Download - Safety During Project Execution
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Welcome to the
Session on
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Prof. AbhijeetSangapurkar
Assistant professor
NICMAR - Pune
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Safety Defined
Difficult to define due to its inter-relatednesswith several factors
Anything devoid of accident is SAFE
A thing is provisionally categorized assafe if its risks are deemed known and,inthe light of that knowledge, judged to beacceptable
Safety is inversely proportional to accidentrate.High Rate lower the safety and vice-
versa.
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SAFETY
SAFETY
Health
Media
Human
FactorRegu
latory
Agencies
Cost
Quality Production
S JobSecurity
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Human factors
Issues
The perceptual, physical, and mental
capabilities of people
Interactionof individuals with their
respective jobs
The influence of equipment andsystem design
The organisational characteristics
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A deviation from
accepted norm orcorrect procedure orpractice, which has
a potential to causeaccident.
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Any physical condition
which deviates fromaccepted norm or practiceand has the potential to
cause accident.
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Domino Theory...
The Domino theory is based on thetheory that a chain or sequence of events
can be listed in chronological order
to show the events leading upto anaccident:
event a event b event c accident effect
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Domino Theory...
The five factors or stages in the sequence of events are1. ancestry and social environment, leading to
2. fault of a person, consisting the proximate reason for
3. an unsafe act and / or mechanical hazard, which
results in4. the accident, which leads to
5. the injury
Heinrich suggested to remove thirddomino UNSAFE ACT for accident
prevention
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Socialenviron
Fault ofperson
U/AU/C
Accident Injury
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Number ofmen on site
Ratio of HSE Personnel
50 - 1 x SO100 - 2 x SO150 - 1 x SE + 2 x SO
200 - 1 x SE + 2 x SO + 1 x SA250 - 1 x SE + 2 x SO + 2 x SA300 - 1 x SE + 2 x SO + 3 x SA400 - 1 x SM + 1 x SE + 2 x SO + 3 x SA500 - 1 x SM + 1 x SE + 3 x SO + 4 x SA
1,000 - 1 x SM + 1 x SSE + 2 x SE + 6 x SO + 8x SA
SM = HSEManager
SSE = Senior HSE Engineer SE = HSE Engineer
SO = Safety Officer SA = Safety Assistant
SR = Safety Representative
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Accident Defined
An event
which is Unplanned,
Undesired, Unexpected and
Uncontrolled
& which may or may not result
in damage to property or injury toa person in the course of the
employment
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Human
Legal
Economic
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300
29
NO DAMAGE ORNO INJURY
CASES
MAJOR
ACCIDENT
MINOR
ACCIDENTS
Major, Minor & Near Miss Accidents
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Reportable Accident
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An Injury Causing Disablement
Extending 48 Hours Beyond
the Day or Shift on Which the
Accident Occurred
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ReactiveApproach
ProactiveApproach
AccidentInjury / Damage
Causatives
Safety
Safety
Causatives
Accident
Injury / Damage
The Approach
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The 4 ComponentsThe Accident
Result of the accident
Immediate Causes of Accidents
Contributing Causes of accidents
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Immediate Causes Of
Accidents PPEs provided but not used
Hazardous method of handling
Improper tools or equipments
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Contributing causes
Inadequate codes or standards
Failure by management to enforce the
safety rules and regulationFaulty design or lack of maintenance
Inadequate PPEs
Lack of safety awareness and training
Emotional stability and temperament+/-
Poor physical conditions viz.fatigue,deafness,poor eyesight so onand so forth
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Physical condition Of Person
Periodic examinations / re-
examinations
Proper job placement
Adequate medical facilities
Check for physical conditions of
the workers on all transfers and
change in jobs,shifts.
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Accident Cost1]Direct Cost
2] Indirect Cost
The direct cost is as good as a tipof
an Ice -Berg
DIRECT VS INDIRECT
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DIRECT VS. INDIRECT
COST OF AN
ACCIDENT
Re-trainingProperty damageEquipment damageProduction delaysSupervisory time
Medical billsCompensationBenefits
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Total No. of Reportable Accidents
----- ----------------------------------------- X 106
Total Man hours Worked
FR
Frequency Rate
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Man days lost due to Reportable accident
--------------------------------------------------- X 106
Total Man hours Worked
SR
Severity Rate
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Frequency rate x Severity rate
________________________
Risk Index
Accident Rate
Risk Index:
Comparative Index of Hazard Rating.
AR
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** TOTAL MANHOURS WORKED----------------------------------------WORKING DAYS /YEAR X 10 HOURS/DAY
NO OF FATALITY X 100000-----------------------------
NO OF WORKMEN ENGAGED**
Fatality Rate =
Uniformly followed by all countries.
Fatality Rate
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4.363.89
1.86
1.210.88
1.60
1.060.59
0.450.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
96-
97
97-
98
98-
99
99-
00
00-
01
01-
02
02-
03
03-
04
04-
05
SAFETY PERFORMANCE
FREQUENCY RATE
Source L T
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SAFETY IN P&M
OPERATIONS
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Fencing of Machinery
All rotating parts &
gears
Not to remove fencingof dangerous parts of
machinery while in
operation
when removed, replace
as soon as practicable and
before brought into use.
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Minimum Clearance 6m
Work near Overhead Power Line
If necessary to operate with clearance less than above,
Power lines shall invariably be shut off during the operation
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Power Shovels (Excavators)
Check: bucket teeth shouldnever come nearer less than 40
cm to boom.
Location of any underground
power cables in the area ofoperations
Not advisable to be under
raised bucket and When not in
use, bucket be rested on ground
Shall be kept away from the
edge 2m or half the the depth
whichever is more.
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STABILITY
Following misadventures to be avoided to avoid over-turning:
By taking load in excess of SWL
By braking suddenly in order to arrest descending load
By sudden release of a heavy load
By pulling loads from the sides
By operating the crane without sufficient counter-weight
By positioning the crane at a steep slope
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MOBILE CRANES
While traveling up; derrick out the load & while
traveling down; derrick in the load
Engine & gear condition while move down the hill?Fully extended outriggers while lifting the load
Horn, Head light, side lamp, rear & stop lights
Tag line
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PASSENGER HOIST
SAFETY MEASURES
SWL Displayed
Secondary Defence Provision for Emergency
stops
Drop Test Exp. Qualified Operator
Interlocks
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VEHICLES
Vehicle in condition
Speed At site 20 KMPH
Reverse horn
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If the pump becomes energized, everything that
touches the pump is also energized
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Never open a Pressurized Line
A plugged line may have maximum pump pressure inside.
Wait until the operator reverses the pump and tells you that it
safe to open the pipe.
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Safety while workingat height
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HIGH INCIDENCES OF FATAL ACCIDENTS
WHILE WORKING AT HEIGHT
Fall of Object
Electrocution
Transport vehicle
Miscellaneous
08%
11%
16%
08%
Fall of Person
57 %
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DEVICES
GAINING ACCESS LADDERS
STAIRWAYS
SCAFFOLDS
FOR PREVENTING FALLS GUARD RAILS
TOE BOARDS
ROOF TOP LADDERS
PROTECTION AGAINST INJURIES SAFETY BELTS
SAFETY NET
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Ladder Safety
Follow the 4:1 rule when using extension ladders
6 m (20 ft)
1.5 m (5 ft.)
LADDERS
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LADDERS
Angle of Inclination
Extension off landing
LADDER
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LADDER
THE ANGLE SHOULD BE BETWEEN 65- 750 TO THE HORIZONTAL (1 : 4)fourup, one down
STILES TO EXTEND AT LEAST 1 M ( 3FT) ABOVE THE STEP-OFF POINT.
NO RUNG SHOULD BE MISSING.
IT SHOULD ALWAYS BE LACED ATTHE LEVEL OF THE PLATFORM.
IT SHOULD BE FIRM & FITTED WITHA NON-SLIPPERY FOOT HOLD.
RUNGS SHALL BE CLEAR OF OIL /GREASE etc.,
Do's
LADDER
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LADDER
ALLOW MORE THAN ONE PERSON AT ATIME
FACE AWAY FROM THE LADDER WHILEASCENDING OR DESCENDING.
CARRY A LOAD THAT WILL PREVENTBOTH HANDS FROM HOLDING RUNG
OVER-REACH ON A LADDER
HANG ANY TOOL FROM THE RUNGS
WORK HIGHER THAN 2 STEPS FROM THETOP OF THE LADDER.
NEVER USE HORIZONTALLY AS A WORKPLATFORM.
Don'ts
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SCAFFOLDS
TO WITHSTAND LOAD OF MEN,MATERIAL AND SELF LOAD
STABILITY
WITHSTAND IMPACT AND WINDPRESSURE
NOT TO BE OVERLOADED
CLEAR ACCESS TO BE MAINTAINED
PROHIBIT PUBLIC ENTRY
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Hazards In Scaffolding
1] Falls
2] Collapse
3] Hit by falling object
4] Electrical
5] Fire
6] Vehicular Traffic
Ri ht M th d f S ff ldi
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Erect First Tower Adjust andensure the top level issame.Connect all pin bracing
Right Method of Scaffolding
G ardrails
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Top rails between 900mmht.Toe boards at least 150
width
Top Rail
Mid- Rail
Toeboard
Guardrails
SAFETY BELT
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For more than 2.0 m height.
Lanyard to be anchored to afixed point.
Free-fall not to exceed 1.80m
Lanyard not more than 3m.
SAFETY BELT
FULL BODY SAFETY HARNESS
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FULL BODY SAFETY HARNESS
Lif li ith FALL ARRESTER
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Life line with FALL ARRESTER
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Safety In
Excavation
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Excavation Hazards
oSoil Collapse / Soil CaveoUnder ground Utilities
oHazardous atmospheresoAdjacent structuresoFalls / Falling loads
oAccess / EgressoVehicular trafficoMobile equipment
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Preventing Soil Collapse
Soil classification (Type a, b, or C)determines construction of protective system:
Sloping
Benching
Placing a shield.
Shoring
Timber / Aluminumshoring
Sheet piling
Si l Sl i T A S il
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Simple Sloping -TypeASoil
Unsupported Vertically-Sided Lower Portion
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Supported or Shielded Vertically-Sided Lower Portion
Simple Sloping -TypeASoil
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Simple Sloping
Type B- 1:1 450
Type C- 1 :1 340
Note :Greater than 20 feet deep shall be designedby a registered professional engineer.
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PREVENTION
Stacking the material 1 Mtrsaway from
the edge of the excavation.
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PREVENTION
Never parkthe mobile equipment within 2.5
Mtrs of the Excavated Edge.
FENCING
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FENCING Hard Barrication shall be
provided, in the fall prone areas
and if depth is more Physical barricades required
always
Must be placed 2m away fromexcavation
Standard fall protection
required for vertical falls over1.3m
Traffic diversions
Pedestrian walkway diversion
Elements of fire
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Elements of fire
Fuel Combustible substance in the form of
vapour, Liquid or incandescent Solid.
Heat A Source of Ignition sufficient to initiate and
propagate the Chemical Reaction ofCombustion.
Oxygen Oxygen content in atmospheric Air in
sufficient proportion to form a combustibleVapour-Air mixture.
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Classification of Fire
Class A Fires
Class B Fires
Class C Fires
Class D Fires
Class K Fires
Storage Guidelines
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Storage Guidelines
No storage is allowed
in corridors andstairwells. A clutteredhallway could slowdown emergencyevacuation.
Storage must notexceed a plane of 18inches below sprinklerheads or smokedetectors. Storagethat breaks this plane
may prevent sprinklerheads from fullycovering room duringa fire.
An example of how storage can
protrude into the 18-inch plane below
sprinkler heads.
18
plane
Storage Guidelines
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Storage Guidelines All storage must be at least
3 ft from electrical panels. In some emergency
situationsit will be necessary toaccess panels quickly.
Maintain at least a 3ft clearance
from heating surfaces, airducts, heaters, and lightingfixtures.
Storage of combustiblematerials in mechanical roomsis prohibited.
Improper Storage
in front of Electrical Panel
Improper Mechanical
Room Storage
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Flammable and CombustibleLiquids
Flammable Liquids
Any liquid having a
flashpoint below100oF(37.8oC) orlower.
NFPA Classes IA, IB, &IC
CombustibleLiquids
Any liquid having aflashpoint at orabove 100oF (37.8o
C).
NFPA Classes II & IIIA &B
Classes of Flammable
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Classes of Flammableand Combustible Liquids
200
140
100
73
IIIA
II
IC
IA IB
100
COMBUSTIBLE(Flash Point >100 F)
FLAMMABLE
(Flash Point < 100 F)
Boiling Point (F)
F
lashpoint(Fo)
Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
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Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
DISCHARGE HOSE
DISCHARGE NOZZLE
DISCHARGE ORIFICE
BODY
DATA PLATE
CARRYING
HANDLE
PRESSURE GAUGE
(not found on CO2
ext inguishers)
DISCHARGE LEVER
DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN
AND SEAL
Classes & Types of Fires
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Classesof Fires
Types of FiresPictureSymbol
Fire ExtinguisherLabel
AWood, paper, cloth, trash& other ordinarymaterials.
BGasoline, oil, paint andother flammablematerials.
C
May be used on firesinvolving live electricalequipment without dangerto the operator.
D Combustible metals andcombustible metal alloys.
K
Cooking media (vegetable
or animal oils and fats)
& Labeling of Fire Extinguishers
Triangle
Square
Circle
StarD
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Suitability of Fire Extinguishers
TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERCLASS
OF FIRE WATER DCP CO2
A Y Y N
B N Y Y
C N Y YD N Y N
Electrical N Y Y
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How to Use a
Fire
Extinguisher
Even though extinguishers come in a number of
shapes and sizes, they all operate in a similarmanner. Here's an easy acronym for fireextinguisher use:
P A S S -- Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep
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PullThe pin at the top of the extinguisher that keepsthe handle from being accidentally pressed.
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Aim
The nozzle toward thebase of the fire
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Stand approximately 8 feet away from the fire and
squeezethe handle to discharge theextinguisher. If you release the handle, the
discharge will stop.
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Sweepthe nozzle back and forth at the base ofthe fire. After the fire appears to be out, watch itcarefully since it may re-ignite!
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Thank you all