Download - Roundtable on NRM and Food Security: Key Barriers and Pathways to Scale Up Proven Successes
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Bob Winterbottom
ESTABLISHED 1982
ROUNDTABLE ON NRM AND FOOD SECURITY:
KEY BARRIERS AND PATHWAYS TO SCALE UP
PROVEN SUCCESSES
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The African Sahel in the 1970s and 1980s
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Niger: A rural landscape transformed
Photo: L. Mahamane (AFF)
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Niger: Then and now
1970s
• State ownership of trees
• State forest agents: “Police”
• Focus on law enforcement by forest
agents
• Plantations of fast-growing exotic
species promoted for fuelwood
• Clean-field agriculture
From 1990’s • Management rights devolved to
farmers • State forest agents: “Trainers”
• More farmer-to-farmer visits
• Native species used for fuelwood,
nitrogen fixation, fodder and more
• Agroforestry via “farmer managed natural regeneration”
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Burkina Faso: National Workshop on FMNR, climate change adaptation and food security
Photo: L. Mahamane (AFF)
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Key barriers to replicate re-greening successes
• Insecure tenure (#1 issue cited in Burkina Faso AF workshop)
• Land grabs – by elites and powerful – seeking short term gains from crop production
• Forestry laws – ambivalence about ownership and rights to manage trees on farms
• Counterproductive regulations - designed to protect natural forests and control forest products trade
• Weaknesses in institutional mandates and priorities:
• Agriculture overlooks soil conservation, agroforestry
• Forestry focused on tree planting, protecting natural forests
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Recent positive developments
• Improved practices of innovative farmers are relatively low-cost
• Making a difference among the poorest households
• Champions are emerging to support replication and scaling up
• Growing recognition of the relevance of sustainable land management to resilience, adaptation as well as food security
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Agroforestry (Niger): Grain yields increase as tree density increases
No trees
Source: Adapted from Mahamane, L. (AFF). Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration in Niger.
Presentation to the United Nations, February 2011.
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Barriers being addressed by smallholder innovations
Rainfall variability Weathered soils Fertilizer cost
Source: McGahuey, M. “Africa’s Regreening: Its Integral Role in Increasing Agricultural Productivity and Strengthening Resiliency”; Reij, C. “Climate Smart Agriculture, Food Security and Water in Africa’s Drylands: Lessons from Experience”. Both are presentations at WRI Symposium on Regreening, March 1, 2012.
• Using stone lines, zai, ridge tillage to harvest rainwater, reduce runoff and erosion
• Replenishing soil organic matter to increase soil moisture
• Increasing use of manure, compost • Increasing density of trees on farms
• Increasing incomes through
intensification and diversification • Increasing fertilizer use efficiency
through ISFM
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Effects of soil and water conservation practices and microdosing on sorghum yields
in Burkina Faso (2009 - 2011 averages)
Average kg/ha
Sources: Sawadogo 2012
375
750
1125
1500
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Sources: Sawadogo 2012.
Effects of NRM and micro-dosing on sorghum crop yields in Burkina Faso (2009-2011) Average kg/ha
Without micro-dosing
With micro-dosing
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What hurdles remain to scaling up?
• Preference for large investments in top-down conventional approaches to “modernize” (agricultural mechanization)
• Poor appreciation of land degradation costs and missed opportunities to address root causes (declining soil organic matter)
• Simplistic emphasis on external inputs to increase crop production
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What are conditions for success?
• Motivate farmers to change behaviors
• take stock of drivers, reduce barriers and reinforce incentives (enabling legislation for decentralized NRM)
• target areas with favorable conditions: high population density, low tree cover, sandy soils, +400 mm rainfall, secure rights, market access, innovative farmers / producer groups
• Facilitate and support
• access to information – menu of options to intensify and diversify
• empowerment of village institutions – locally enforced rules
• awareness raised and “case made”
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Potential for scaling up
Source: WRI analysis using the following datasets. Population: AfriPop http://www.afripop.org/. Precipitation isohyets: UNEP/DEWA/GRID-
Geneva. Protected areas: World Database on Protected Areas (UNEP/WCMC). Croplands – IIASA/IFPRI (Cropland for sub‐Saharan Africa:
A synergistic approach using five land cover data sets. Fritz et al.
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Pathways for scaling-up Work at the grassroots with farmer innovators:
- Support farmer to farmer visits, peer to peer learning to innovate, adapt, adopt improved practices (intensification)
- Support associated enterprises (diversification)
- Strengthen local institutions (governance)
- Promote community / producers organizations (gender)
- Reinforce economic benefits (strengthen AF value chains)
- Recognize achievements with awards
- Encourage networks of local experts
- Stimulate a movement of champions
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Working at the grassroots to scale up
Photo: L. Mahamane (AFF)
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Pathways for scaling-up (2) Top-down meets Bottom-up
- Field visits for decision makers; dialogue with local champions
- Mobilize evidence of innovation, impacts and benefits, and present at national workshops
- Identify needed policy, legal and institutional reforms (secure management rights, market access, changes in extension messages)
- Advocate for shifts in program strategies and priorities (integrated approaches, mainstream agroforestry, NRM, SLM, Climate smart EverGreen Agriculture)
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Pathways for scaling-up (3)
Expand Communication and Outreach
- Investigate what’s working, where, how, lessons learned
- Build content – expand access to knowledge platforms / hubs
- Support radio coverage, TV documentaries
- Enable voices of local champions, innovators, producer groups (W4RA)
- Mobilize local and international media
- Address knowledge gaps
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Addressing knowledge gaps
• Increased monitoring and reporting of farmer innovations
• Fuller accounting of benefits from improved practices: impact on crop yields, and more
• Improved understanding of production system dynamics
• Contributions of trees and shrubs to soil organic matter and nutrients
• Impact on hydrology
• Resilience to climate change, other shocks