Download - Schem a Theory
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Schema Theory
by Mr Daniel Hansson
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War of the ghosts
One night two young men from Egulac went down to the river to hunt seals and while they were there it
became foggy and calm. Then they heard war-cries, and they thought: "Maybe this is a war-party". They
escaped to the shore, and hid behind a log. ow canoes came up, and they heard the noise of paddles, and
saw one canoe coming up to them. There were five men in the canoe, and they said:
"!hat do you thin# !e wish to tae you along. !e are going up the river to mae war on the people."
One of the young men said,"$ have no arrows."
"%rrows are in the canoe," they said.
$ will not go along. $ might be illed. My relatives do not now where $ have gone. &ut you," he said,turning to the other, "may go with them."
'o one of the young men went, but the other returned home.
%nd the warriors went on up the river to a town on the other side of (alama. The people came down to
the water and they began to fight, and many were illed. &ut presently the young man heard one of the
warriors say, ")uic, let us go home: that $ndian has been hit." ow he thought: "Oh, they are ghosts.*
+e did not feel sic, but they said he had been shot.
'o the canoes went bac to Egulac and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. %nd he
told everybody and said: "&ehold $ accompanied the ghosts, and we went to fight. Many of our fellows
were illed, and many of those who attaced us were illed. They said $ was hit, and $ did not feel sic."
+e told it all, and then he became uiet. !hen the sun rose he fell down. 'omething blac came out of his
mouth. +is face became contorted. The people umped up and cried.
+e was dead.
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Bartlett (1932)
• artici!ants hear" an #nfamiliar $orth %merican
fol& tale
• %fter'ar"s they 'ere as&e" to retell the story
many times• The recalle" story 'as "istorte" in a n#mber of
'ays s!ecifically alterations an" omissions
changes in length an" 'or"s• The retelling of the story 'as infl#ence" by the
!artici!ants* !ersonal c#lt#ral bac&gro#n"
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What is a schema+
• %n organi,e" mental
re!resentation of
information abo#t the
'orl" e-ents or !eo!lestore" in long term
memory
• Does not ha-e a
!hysical e.istence (b#tmay be relate" to the
organi,ation of ne#rons
in the brain)
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What is schema theory+
• The term schema 'as
first #se" by /ean iaget
in 1920 (b#t there ha-e
been many 'ith similar
i"eas before him)
• .!lains ho' !eo!le
"e-elo! i"eas from sim!le
i"eas into com!le. ones
• Schemas are forme" an"re-ise" by relating
e.!eriences to each other
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The constr#ction of schemas
accor"ing to /ean iaget
• We try to #n"erstan" a ne' or "ifferent obect orconce!t by #sing one of o#r !re4e.istingschemas
• D#ring assimilation 'e try to fit ne' obects intoe.isting schemas (a ty!e of recognition it!ro-i"es #s 'ith comfort an" sec#rity)
• D#ring accommodation 'e change o#r
schemas to fit the characteristics of a ne' obect(learning)
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Schema acti-ity
1 % chil" sees a chih#ah#a for the first timean" incor!orates it into his schema of a
"og 5s this an e.am!le of assimilation oraccommo"ation+
2 % chil" calls a cat a "og beca#se it has
fo#r legs b#t is correcte" 5s this ane.am!le of assimilation oraccommo"ation+
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6haracteristics of schema
• 6onsists of conce!ts thatare relate" to each other
• nco"es general&no'le"ge that can be
a!!lie" to many "ifferentsit#ations• 6an be hierarchical ie
consist of s#b4schemata7"ifferent le-els
• 5s #n!rinci!le" ie canbe organi,e" in infinite'ays
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Hierarchical Schema
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Thematic Schema
Going skiing
Go to
mountains
Put on
down
jacket
Buy lift
ticket
Ski down
slope
Drink hot
chocolate
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%cti-ity 2
1 6reate a min" ma! abo#t a conce!t of yo#r
o'n choice 8rgani,e it thematically aro#n"
one theme Then create a hierarchical min"
ma! going from the general to!ic to thes!ecific Which of the min" ma!s "o yo#
!refer+
2 roce"#re schemas are schemas for certain
s&ills or e-ents 6reate a schema for e-ents
that ha!!en 'hen yo# are -isiting a resta#rant
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What "oes schemas "o+
• They g#i"e o#rbeha-io#r
• They !re"ict li&ely
ha!!enings• They hel! #s to
ma&e sense of c#rr ent e.!eriences
• They hel! #s toa"a!t to changingen-ironments
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What "oes schemas "o+
• They allo' #s toform e.!ectationsabo#t sit#ations
the 'orl" an"!eo!le• They sim!lify
reality
• They organise o#r&no'le"ge an" assist recall
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• % schema abo#t a certain gro#! of !eo!le
is calle" stereoty!e What is yo#r
stereoty!e of a farang+
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ate the com!rehensibility of this !assage
(14:)
The procedure is actually quite simple. First you arrange items into different
groups. Of course one pile might be sufficient depending on how much
there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities, that
is the next step otherwise, you are pretty well set. It is important not to
overdo things. That is, it is better to do few things at once than too many. In
the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily
arise. ! mistake can be expensive as well. !t first the whole procedure will
seem complicated. "oon, however it will become #ust another facet of life. It
is difficult tot foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate
future, but then, one never can tell. !fter the procedure is completed onearranges the materials into different groups again. The n they can be put into
their appropriate places. $ventually they will be used once more and the whole
cycle will then have to be repeated. %owever, that is part of life.
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ate the com!rehensibility of this !assage
(14:)!ashing lothes
The procedure is actually quite simple. First you arrange items into different
groups. Of course one pile might be sufficient depending on how much
there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities, that
is the next step otherwise, you are pretty well set. It is important not to
overdo things. That is, it is better to do few things at once than too many. In
the short run this may not seem important but complications can easily
arise. ! mistake can be expensive as well. !t first the whole procedure will
seem complicated. "oon, however it will become #ust another facet of life. It
is difficult tot foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediatefuture, but then, one never can tell. !fter the procedure is completed one
arranges the materials into different groups again. The n they can be put into
their appropriate places. $ventually they will be used once more and the whole
cycle will then have to be repeated. %owever, that is part of life.
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Bransfor" ; /ohnson (19:2)
• artici!ants !resente" 'ith the
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Write "o'n as many items as yo# can
remember
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What "i" yo# remember+
&hair'( )
*esk'( )
"kull' +ine bottle' -
&offee pot'
ine basket' /
0ooks'
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