If gas is denser than air, e.g. carbon dioxide
Collecting Gases over WaterGas is bubbled through a trough of water into an
upturned gas jar filled with water
Used for insoluble gases, e.g. oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide
Hazard SymbolsHazard Symbols
Toxic Highly Flammable Corrosive Harmful Oxidising Irritant
TOXIC CORROSIVE
OXIDISING HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
HARMFUL IRRITANT
Now you see it, Now you see it, now you donnow you don’’tt
PHYSICSPHYSICS
Year 10 RevisionYear 10 Revision
Now you see it, now you donNow you see it, now you don’’ttTransverse and Longitudinal Waves:Transverse and Longitudinal Waves:
draw a labelled diagram of a transverse wave showing amplitude, draw a labelled diagram of a transverse wave showing amplitude, wavelength, crest, wavelength, crest, trough, oscillation (p250)trough, oscillation (p250)draw a labelled diagram of a longitudinal wave sowing wavelengthdraw a labelled diagram of a longitudinal wave sowing wavelength (p251)(p251)give the definition of amplitude, speed of a wave, wavelength angive the definition of amplitude, speed of a wave, wavelength and frequency (p250)d frequency (p250)
Reflecting Waves:Reflecting Waves:A sound wave generated by a jet aeroplane travels 2000m from theA sound wave generated by a jet aeroplane travels 2000m from the aeroplane to a aeroplane to a person on the ground. It takes 10s. Calculate the speed of the sperson on the ground. It takes 10s. Calculate the speed of the sound wave (p252)ound wave (p252)what is ultrasound? (p253)what is ultrasound? (p253)advantages and disadvantages of scanning by reflection (p253)advantages and disadvantages of scanning by reflection (p253)
The Wave Equation:The Wave Equation:draw the electromagnetic spectrum of waves (p257)draw the electromagnetic spectrum of waves (p257)The frequency of an ultrasound wave is 500Hz. The wavelength is The frequency of an ultrasound wave is 500Hz. The wavelength is 0.5m. Calculate 0.5m. Calculate the speed of the wave. (p256)the speed of the wave. (p256)
Uses of waves:Uses of waves:what are the uses of waves? (p258what are the uses of waves? (p258--263)263)what are the harmful electromagnetic waves? (p264)what are the harmful electromagnetic waves? (p264)
Digital Information:Digital Information:advantages and disadvantages of analogue and digital (p266advantages and disadvantages of analogue and digital (p266--267)267)Draw a labelled diagram to show how light is totally internally Draw a labelled diagram to show how light is totally internally reflected off the reflected off the inside of a glass fibre (p267)inside of a glass fibre (p267)
Now you see it, now you don’t
TRANSVERSE AND
LONGITUDINAL WAVES
REFLECTING WAVES
THE WAVE EQUATION
DIGITAL INFORMATION
USES OF WAVES
What are Waves?What are Waves?
Waves are Waves are vibrations that transfer vibrations that transfer energyenergy from place to place without matter from place to place without matter -- solid, liquid or gas solid, liquid or gas -- being transferred.being transferred.Think of a Mexican wave in a football Think of a Mexican wave in a football crowd. The wave moves around the crowd. The wave moves around the stadium, while each spectator stays in stadium, while each spectator stays in their seat only moving up then down when their seat only moving up then down when it's their turn.it's their turn.
What are Waves?http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/anintroductiontowavesact.shtml
Amplitude, Wavelength, FrequencyAmplitude, Wavelength, Frequency
FrequencyWhat are Waves?http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/anintroductiontowavesact.shtml
Amplitude and Frequency:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/anintroductiontowavesrev3.shtml
TRANSVERSE WAVES:TRANSVERSE WAVES:Light and other types of Light and other types of electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic radiation are transverse waves.are transverse waves.Water waves and S waves Water waves and S waves (a type of seismic wave) (a type of seismic wave) are also transverse waves.are also transverse waves.In transverse waves, the In transverse waves, the vibrations are at right vibrations are at right angles to the direction of angles to the direction of travel.travel.
LONGITUDINAL WAVES:LONGITUDINAL WAVES:Sound waves and waves in Sound waves and waves in a stretched spring are a stretched spring are longitudinal waves.longitudinal waves.P waves (relatively fast P waves (relatively fast moving longitudinal moving longitudinal seismic waves that travel seismic waves that travel through liquids and solids) through liquids and solids) are also longitudinal are also longitudinal waves.waves.In longitudinal waves, the In longitudinal waves, the vibrations are along the vibrations are along the same direction as the same direction as the direction of travel.direction of travel.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/anintroductiontowavesrev2.shtml
Ultrasound and Reflective WavesUltrasound and Reflective Waves
When ultrasound waves reach a When ultrasound waves reach a boundary between two substances with boundary between two substances with different densities, they are partly different densities, they are partly reflected back. The remainder of the reflected back. The remainder of the ultrasound waves continue to pass ultrasound waves continue to pass through. through.
Ultrasound and Reflective Waves:Ultrasound and Reflective Waves:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/soundultrasoundandseismicwavesact.shtmlcel/waves/soundultrasoundandseismicwavesact.shtml
What is the shape of a transverse wave?What is the shape of a transverse wave?
What is the shape of a longitudinal wave?What is the shape of a longitudinal wave?
All types of electromagnetic radiation:are transverse waves
travel at the same speed in a vacuum - empty space
EM SpectrumEM Spectrum
RadioRadioWavesWaves
MicroMicroWavesWaves
Infra Infra RedRed
VisibleVisibleLightLight
UVUVLightLight
X RaysX Rays GammaGammaRaysRays
Longer Wavelength
Shorter Wavelength
Low Frequency
High Frequency
The Electromagnetic Spectrum:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/theelectromagneticspectrumact.shtml
Radio WavesRadio Wavescarry information across the Earth by reflecting carry information across the Earth by reflecting the waves.the waves.
MicrowavesMicrowavesCarry information to mobile phones and Carry information to mobile phones and satellites. Heat food by being absorbed by water.satellites. Heat food by being absorbed by water.
InfraInfra––red (Heat radiation)red (Heat radiation)Carry information from remote controls, heat Carry information from remote controls, heat detecting cameras, and cook fooddetecting cameras, and cook food
Visible LightVisible Lightcarry information down optic fibres and carry information down optic fibres and endoscopes.endoscopes.
UltraUltra--violetvioletsun tanning and security coding.sun tanning and security coding.
X raysX raystaking shadow pictures of bones.taking shadow pictures of bones.
Gamma raysGamma raysSterilising surgical equipment and treating Sterilising surgical equipment and treating cancer.cancer.
Hazards of Electromagnetic RadiationHazards of Electromagnetic Radiation
OverOver--exposure to certain types of electromagnetic exposure to certain types of electromagnetic radiation can be harmful. The higher the frequency radiation can be harmful. The higher the frequency of the radiation, the more damage it is likely to cause of the radiation, the more damage it is likely to cause to the body:to the body:microwaves cause internal heating of body tissues microwaves cause internal heating of body tissues infrared radiation is felt as heat and causes skin infrared radiation is felt as heat and causes skin burns burns XX--rays damage cells, causing mutations (which may rays damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell death lead to cancer) and cell death gamma rays also damage cells, causing mutations gamma rays also damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell death(which may lead to cancer) and cell death
Electromagnetic Spectrum:http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/waves/theelectromagneticspectrumact.shtml
Hazards of Electromagnetic RadiationHazards of Electromagnetic Radiation
microwaves cause internal heating of microwaves cause internal heating of body tissues body tissues infrared radiation is felt as heat and infrared radiation is felt as heat and causes skin burns causes skin burns XX--rays damage cells, causing mutations rays damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell death (which may lead to cancer) and cell death gamma rays also damage cells, causing gamma rays also damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell deathcell death
Total Internal ReflectionTotal Internal Reflection
Analogue vs Digital SignalsAnalogue vs Digital SignalsANALOGUE:ANALOGUE:
Music and speech create Music and speech create sound waves that vary sound waves that vary continuously in frequency continuously in frequency and amplitude.and amplitude.Analogue signals can vary Analogue signals can vary in frequency, amplitude or in frequency, amplitude or both.both.FM: frequency modulatedFM: frequency modulatedAM: amplitude modulatedAM: amplitude modulated
DIGITAL:DIGITAL:Digital signals are a series Digital signals are a series of pulses consisting of just of pulses consisting of just two states, on (1) or off (0).two states, on (1) or off (0).There are no values in There are no values in between.between.DAB: Digital Audio DAB: Digital Audio Broadcast radio Broadcast radio –– it is it is transmitted as digital transmitted as digital signals. signals.
EM Radiation:EM Radiation:
Uses:Uses:
Dangers:Dangers:
Kills harmful bacteria in food, sterilising surgical equipment, killing cancer cells.
High doses can kill cells. Lower doses can cause cells to become cancerous.
Gamma
EM Radiation:EM Radiation:
Uses:Uses:
Dangers:Dangers:
Shadow pictures of luggage and inside the human body.
High doses can kill cells. Lower doses can cause cells to become cancerous.
X rays
EM Radiation:EM Radiation:
Uses:Uses:
Dangers:Dangers:
Sun beds, fluorescent lamps and security marking.
High doses can kill cells. Lower doses can cause cells to become cancerous.
Ultraviolet
EM Radiation:EM Radiation:
Uses:Uses:
Dangers:Dangers:
Seeing and endoscopes
Blindness
Light
EM Radiation:EM Radiation:
Uses:Uses:
Dangers:Dangers:
Remote controls (TV/VCR), radiant heaters, grills, optical fibre communication, night vision.
Skin burns
Infrared
EM Radiation:EM Radiation:
Uses:Uses:
Dangers:Dangers:
Satellite communication, mobile phone networks, cooking, RADAR.
Internal tissue heating.
Microwaves
EM Radiation:EM Radiation:
Uses:Uses:
Dangers:Dangers:
Communication and astronomy.
Radio waves
Radio waves
Space and its mysteriesSpace and its mysteriesPHYSICSPHYSICS
Year 10 RevisionYear 10 Revision
What do all of the following have in common?What do all of the following have in common?
The Solar SystemThe Solar SystemThe solar system consists of:The solar system consists of:
a star a star -- the Sun the Sun planets and dwarf planets in orbit around the Sun planets and dwarf planets in orbit around the Sun satellites satellites -- moons moons -- in orbit around most of the in orbit around most of the planets planets comets and asteroids in orbit around the Suncomets and asteroids in orbit around the Sun
The Solar SystemThe Solar System
The Sun's gravity keeps the planets, The Sun's gravity keeps the planets, dwarf planets, comets and asteroids in dwarf planets, comets and asteroids in orbit. The gravity of a planet keeps its orbit. The gravity of a planet keeps its satellites in orbit.satellites in orbit.The planets take different amounts of The planets take different amounts of time to go around the Sun. A single orbit time to go around the Sun. A single orbit is called the planet's year, and the further is called the planet's year, and the further out a planet is the longer its year takesout a planet is the longer its year takes
Planets and The Solar SystemPlanets and The Solar System
Why is pluto considered to not be a planet?Why is pluto considered to not be a planet?
Stars and GalaxiesStars and GalaxiesOur Sun is a star. It seems much bigger than Our Sun is a star. It seems much bigger than other stars in the sky because it is much closer other stars in the sky because it is much closer to Earth. Stars form immense groups called to Earth. Stars form immense groups called galaxies. A galaxy can contain many millions of galaxies. A galaxy can contain many millions of stars, held together by the force of gravity. stars, held together by the force of gravity. Our Sun is in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Our Sun is in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. The Sun is about halfWay. The Sun is about half--way from the centre way from the centre of the galaxy, on one of the arms.of the galaxy, on one of the arms.
Life Cycle of a StarLife Cycle of a Star
What is our star?What is our star?Our star is a typical star, some are Our star is a typical star, some are much brighter, some are much older, much brighter, some are much older, some are much bigger.some are much bigger.The coolest part of The Sun is around The coolest part of The Sun is around 60006000°°C and about 5billion years old. C and about 5billion years old. The SunThe Sun’’s diameter is about 100 times s diameter is about 100 times bigger than the Earth.bigger than the Earth.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/space/planetsstarsandgalaxiesact.shtml
Life Cycle of a StarLife Cycle of a StarTask:Task:
Make up a story to remember the order of Make up a story to remember the order of the life cycle of a star.the life cycle of a star.
A Trip into SpaceA Trip into SpaceOn my way into space I passed the life cycle of a small star.On my way into space I passed the life cycle of a small star.
First I passedFirst I passed……A NebullaA Nebulla
ThenThen……A ProtostarA Protostar
ThenThen……A StarA StarThenThen……
A Red GiantA Red GiantThenThen……
A White DwarfA White DwarfThenThen……
A Black DwarfA Black Dwarf
A Trip into SpaceA Trip into SpaceOn my way into space I passed the life cycle of a large star.On my way into space I passed the life cycle of a large star.
First I passedFirst I passed……A NebullaA Nebulla
ThenThen……A ProtostarA Protostar
ThenThen……A Massive StarA Massive Star
ThenThen……A Super Red GiantA Super Red Giant
ThenThen……A SupernovaA Supernova
ThenThen……A Black Hole or a Neutron StarA Black Hole or a Neutron Star
SpaceSpace
Put the following in order of size (from Put the following in order of size (from smallest to biggest):smallest to biggest):
GalaxyGalaxy The SunThe Sun Mercury Mercury EnglandEngland South Shields South Shields EarthEarthSolar SystemSolar System UniverseUniverse
SpaceSpacePut the following in order of size (from smallest to Put the following in order of size (from smallest to biggest):biggest):
South ShieldsSouth ShieldsEnglandEngland
EarthEarthMercuryMercuryThe SunThe Sun
Solar SystemSolar SystemGalaxyGalaxy
UniverseUniversehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/space/planetsstarsandgalaxiesact.shtml
Space and its mysteriesSpace and its mysteries1.1. Define the following:Define the following:
Gravity, Mass, Weight, Acceleration, Gravity, Mass, Weight, Acceleration, Gravitational Field.Gravitational Field.
2.2. Where do planets reflect their light from?Where do planets reflect their light from?3.3. What makes up the solar system?What makes up the solar system?4.4. Put the following in order of size:Put the following in order of size:
Sun, Jupiter, Galaxy, Earth, Saturn, Universe, Sun, Jupiter, Galaxy, Earth, Saturn, Universe, NeptuneNeptune
5.5. Make fact cards on the planets, include the Make fact cards on the planets, include the following:following:A description of the planetA description of the planetDistance from the SunDistance from the SunTime it takes to orbit the SunTime it takes to orbit the Sun
6.6. Explain the life cycle of a star.Explain the life cycle of a star.