ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
saqarTvelos istoriis instituti
emil avdaliani
romi da bizantia barbarosTa migraciis
winaaRmdeg: dunais da pontos sazRvrebis
SedarebiTi analizi (IV-VII ss.)
istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
Tedo dundua
Tbilisi
2016
Sinaarsi
0
avtoris stili daculia
Sesavali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
wyaroebis da literaturis mimoxilva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Tavi I. bizantiuri samyaro IV-VI saukuneebSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Tavi II. bizantiuri strategia praqtikaSi: iustiniane da misi
memkvidreebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
Tavi III. barbarosebis qveyanaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1. Sida aziis geografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2. Sida aziis koncefcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3. romaelebi da guTebi. valensis pirveli guTuri omi (367-369
ww.): politika, ekonomika da imperiuli ideologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
Tavi IV. bizantiis arabuli politika gvian antikurobaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Tavi V. bizantiis imperiuli mowinaaRmdege: sasanuri irani .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Tavi VI. bizantiis `qristianobis geopolitika~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
daskvna ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
danarTi ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
1
Sesavali
gviani antikuri periodis saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevas sakmaod
didi yuradReba eTmoba qarTul istoriografiaSi. Tumca, tendencia,
romelic ikveTeba am periodis SeswavlaSi, aris naklebi yuradRebis
daTmoba amave periodis maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, bizantiis balkanur
provinciebSi, Tu evraziis stepebSi mimdinare movlenebisTvis. bizantiis
samxreTkavkasiuri politika mniSvnelovani iyo, pirvel rigSi,
gadasasvlelebis gamo, magram am regionSi mimdinare politikuri,
samxedro, ekonomikuri, Tu religiuri movlenebi aucilebelia ganxilul
iqnas im saerTo procesebSi, romelic viTardeboda bizantiis yvela
sazRvarze. rogorc Tanamedrove periodSi, iseve gvian antikur xanaSi,
movlenebi qveynis erT sazRvarze did gavlenas axdenda sxva
mimarTulebebze. sxva sityvebiT, sanam iustiniane jarebs gaagzavnida
lazikaSi adgilobrivebis dasaxmareblad sasanianebis SekavebisTvis, mas
unda gaeTvaliswinibena samxedro viTareba apeninis naxevarkunZulze, Tu
ramdeni sajariso SenaerTi hyavda CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi da mxolod
amis Semdeg mieRo gadawyvetileba.
igives Tqma SeiZleba sasanur iranzec. Sesabamisad, me Sevecade, rom
es naSromi ara mxolod gvian antikuri periodis imperiebis (bizantia da
irani) politikur urTierTobebze yofiliyo fokusirebuli, aramed am
imperiebis periferiebze mimdinare samxedro, ekonomikur, Tu politikur
procesebzec. vecade samxreT kavkasia ganmexila ara rogorc calke
mdgomi regioni, aramed rogorc or hegemons Soris mimdinare samxedro
da ekonomikuri brZolis erTerTi arena, Tanabari, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT,
dunaispireTTan, eTiopiasTan, siria-mesopotamiis sazRvarTan da
CrdiloeT afrikasTan.
amavdroulad, es naSromi ar aris bizantiisa da sasanuri iranis
2
omebis, Tu maTi mSvidobiani urTierTobebis istoria. Tu, Tavdapirvelad,
me vcdilobdi, uSualod, bizantiaze da mis samezobloze damewera,
naSromis momzadebis bolos, aRmovaCine ramdenad bevri mqonda
daTmobili sasanuri iranisTvis. amis mizezi is aris, rom sasanuri irani
arafriT Camouvardeboda bizantiis imperias (imis sawinaaRmdegoT, rasac
amtkicebs mkvlevarTa umravlesoba dasavleTSi) iqneba samxedro,
ekonomikur, religiur, Tu romelime sxva sferoSi. ufro metic, rogorc
naCvenebi iqneba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sasanianebi bizantielebze ufro
mZlavr samxedro koaliciebs qmnidnen, axerxebdnen konstantinopolis
ekonomikur dasustebas da erTdroulad ramodenime frontze Tavisi
imperiis efeqtianad dacvas.
naSromSi dasmuli mTavari kiTxva aris, Tu rogor icavdnen sakuTar
sazRvrebs bizantiis da sasanuri iranis imperiebi gvian antikur
periodSi. ra samxedro, ekonomikuri da politikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba
xdeboda imperiebis usafrTxoebis misaRwevad? rogor xdeboda samxedro
da ekonomikuri potencialis mobilizeba samxedro kampaniis
sawarmoeblad? da rac mTavaria: SeeZloT, Tu ara imperatorebsa da
SahanSahebs strategiulad emsjelaT omebis da zavebis dadebis dros?
rogor esmodaT Tavisi imperiebis geografia, arsebuli sazRvrebi da
maTi gafarToebis saWiroeba? arsebobda, Tu ara imperiebisTvis
teritoriuli eqspansiis zRvari, romlis farglebSic imperatorebi da
SahanSahebi mSvidobianad moaxerxebdnen Tanacxovrebas?
qarTuli istoriografia am sakiTxebze faqtobrivad ar arsebebobs,
xolo dasavleTsa da ruseTSi ki, yuradReba, ZiriTadad, bizantiis da
sasanuri iranis politikur istorias eTmoba. agreTve, kargad aris
Seswavlili imperiebs Soris warmoebuli omebis istoria III saukunidan
meSvides 30-ian wlebamde. Tumca, mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesoba
uaryofs strategiulad azrovnebis niWis arsebobas bizantielebSi, xolo
sasanianebis SemTxvevaSi, es sakiTxi, samwuxarod, arc ki ganxilula. imis
mtkiceba, rom bizantieli imperatorebisa da SahanSahebis mier yoveli
miRebuli gadawyvetileba strategiul xasiaTs atarebda ar iqneboda
mTlianad marTebuli. Tumca, mosazreba, rom geografiuli manZilisa da
zusti rukebis ararsebobis gamo, iustinianes da herakle keisars, umetes
3
SemTxvaSi, ar SeeZloT mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miReba, meore
mcdar ukiduresobas warmoadgens.
Sesabamisad, am naSromSi Sevecade Semexamebina es ori radikalurad
gansxvavebuli midgoma da gamomeTqva mosazreba, rom bizantiis imperiam,
raTa SeenarCunebina Tavisi saxelmwifoebrioba mravali saukunis
ganmavlobaSi, SeimuSava sazRvrebis dacvis da sakuTar samezoblosTan
urTierTobis sakuTari koncefcia. am koncefciaSi diplomatia, fulisa
da titulebis darigeba, vaWrobis aRdgena, Tu gauqmeba, religia da
samokavSireo aliansebi ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen vidre
samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba, rogorc es erTiani romis imperiis dros iyo.
meore mniSvnelovani daskvna iqneba sasanur iranze: bizantielebis
msgavsad, iranelebsac gaaCndaT Tavisi samezoblos mowyobis sakuTari
xedva. ufro metic, imperiis garSemo aSenebuli samxedro
infrastruqtura, qveynis SigniT jarebis ganlageba, arabebTan, Tu
samxreT kavkasiis xalxebTan samxedro aliansebi, metyvelebs SahanSahebis
`did strategiaze~ msoflios sxvagvarad mosawyobad.
gadavideT uSualod naSromis struqturaze, romelic Svidi
ZiriTadi Tavisgan Sedgeba. radgan SeuZlebeli iyo mimomexila yvela is
mezobeli, romelic imperias, daaxloebiT, oTxi saukunis (IV-VII)
ganmavlobaSi esazRvreboda, amitomac, SevCerdi konstantinopolis
ZiriTad metoqeebze da ganvixile imperiis oTxi mTavari sazRvari:
dunaispireTi – guTebi da momdevno periodSi mniSvnelovani nomadi
xalxebi (hunebi; avarebi); evfrati – sasanuri irani; siria-palestina –
winaislamuri xanis arabebi; CrdiloeT afrika – vandalebi da maT
winaaRmdeg VI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi mimarTuli samxedro kampania.
pirveli Tavi exeba bizantiis Sida mdgomareobas IV-VI saukuneebSi.
mkiTxveli SeniSnavs, rom aqcenti naklebad aris gakeTebuli am periodis
politikur istoriaze, aramed istoriuli faqtebi ufro gamoyenebulia
istoriuli wyaroebis da istoriografiuli naSromebis sxagvari
interpretirebisTvis. 395 wels, romis imperatori Teodosius I-is
gardacvalebis Semdeg, imperia mis or Svils, arkadiussa (imperiis
aRmosavleT nawilSi) da honoriuss (imperiis dasavleT nawilSi) Soris
daiyo. imperia aqamdec iyofoda, magaliTad, tetrarqebis mmarTvelobaSi
4
(III saukunis bolosa da IV-is dasawyisSi), an mogvianebiT, Zmeb valenssa
da valentinianes Soris (360-370-iani ww.). Tumca, 395 wlis dayofam metad
Seuwyo xeli imperiis dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi nawilebi gansxvavebuli
politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro veqtorebiT ganviTarebuliyo.
yovel gasul weliwadTan erTad, imperiis or nawils Soris samxedro da
ekonomikuri TanamSromloba sul ufro mcirdeboda. amasTan erTad, rac
ufro meti sagareo safrTxe emateboda imperiis TiToeul nawils,
ZiriTadad, CrdiloeTidan germanuli tomebisa da nomadebis saxiT,
mexuTe saukunis ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom aRmosavleT romis
imperias ukeT SeeZlo sakuTari sazRvrebis dacva da nomaduri wnexis
Sekaveba. ufro metic, aRmosavleTi nawili, nomadebTan brZolebis
paralelurad, axerxebda aRmosavleTSi mZlavri sasanianTa imperiis
Sekavebas.
magram, strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, dasavleT nawilTan SedarebiT,
aRmosavleT romis imperia mniSvnelovnad araxelsayrel geografiul
pirobebSi imyofeboda. Sesabamisad, am Tavis meore nawilSi saubari iqneba
imaze, Tu rogor axerxebda konstantinopoli imperiis sazRvrebis
SenarCunebas sagrZnoblad gauaresebuli geografiuli, ekonomikuri, Tu
samxedro pirobebis fonze. ra samxedro da diplomatiur xerxebs
iyenebdnen bizantieli imperatorebi erTdroulad ramodenime
mimarTulebidan samxedro safrTxis Sesakaveblad? sxva sityvebiT,
axsnili iqneba V saukuneSi bizantiis axali strategiis Camoyalibebis
procesi, romelic iyo reaqcia imperiis istoriaSi erTerT umZimes
periodze: atilas da sasanianebis paralelur Setevebze.
meore Tavi isev bizantiazea, Tumca pirveli nawilisgan gansxvavebiT,
saubari iqneba bizantiur strategiaze mis praqtikaSi gamoyenebisas.
rogor iReben gadawyvetilebebs bizantieli mmarTvelebi da ra
resursebs floben isini mTeli imperiis masStabiT? sxva sityvebiT, ra
procesebi mimdinareobs imperiis SigniT, rodesac qveynis usafrTxoeba
safrTxeSia? amis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi, udavod, iustinianes
periodia, rodesac imperias, erTdroulad, uwevda sakuTari sazRvrebis
dacva nomadebisgan dunaispireTSi, sasanianebisgan aRmosavleTSi da
dampyrobiTi omebi ewarmoebina CrdiloeT afrikasa da apeninis
5
naxevarkunZulze. amis paralelurad, konstantinopoli finansurad
exmareboda eTiopelebs ekonomikuri da samxedro gavlena gaevrcelebinaT
arabeTis naxevarkunZulze. iustiniane aZlierebda bizantiis arabi
mokavSireebis dafinansebasac da cdilobda, indoeTSi sakuTari savaWro
flotis gazrdiT, sasanianebis mier dawesebuli ekonomikuri blokadidan
Tavis daRwevas. magram, yvelaze saintereso ki is aris, rom am periodSi
werilobiTi wyaroebis siuxvis gamo, Cven iseTi detalebic mogvepoveba,
rogoric aris strategiulad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesi. vandalebis winaaRmdeg omis gamocxadebamde, iustinianes
diskusiebi jarebis meTaurebTan da imperiis `ekonomikur gundTan~
hqonda. procesis gaanalizebis Semdeg, naTeli xdeba, rom iustiniane,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ar gaaCnda zusti geografiuli rukebi, kargad
iyo garkveuli, Tu ra mimarTulebiT iyo saWiro imperiis resursebis mi-
marTva qveynis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad. agreTve, iustinianes
saxiT, naTeli xdeba, Tu ramden faqtors iTvaliswinebdnen bizantieli
imperatorebi raime politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis win.
momdevno Tavebi, uSualod, imperiis TiToeul saRzvars Seiswavlis.
mesame TavSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sam mcire nawilad aris dayofili,
ganxilulia imperiis yvelaze problemuri sazRvari – dunaispireTi.
imperias, adreul periodSi (I-IV ss.), brZolebi uwevda mxolod germanul
tomebTan. III saukuneSi, dunais gaswvriv gamoCenili guTebi, marTalia,
qmnidnen problemebs jer kidev gaerTianebuli imperiis balkanuri
provinciebisTvis, magram, jamSi, imperiuli jari SedarebiT martivad
axerxebda barbarosTa Sekavebas. viTareba Seicvala IV saukunis bolos,
evraziuli stepebidan nomadebis (hunebis) gamoCeniT. nomadebi, naxevrad
dasaxlebuli cxovrebis stilis matarebel germanul tomebisgan
gansxvavebiT, ufro mZlavr samxedro Zalas warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisad,
am TavSi yuradReba daTmobili iqneba ara mxolod imperiasa da
barbarosebs (germanuli tomebi da nomadebi) Soris urTierTobebs, aramed
evraziis geografiisTvisac. saWiroa aixsnas, Tu ratom momdinareobda
imperiisTvis umTavresi safrTxe, uSualod, stepebidan. ra abrkolebda
tundrasa da taigis macxovreblebs politikur erTeulad
Camoyalibebuliyvnen da, Tavis mriv, safrTxe SeeqmnaT mediteraniisTvis?
6
geografiuli elementis axsna ormagad mniSvnelovania, radgan nomadebi
safrTxes mxolod romis imperias ar uqmnidnen, aramed gviani antikuri
periodis kidev erT mZlavr imperias – sasanur irans, romlis CrdiloeTi
sazRvari, bizantiis msgavsad, evraziis stepebs esazRvreboda.
radgan bizantiuri politika nomadebis mimarT sakmaod didi
sakiTxia da Tavisuflad SeiZleba calke kvlevis sagani iyos, vecade
erTi patara omis (aRmosavleT romis imperatoris, valensis, 367-369
wlebis konfliqti guTebTan) magaliTze meCvenebina, Tu rogor muSaobda
konstantinopolis diplomatia, samxedro manqana da rogor xdeboda
ekonomikuri, religiuri, samxedro da sxva sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba
omis gamocxadebamde, Tu zavis dadebisas. agreTve, rogor iyenebdnen
bizantielebi Tavisufal vaWrobas da sakuTar saxelmwifoebriv
simdidres, mSvidobianobis Jams, barbarosTa Sesakaveblad, xolo omis
dros, maTi ekonomikis gasanadgureblad. imperator valensis magaliTze,
gamoTqmuli iqneba mosazreba, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi, barbarosebTan omis
wamowyebis iniciatorebi zustad bizantieli imperatorebi iyvnen.
ar iqneboda marTebuli, rom am naSromSi aqcenti mxolod bizantiis
did da mniSvnelovan mezoblebze gamekeTebina. konstantinopolis
urTierTobebi patara mezoblebTan xSirad ukeTesad asaxavs, Tu rogor
muSaobda imperiuli institutebi, jer diplomatiuri urTierTobebis
damyarebasa da Semdeg, maTi gaZlierebis mizniT. winaislamuri xanis
arabebi, rogorc bizantielebis mokavSireebi, sakmaod cudad Seswavlili
sakiTxia. saqarTveloSi, am sakiTxze, faqtobrivad, ar mogvepoveba
mniSvnelovani publikacia. rusul istoriografiisgan gansxvavebiT,1
dasavleTSi, am sakiTxiT daintereseba mxolod bolo dros daiwyo. am
TavSi ori axali mosazreba iqneba gamoTqmuli: 1. bizantiis mier
winaislamuri xanis arabebis aRzeveba saWiro iyo arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawilSi imperiis savaWro gzebis dasacavad;
2. sasanianTa gavlenis Sesakaveblad siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi.
Semdegi nawili sasanianebs Seiswavlis. bizantiis samezobloSi
sasanuri irani gamonakliss warmoadgenda. SahanSahebis samxedro da
ekonomikuri siZliere maT guTebisgan, Crdiloeli nomadebisgan, 1 aRsaniSnavia, 1940-1960-ian wlebSi nina pigulevskaias mier gamocemuli naSromebi.
7
arabebisgan, lazebisa da somxebisgan gansxvavebiT, bizantiasTan Tanabar
doneze ayenebda. Tumca, saqarTveloSi sasanuri iranis istoriis kvleva,
samwuxarod, mxolod dawyebiT etapzea, rac, faqtobrivad, gamoricxavs am
sakiTxze mniSvnelovani publikaciebis arsebobas. dasavleTsa da
ruseTSi, mdgomareoba am kuTxiT sagrZnoblad ukeTaa, Tumca mkvlevarTa
umravlesoba (iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda) Seiswavlis sasanuri iranis
mxolod politikur istorias, sadac yuradReba mTlianad
romTan/bizantiasTan omebis istorias eTmoba. am TavSi Sevecade sasanuri
irani, bizantiis Tanabar (zog SemTxvevaSi ki, ufro mZlavr) Zalad
warmomeCina. aseve, Sevecade meCvenebina, rom sasanianebs, bizantielebis
msgavsad, gaaCndaT imdroindeli msoflios mowyobis sakuTari xedva.
bizantiasTan SedarebiT, uares geografiul pirobebSi arsebobam,
ktesifonSi msxdomi SahanSahebi aiZula specifiuri samxedro,
diplomatiuri da ekonomikuri xedvebi CamoeyalibebinaT sakuTari
imperiis sazRvrebis dasacavad. Sendeboda uzarmazari kedlebi imperiis
CrdiloeTiT, aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT, mesopotamiis winaislamuri
arabebisgan dasacavad. sxva sityvebiT, naCvenebi iqneba, rom sasanianebs,
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gabatonebisTvis, sakuTari `didi strategia~
gaaCndaT. ramodenime TvalsaCino magaliTi iqneba moyvanili: 1.
koaliciebis Seqmna winaislamur arabebTan; 2. bizantiuri receptio-s
sasanuri versia; 3. aqemenianebis dros dakarguli teritoriebis
dabrunebis moTxovnebi, rogorc pragmatuli sagareo poltikis nawili.
naSromis bolo TavSi saubari iqneba qristianobaze, ufro sworad
ki, mis gavrcelebaze bizantiis samezobloSi. Tumca, qristianobis
gavrcelebis istoriis nacvlad, Sevecade sxvagvarad Semexeda am
sakiTxisadmi da mepasuxa Semdeg kiTxvaze: ramdenad gamiznulad
axorcielebdnen bizantieli imperatorebi axali religiis gavrcelebas
imperiis sazRvrebis gawvriv mcxovreb mezobel xalxebSi. ramdenad
SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom bizantielebi cdilobdnen mezoblebis
gaqristianebas maTgan potenciuri safrTxis gasaneitraleblad. marTlac,
guTebis gaqristinebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven pirdapiri cnoba gagvaCnia, rom
imperatorma konstancius II-m (337-361 ww.) uSualod gasca sanqcia am
wamowyebisTvis. ufro metic, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, geografiulad ra
8
mimarTulebebiT vrceldeboda qristianoba, VI saukunisTvis bizantia
gaqristinebuli xalxebis rkalSi iyo moqceuli. samxreTiT, eTiopielebi
– mniSvnelovani mokavSire indoeTSi mimavali savaWro gzebis
gasakontroleblad; arabebi _– mniSvnelovani mokavSire siria-
mesopotamiis udabnoSi sxva arabi tomebis SesaCereblad da sasanianTa
gavlenis Sesamcireblad; CrdiloeT-aRmosavleTiT lazebi, da iberielebi
– mniSvnelovani mokavSireebi kavkasionis gadasasvlelebSi evraziuli
stepebidan mosuli nomadebis Sesakaveblad; aRmosavleTiT, somxebi –
mniSvnelovani mokavSireebi, radgan somxeTze kontroli bizantielebs Se-
saZleblobas aZlevda gaekontrolebinaT CrdiloeT mesopotamia da mar-
tivad mieRwiaT sasanianTa dedaqalaqamde. sxva sityvebiT, strategiulad
mniSvnelovani teritoriebis gakontroleba konstantinopolis upirveles
mizans warmoadgenda, xolo am TavSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT ki,
qristianobis gavrceleba efeqtiani xerxi iyo am miznis misaRwevad.
naSromi kompleqsuri kvlevis meTods efuZneba, romelic zemoT
dasaxelebuli istoriografiuli problemebis detalur ganxilvas
iTvaliswinebs. agreTve, kvlevis aucilebel pirobas istoriul-kom-
parativistuli meTodi warmoadgens, ris Sedegadac, naSromi
mniSvnelovani iqneba saqarTveloSi gviani antikuri periodis bizantiis,
sasanuri iranis, winaislamuri xanis arabebisa da nomadi xalxebis
istoriis SeswavlisTvis.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom avtori specialistTa, Tu am sakiTxebiT
dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisagan miRebul saqmian SeniSvnebs miiRebs da
aucileblad gaiTvaliswinebs am sakiTxis kvlevis Semdgom saqmianobaSi.
9
wyaroebis da literaturas mimoxilva
gviani antikuri periodis (IV-VII ss.) Sesaxeb arsebuli akademiuri
literatura sakmaod vrcelia. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom am periodis
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba yuradRebas, ZiriTadad, romis/bizantiis imperiis
istoriis Seswavlas aqcevs. naklebad aris Seswavlili, magaliTad,
bizantiis mezoblad mcxovrebi eTiopielebis, dunais gaRma mcxovrebi
nomadi xalxebis, an siria-palestinaSi, winaislamuri xanis arabebis
istoria. metic, bizantielebis yvelaze mZlavri mowinaaRmdegis sasanuri
iranis istoriasac ki am kvlevebis sakmaod patara raodenoba eTmoba.
amave periodis istoriuli wyaroebi Semonaxuli gvaqvs, ZiriTadad,
rogorc berZnul, aseve laTinur enebze. TviTmxilveli istorikosebis
garda, bevri cnoba aris Semonaxuli bizantiis oficialuri saxis
dokumentebSi (saimperatoro brZanebebSi Tu imperiis sakanonmdeblo
krebulebSi). berZnul-romauli wyaroebis paralelurad arsebobs
imperiis mezobel xalxebSi Seqmnili naSromebi, sadac sakmaod
saintereso monacemebi aris Semonaxuli, iqneba es bizantia-iranis omebze
da Semdeg dadebul zavebze, Tu qristianobis gavrcelebasa da orive
imperiis Sida ekonomikur da administraciul wyobilebaze.
wyaroebi
werilobiT wyaroebidan erTerTi mniSvnelovani naSromi IV
saukunis istorikoss amiane marcelines ekuTvnis. miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi XXXI tomiani naSromis pirveli cameti nawili dakargulad iTvleba,
Res Gestae (amiane marceline, 1935), `qmedebani~, moicavs saintereso cnobebs
jer kidev 350-iani wlebidan moyolebuli erTiani romis imperiis Sesaxeb,
378 wels, adrianopolSi datrialebul katastrofamde. miuxedavad Tavisi
berZnulenovani ganaTlebisa, amianem Res Gestae laTinur enaze Seasrula.
10
marTalia naSromSi aRwerilia imperiis istoriis xanmokle, 25-wliani
periodi, amiane Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis, rogorc imperiis SigniT
arsebul mdgomareobaze, aseve qveynis sazRvrebze arsebul viTarebaze.
man detalurad aRwera romaul-sparsuli konfliqti (daaxl. 330-360 ww.)
da iuliane gandegilis xanmokle mmarTvelobis periodSi (361-363 ww.)
ganxorcielebuli warumatebeli aRmosavluri laSqroba.
amiane marcelines naSromi, agreTve, mniSvnelovania imperiis
CrdiloeT sazRvris – dunaispireTis – SeswavlisTvis. man detalurad
aRwera imperator valensis (364-378 ww.) pirveli guTuri omi2 da 376 wels,
guTebis mier dunais gadalaxva. amianes cnobebi ormagad mniSvnelovania,
radgan mas pirvels hqonda aRwerili imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvarze
evraziuli stepebidan nomadebis gamoCena. gviandeli istorikosebis
cnobebTan Sedarebisas, gasakviria, Tu raoden swor informacias awvdis
amiane Tavis mkiTxvels, gansakuTrebulad, rodesac saubrobs hunebis
gamoCenaze – `xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis~ dasawyisze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom romaeli istorikosi tacitusi ax. w. I-II ss.
cxovrobda, misi erTerTi naSromi, Germania, Seucvlel wyaros
warmoadgens romsa da barbarosebs Soris urTierTobebis SeswavlisTvis
(tacitusi, 2009). iseve rogorc amiane marceline, tacitusis naSromidan
naTlad Cans, rom ax. w. I-II ss. barbarosuli germaniis ganviTarebis
mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo migraciebi Tanamedrove CrdiloeT evropidan
samxreTiT, uSualod, romis imperiis sazRvrebisken.
evsevi kesarielis mier IV saukuneSi dawerili `saeklesio istoria~
(evsevi kesarieli, 1975) mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis romis imperiis
istoriaSi gardamaval periodze – konstantine I didis (306-337 ww.)
mmarTvelobaze. sainteresoa evsevis cnobebi imperiaSi da mis
samezobloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis dinamikaze, rac mniSvnelovania
Semdeg kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemaT: ramdenad iyo waxalisebuli
qristianobis gavrceleba imperiis samezobloSi uSualod saimperatoro
kariT?
2 zustad, amianes saintereso cnobebis gamo, gadavwyvite am naSromSi valensis pirveli guTuri omis calke sakiTxad ganmexila.
11
IV saukunis konstantinopolSi moRvawe imperiuli propagandistis
Temistiusis sityvebi kidev erT saintereso wyaros warmoadgens
(Temistiusi, 2001). mis sityvebSi kargad Cans, Tu rogor muSaobda
imperiuli propaganda qveynis SigniT, Tu gareT Seqmnili politikuri
krizisebis periodSi. istorikosebi Temistiuss xSirad ganixilaven
mxolod rogorc ama Tu im mmarTvelis propagandistad, romelic
zrunavda, rom konstantinopolis mosaxleobas imperatoris Sesaxeb
pozitiuri Sefaseba hqonoda. Tumca, rogorc am naSromSi iqneba
aRniSnuli, Temistiusis sityvebSi, agreTve, vxdebiT saintereso
istoriul faqtebs: valensis guTur omebze da, zogadad, im
mdgomareobaze, romelic sufevda dunaispireTSi 370-iani wlebis bolos,
nomadi hunebis gamoCenamde.
mravali faqtobrivi Secdomis miuxedavad, V saukunis istorikosis
zosimes naSromi `istoria~ (zosime, 1982), ramodenime saintereso cnobas
Seicavs. erTerTi maTgani aris konstantine didis politikaze bar-
barosebisadmi dunaispireTSi. agreTve, sainteresoa zosimes cnobebi imave
konstantines samxedro strategiaze da rogor Tqva uari imperatorma III
saukunis bolos diokletianes dros SemuSavebul ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis
strategiaze. iqve mocemulia konstantines mier SemoRebuli axali
midgoma imperiis sazRvrebis dasacavad. zosimes mixedviT, zustad
konstantinem SemoiRo cnobili comitatenses-i, romelic imperiis
sazRvrebis gaswvriv dayenebis nacvlad, qveynis Sida regionebSi
gaanawila. zosime, agreTve, aRniSnavs, rom momdevno periodSi imperiis
warumatebloba barbarosebis Semosevebis SeCerebaSi, pirvel rigSi,
konstantines am gadawyvetilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
miuxedavad guTebis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebuli bevri
uzustobisa, VI saukunis istorikosis iordanes Getica (iordane, 1915)
warmoadgens kidev erT saintereso wyaros romis imperiis CrdiloeT
sazRvris SeswavlisTvis. legendebiT mosili ambebis garda, iordanes
cnobebi guTebisa da hunebis pirvel Sejaxebebze 370-ian wlebSi,
sainteresoa im mizezebis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom damarcxdnen guTebi ase
martivad nomadebTan brZolaSi.
12
amiane marcelines msgavsad, gviani antikuri periodis istorikosTa
Soris, prokopi kesarielis naSromebi gamoirCeva informaciis sizustiT,
radgan is imperator iustinianes (527-565 ww.) karTan daaxloebuli piri
iyo. ufro metic, prokopis, iustinianes uniWieresi generlis,
belisariusis TanxmlebiT, mouwia CrdiloeT afrikaSi vandalebis,
apeninis naxevarkunZulze guTebis da aRmosavleTSi sasanuri iranis
winaaRmdeg gamarTuli omebis uSualo TviTmxilveli yofiliyo.
Sesabamisad, mas xeli miewvdomoda oficialur informaciamde. magaliTad,
prokopisTan Semonaxulia sasanuri jarebis zusti ricxvebi. amasTan
erTad, mas saintereso cnobebi aqvs sasanianebsa da evraziul stepebSi
mcxovreb barbarosebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebze. prokopi, amianes
msgavsad, aRwers bizantiis dunais sazRvars da balkaneTSi nomadebis
(magaliTad, kutriRurebis) Semosevebs.
prokopi kesarielma calke naSromi, De Aedificiis, iustinianes aRmSe-
neblobas miuZRvna (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940). pirvel rigSi, es
naSromi sainteresoa imperatoris mier aRmosavleT sazRvarze sasanuri
iranis winaaRmdeg aSenebuli cixesimagreebis aRweriT. vandalebTan omis
aRwerisas, prokopi, rogorc belisariusTan da imperatorTan
daaxloebuli piri, aRwers im diskusias, romelic iustinianesa da mis
generlebsa da saxelmwifo ministrebs Soris gaimarTa. es uiSviaTesi
SemTxvevaa, rodesac Cven informacia mogvepoveba strategiulad
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis – am SemTxvevaSi omis gamocxadeba
vandalebis winaaRmdeg (533 w.) – miRebis procesis gasanaalizeblad. es
cnobebi ormagad mniSvnelovania, radgan am naSromis centraluri sakiTxi
iqneba: rogor xdeboda strategiuli gadawyvetilebis miReba bizantiis
imperiaSi?
da bolos, prokopis naSromebi, agreTve, saintereso cnobebs
gvawvdis imperiis mezobel xalxebzec. arabi mokavSireebis aRzeveba3
iustinianes mmarTvelobaSi da maTsa da imperias Soris siria-palestinis
sazRvrebis dacvis sistemis Camoyalibeba. agreTve, arabebis monawileoba
mesopotamiaSi bizantielebis mier mowyobil samxedro kampaniebSi. aseve,
3 maTvis, 530-540 wlebSi, konstantinopolidan finansuri da samxedro daxmarebis gazrda sasanianTa gavlenis SesaCereblad da regionSi savaWro gzebis dasacavad.
13
mniSvnelovania cnobebi samxreT kavkasiis xalxebis Sesaxeb,
gansakuTrebulad ki, did omianobaze (542-562 ww.) egrisSi, sadac
konstantinopolis da sasanuri iranis interesebi erTmaneTs ekveTeboda
Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis gasakontroleblad.
Semdeg gvaqvs, ekleziastikuri xasiaTis naSromebi:
1. ase, ieronime stridonels (342-419/420 ww.) epistoleebSi (ieronime
stridoneli, 1996) saintereso cnobebi aqvs Semonaxuli im procesebze,
romelic lokalur doneze, siria-palestinis teritoriaze mimdinareobda.
kerZod, rogor xdeboda arabi tomebis gadmobireba imperiis mesveurebis
mier? rogor mimdinareobda arabi nomadebis dasaxleba udabnosTan
mosazRvre bizantiis soflebSi, rac Semdeg axlad-dasaxlebulebis
gaqristianebiT sruldeboda;
2. kirile skifopolelma,4 romelic 525-558 wlebSi cxovrobda,
ieronimes msgavsad, religiuri xasiaTis naSromebi Seqmna. maT Soris
`palestinis berebis cxovreba~ (kirile skifopoleli, 1991) gamo-irCeva
lokalur doneze imperiasa da arab tomebs Soris politikuri da
samxedro kavSirebis Seqmnis detalebis gadmocemiT;
3. 386/393-457 wlebSi mcxovrebi Teodoreti kiroseli5 iyo
antioqiaSi moRvawe cnobili saeklesio beri. misi `saeklesio istoria~
savsea imperiaSi mimdinare religiuri procesebis, sxvagvarad
moazrovneTa devnis da politikuri istoriis saintereso detalebiT
(Teodoreti, 1843). rogorc wina ori saeklesio naSromi, Teodoretic
kargad asaxavs arabi nomadebis bizantiis teritoriaze dasaxlebis da
gaqristianebis process. es yvela wyaro, prokopisa da amiane marcelines
monumenturi naSromebisgan, lokaluri istoriis gadmocemiT gansxvavdeba
– anu, ra xdeboda bizantiis sazRvrebis piras arsebul patara qalaqebSi
da rogor moqmedebda imperiuli administracia ama Tu im samxedro, Tu
politikuri krizisis dros.
saistorio wyaroebis garda, mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo
dokumentebic. maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia imperatorebis Teodosius II-is da
iustinianes dros gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo krebulebi (Teodosiusis
4 skifopoli – Tanamedrove beiT-Seani, israelSi mdebareobs. 5 kirosi – qalaqi Tanamedrove siriaSi.
14
kodeqsi, 1952; iustinianes kodeqsi, 1954). CvenTvis, gansakuTrebulad,
sainteresoa imperatorebis dadgenilebebi imperiidan mniSvnelovani
produqciis gatanis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. sxva sityvebiT, rogor zrunavda
konstantinopoli qveynis SigniT Seqmnili iaraRi, an Zvirfasi produqcia
ar gasuliyo CrdiloeTSi, barbarosebSi, an aRmosavleTiT, sasanur
iranSi. amgvarad, bizantieli mmarTvelebi zrunavdnen samxedro da
ekonomikur sferoebSi imperiis pirvelobis SenarCunebaze. Semdeg,
bizantieli strategosebis mier Seqmnili samxedro traqtatebi modis.
maT Soris, CvenTvis yvelaze sainteresoa VII saukunis dasawyisSi,
imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.) mier dawerili Strategikon-i (mavrike, 2004).
avtori, mimoixilavs imperiis yvela mezobels da rCevebs iZleva, Tu
rogor unda daicvas imperiam sazRvrebi ama Tu im mtris winaaRmdeg.
Strategikon-i, agreTve, sainteresoa imperiis jaris wyobilebis Sesaswavlad.
es yvelaferi ki, pirdapir miuniSnebs imaze, rom imperiis mesveurebi
mudmivad fiqrobdnen imperiis sazRvrebis dacvis problematikaze.
literatura
gviani antikuri periodis (IV-VII ss.) Sesaxeb bevri mniSvnelovani
naSromi aris dawerili. edvard gibonis (giboni, 1998) da Teodor
momzenis (momzeni, 1992) romis istoriis monumenturi kvlevebi amis karg
magaliTs warmoadgens. rusulenovan istoriografiaSi aRsaniSnavia
vasilievis ortomeuli, История византийской Империи (vasilievi, 1925) da
msgavsi saTauris mqone, uspenskis История византийской Империи (uspenski,
1929). kidev erTi fundamenturi naSromi, История византийского государства,
giorgi ostrogorskis ekuTvnis, sadac avtori mimoixilavs bizantiis
istorias IV saukunidan, 1453 wels, konstantinopolis dacemamde
(ostrogorski, 2011). Tanamderove periodSi, aRsaniSnavia kembrijis uni-
versitetis mier gamocemuli Tormeti tomisgan Semdgari Cambridge Ancient
History. es seria moicavs romis imperiis yvela ZiriTad sakiTxs
(ekonomika, jari, religia, mezoblebi, dapyrobiTi omebi da sxva)
(kembrijis antikuri..., 2005).
15
Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am kvlevebis umetesoba
fokusirebulia uSualod romis/bizantiis istoriaze. naklebi yuradReba
eTmoba bizantiis mezoblebis (barbarosebi CrdiloeTiT, arabebi samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT, sasanianebi aRmsavleTiT, eTiopielebi samxreTiT,
qarTvelebi da somxebi samxreT kavkasiaSi da mravali sxva xalxi
imperiis periferiaze) istoriaze. winamdebare naSromi, dasavlur
istoriografiaSi, zustad, am mTavari xarvezis Sesworebas Seecdeba.
xolo, rac Seexeba, qarTul istoriografias, naSromi erTerTi pirveli
iqneba am periodis bizantiis da sasanuri imperiebis istoriis
SeswavlaSi.
daviwyoT imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvriT. barbarosebTan
urTierTobis Sesaxeb saintereso naSromia The Cambridge History of Early
Inner Asia (Sida aziis6..., 1990). amas unda daematos halford makinderis
naSromi evraziis kontinentis geografiaze (makinderi, 1942) da ra
gavlenas axdenda es ukanaskneli stepebSi mcxovreb barbarosebze da maT
garSemo periferiaSi arsebul did imperiebze. es orad-ori naSromia,
sadac avtorebi barbarosebis Semosevebis ukan, ekonomikuri mizezebis
garda, agreTve, cdiloben geografiuli mizezebic dainaxon. Tomfsonis
naSromi, Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire, sainteresoa
imperiasa da barbarosebs Soris vaWrobis mniSvnelobis kargi analiziT
(Tomfsoni, 1982).
edvard lutvakis ori wigni The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire
(lutvaki, 1976) da The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (lutvaki, 2009)
mkiTxvels saintereso xedvas sTavazobs. avtori SeniSnavs, rom orive
imperiis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs e. w. `didi gegmis~ arsebobasTan,
romelsac imperatorebi iyenebdnen qveynis sazRvrebis dasacavad. bevri
kritikis Semdeg, dasavleTSi, lutvakis mosazrebebi, ZiriTadad,
uaryofil iqna, radgan romaelebs/bizantielebs ar gaaCndaT zusti
geografiuli rukebi, rac, Sesabamisad, gamoricxavda imas, rom
imperatorebs romidan Tu konstantinopolidan SeeZloT warmoesaxaT, Tu
sad mdebareobda esa Tu is mdinare, mTebis sistema, savaWro gza da a. S.
6 sivrce, romelic rusul istoriografiaSi „evraziis“ saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.
16
miuxedavad amisa, lutvakis bevri argumenti romis imperiis did
strategiasTan dakavSirebiT, jer kidev farTod aris miRebuli. maT
Soris, diokletianes mier SemoRebuli ukana-xazze-Tavdacva. Tumca, rac
Seexeba mis wigns bizantiis did strategiaze, aq avtors ukeTesi
argumentebis moyvana SeeZlo sakuTari koncefciis dasamtkiceblad. ase,
lutvaki, ugulvebelyofs religiis rols da sakmaod zogadad
ganixilavs bizantiis urTierTobebs TiToeul mezobelTan. miuxedavad
amisa, unda iTqvas, rom misi naSromi karg safuZvels warmoadgens am
sakiTxis momavalSi ukeT SeswavlisTvis.
lutvakis sapirispirod, isaaki, wignSi, The Limits of Empire: The
Roman Army in the East, amtkicebs, rom imperias ar SeeZlo hqonoda rame
saxis `didi strategia~, radgan sasanianebTan TiToeuli konfliqtisas,
konstantinopoli Tavis dacvas ara winaswar gaTvlili gegmis mixedviT
axorcielebda, aramed Seqmnili viTarebebidan gamomdinare (isaaki, 1991).
imperiasa da barbarosebs Soris urTierTobebis SeswavlaSi Zalian
karg naSromebs warmoadgens heveris ramodenime wigni (heveri, 2006; heveri,
2009). mas, agreTve, ekuTvnis wigni guTebis warmoSobasa da am xalxis
dunaispireTSi gamoCenis Sesaxeb (heveri, 1991).
Tomas barnsis wigni, Barbarians Within the Gates of Rome, mkiTxvels
saintereso mosazrebas sTavazobs romis imperiaSi barbarosebis
Semosevebis Sesaxeb. avtori amtkicebs, rom imperiis mesveurebs e. w.
receptio-s, `miRebis~ (barnsi, 1994), sistema hqondaT SemuSavebuli. sxva
sityvebiT, romaelebi da Semdeg bizantielebs kargad hqondaT
SemuSavebuli imperiaSi barbarosebis SeSvebis taqtika, romlis
mixedviTac, axladmosulebs eZleodaT miwis nakveTi, jarSi msaxuris
perspeqtiviT. bizantia-barbarosebis urTierTobebze, aseve, sainteresoa
kulikovskis wigni, Rome’s Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric
(kulikovski, 2007), sadac avtori amtkicebs, rom nomadebis migraciebi ar
warmoadgens simarTles da es mxolod berZen-romaeli instorikosebis
meir SemuSavebuli narativia. bizantiis CrdiloeT sazRvris Seswavlisas
erTerTi fundamenturi naSromi, Failure of the Empire, Valens and the Roman
State in the Fourth Century A.D., noel lenskis ekuTvnis (lenski, 2002).
17
lenskim detalurad Seiswavla valensis saSinao politika da misi
gavlena imperiis sagareo politikaze, pirvel rigSi, guTebTan
urTierTobaze. amasTan erTad, mas heverisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli
azrebi gaaCnia bizantia-guTebis urTierTobebis mTel rig sakiTxebze.
lis wigni, Information and Frontiers: Roman Foreign Relations in Late
Antiquity, gvian antikur periodSi romis sazRvrebsa da mmarTveli klasis
politikur informirebulobaze, karg safuZvels warmoadgens gvian
antikur xanaSi bizantiasa da sasanur iranSi rame saxis strategiis
arsebobis Sesaswavlad (li, 1993). li amtkicebs, rom geografiam Zalian
didi gavlena moaxdina konstantinopolis mier sazRvrebis aRqmaSi. ase,
bizantielebi naklebad iyvnen gacnobierebulebi, Tu ra xdeboda dunais
gaRma, vidre imaSi, Tu ra viTareba iyo sasanur iranSi.
gvian antikur xanaSi konstantinopolis aRmosavlur politikaze,
mniSvnelovani naSromi bloklis Roman Foreign Policy: Formation and Conduct
from Diocletian to Anastasius aris (blokli, 1992). avtori detalurad
ganixilavs konstantinopolis politikas sasanuri iranisa da sxva
xalxebis mimarT, III saukunidan imperator anastasiusis mmarTvelobamde.
edvelis wigni evfratze, rogorc sazRvarze or imperias Soris, did
yuradRebas aqcevs mesopotamiis geografias da cdilobs maT Soris
arsebuli mudmivi konfliqti araxelsayreli bunebrivi barierebis
arsebobiT axsnas (edveli, 2008).
konstantinopolis urTierTobebze arabebTan aRsaniSnavia greg
fiSeris naSromi, Betweeen the Empire: Arabs, Romans and the Sasanians in Late
Antiquity, sadac avtori zogadi istoriis garda, aqcents akeTebs
winaislamuri xanis arabebSi eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebis ganviTarebaze
(fiSeri, 2011). kidev erTi saintereso naSromia elizabeT foudenis The
Barbarian Plain (foudeni, 1999). avtori siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi wmida
sergiusis taZris garSemo arsebul istorias ikvlevs da ganixilavs mas
saerTo geopolitikuri brZolis konteqstSi, romelic sasanianebsa da
bizantielebs Soris mimdinareobda arabi tomebis gadmosabireblad.
rusul istoriografiaSi, winaislamuri xanis arabebze aRsaniSnavia
pigulevskaias ori saintereso wigni, Византия на путях в Индию
18
(pigulevskaia, 1951) da Арабы у границ Византии и Ирана в IV-VI вв.
(pigulevskaia, 1964), sadac avtori detalurad mimoixilavs arabebis
aRzevebas da maT rols bizantiis sazRvrebis dacvaSi.
jefri greitreqsis wigni, Rome and Persia at War, 502-532, gamonakliss
warmoadgens im mxriv, rom avtori bizantiasa da sasanur irans Soris
arsebuli konfliqtis gamomwvev mizezebs Soris asaxelebs sasanuri
iranis rTul ekonomikur mdgomareobas (greitreqsi, 1998).
sasanur iranze literatura vrcelia. Tumca, kvlevebis umetesoba
mxolod imperiis politikur da samxedro istorias ganixilavs. cota
aris dawerili imperiis Sida administraciul da samxedro wyobilebaze
(kacitaZe, 2001). dasavleTSi, iseve, rogorc saqarTveloSi, samwuxarod ar
gagvaCnia fundamenturi naSromi, romelic Seiswavlida sasanuri iranis
politikas Tavisi samezoblosadmi. garda amisa, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis
garda (hovard jonstoni, 1995), sasanuri iranis istoriaze arc erT
kvlevaSi (qristenseni, 1944) ar daisva Semdegi kiTxvebi: gaaCndaT, Tu ara
sasanianebs, bizantielebis msgavsad, sakuTari `didi strategia~? rogor
icavdnen sasanianebi imperiis sazRvrebs da ra prioritetebi
amoZravebdaT maT sagareo politikaSi?
da bolos, bizantiis imperiaSi da mis samezobloSi qristianobis
gavrcelebaze. fletCeri wignSi, The Barbarian Conversion, barbarosebSi
qristianobis gavrcelebaze da im problemebze saubrobs, romelsac
axali religia qmnida imperiis sagareo politikisTvis (fletCeri, 1997).
kristofer haasis statia, Mountain Constantines: The Christianization of Aksum
and Iberia, saintereso paralelebs avlebs iberielebsa da eTiopielebSi
qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb (haasi, 2008). foudenis kvleva, Empire to
Commonwealth, qristianobis eqspansiaze imperiis, gareT saintereso
mosazrebas iZleva, rom mezobel qveynebSi axali religiis gavrceleba
iyo mcdeloba Seqmniliyo erTi qristianuli sivrce – `Tanamegobroba~
(foudeni, 1993). heverisa da meTius avtorobiT gamocemuli, The Goths in
the Fourth Century, Seicavs rogorc guTebSi qristianobis gamavrceleblis
ulfilas moRvaweobaze SemorCenil wyaroebs, aseve sakmaod karg analizs
im socialuri problemebis, romelic axali religiis Tanmdevi iyo
19
(heveri, 1991). Tumca, am naSromebSi ar iyo mcdeloba mkvlevarebis mier
ganexilaT qristianobis gavrceleba bizantiis samezobloSi, rogorc
konstantinopolis mier gamiznulad gatarebuli politikis nawili.
20
Tavi I
bizantiuri samyaro IV-VI saukuneebSi
ax. w. 395 wels Teodosiusi I-is gardacvalebisas konstantinopoli
(Zvelad bizantionad wodebuli) ukve 60 weliwadze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi romauli samyaros dedaqalaqs warmoadgenda.
konstantinopoli – `konstantines qalaqi~ – daarsebul iqna konstantine
didis (306-337 ww.) mier 320-ian wlebSi, xolo sarezidencio qalaqad
daaxloebiT 330 wlidan gadaiqca (ix. ruka 2). ufro xSirad,
konstantinopols, qalaq romis sapirispirod, aRmosavlur dedaqalaqs
uwodebdnen, Tumca ar iqneba marTebuli vifiqroT, rom konstantine 330
wlisTvis axladaSenebuli qalaqis mTeli imperiis dedaqalad gadaqcevas
gegmavda (kemeroni, 1993: 12-15; dagroni, 1974: 21-35). man konstantinopoli
daaarsa ufro arsebuli tetrarqiuli dedaqalqebis nikomediisa da
trieris magaliTze.7 ufro metic, wyaroebidan viciT, rom konstantine
Tavisi mefobis bolos gegmavda tetrarqiul mmarTvelobas dabruneboda,
rac avtomaturad imperiaSi ramodenime dedaqalaqis SemoRebas
gamoiwvevda, rogorc es diokletianes dros (284-304 ww.) iyo
(krauthaimeri, 1983: 41-67). diokletianes msgavsad, konstantines surda misi
mefobis Semdeg xelisufleba mis vaJebs Soris tetrarqiuli principiT –
ori avgustusi da ori keisari – gadanawilebuliyo. konstantines gegmebi
tetrarqiis aRdgenaze 337 wels, misi gardacvalebisas CaiSala. imperiaSi
mis Svilebs Soris xelisuflebisTvis dawyebuli brZola sabolood 350
wlisTvis konstantines mesame vaJis konstancius II-is (337-361 ww.)
7 tetrarqebis mmarTvelobis periodSi, rodesac imperia or keisarsa da ori avgustusiT imarTeboda, romis imperias, faqtobrivad, ramodenime dedaqalaqi gaaCnda.Upirvel rigSi, es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom imperatorebi did dros imperiis sazRvrebze omebis warmoebas uTmobdnen. zustad am periodSi romma imperiis politikuri centris roli dakarga.
21
gamarjvebiT dasrulda, rodesac is imperiis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli
gaxda (kemeroni, 1993: 15-20; barnsi, 1985: 126-130).
miuxedavad imisa, rom imperia isev erTpirovnulad imarTeboda, IV
saukunis meore naxevridan sul ufro naTeli xdeboda, rom sam
kontinentze (evropa, maxlobeli aRmosavleTi da afrika) gadaWimuli
imperiis erTi centridan marTva SeuZlebeli iyo. amitomac, IV saukunis
ganmavlobaSi, xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac imperias erTdroulad ori
mmarTveli gaaCnda. amis kargi magaliTia Zmebi valensis (364-378 ww.)
(aRmosavleT romis imperia) da valentinianes (364-375 ww.) (dasavleT
romis imperia) mmarTveloba. Sesabamisad, 395 wels Teodosiusi I-is mier
imperiis or nawilad dayofa Tavisi SvilebisTvis honoriusisTvis
(dasavleT romis imperia) da arkadiusisTvis (aRmosavleT romis imperia)
siaxles ar warmoadgenda (ix. ruka 1). mizani amgvari dayofis ara
imperiis erTianobis moSla iyo, aramed qveynis sazRvrebis efeqtiani
Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, amjerad (395 wlis Semdeg) movlenebi
sxvagvarad ganviTarda: yovel gasul weliwadTan erTad samxedro da
ekonomikuri TanamSromloba imperiis or nawils Soris sul ufro
mcirdeboda (lutvaki, 2009: 2-15).
qristianuli imperia?
337 wels, konstantines gardacvalebis periodisTvis, mis mier
daarsebuli qalaqi konstantinopoli ar iyo mTlianad qristianuli.
imdroindeli wyaroebis nawilis mixedviT, qalaqSi warmarTobis yvela
niSani ganadgurebul iqna. Tumca, mravali sxva cnobis mixedviT,
konstantines dros konstantinopolSi ori warmarTuli taZaric ki aigo.
ufro metic, savaraudod, es iyo ara konstantine, aramed misi Svili
konstancius II (337-361 ww.), romelmac axal dedaqalaqSi wminda sofias
taZari aaSena (dagroni, 1974: 39-55). konstanciusi Rrmad religiuri
pirovneba iyo, Tumca mis Semdeg taxtze warmarTi iuliane gandegilis
(361-363 ww.) asvlam cxadyo, rom warmarTebis ricxvi sakmaod didi iyo ara
marto imperiis rigiT mosaxleobaSi, aramed saimperatoro karisa da
qveynis biurokratiul aparatSi. iulianes aRzeveba agreTve mianiSnebda
imazec, rom qristianobis gamarjveba am periodisTvis jer kidev ar iyo
22
gadawyvetili, xolo imperiis qalaqebis biurokratiul aparatSi
momsaxure warmarTuli religiis mimdevrebi (magaliTad romis
senatorebi) warmarTobis aRorZinebis umTavres bastions warmoadgendnen.
Sesabamisad, mTeli IV saukune, gansakuTrebiT ki konstantine didis
gardacvalebis Semdgomi periodi, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc or
religias Soris mimdinare konfliqti, romelSic jer kidev ar iyo
naTeli Tu vin gaimarjvebda. niSandoblivia isic, rom eklesiebis ageba
masStaburad mxolod V saukuneSi daiwyo. IV-V saukuneebSi qristianoba
ar iyo Tanabrad gavrcelebuli imperiis provinciebSi da mas, ZiriTadad,
meti mimdevari imperiis zRvispira centrebSi hyavda. soflis mosaxleoba
ki, jer kidev didi xnis ganmavlobaSi darCa warmarTuli religiis
mimdevari (kemeroni, 1993: 20-26).
rac ar unda yofiliyo imperator konstantines gegmebSi, konstanti-
nopoli IV saukunis ganmavlobaSi nelnela imperiis dedaqalaqad gadaiq-
ca. romis msgavsad, qalaqs sakuTari senati da konsulebi gaaCnda. ukve IV
saukunis meore naxevarSi metnaklebad identuri biurokratiuli
aparatebi arsebobda, rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT romis
imperiaSi (krauthaimeri, 1983: 55-65). Tumca, rac ufro meti sagareo
safrTxe uCndeboda imperiis or nawils CrdiloeTidan germanuli
xalxebisa da nomadebis saxiT, V saukunis ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda,
rom aRmosavleT romis imperias ukeT SeeZlo sakuTari sazRvrebis dacva
da nomadebis Sekaveba. ufro metic, aRmosavleTi nawili, nomadebTan
brZolebis paralelurad, aseve axerxebda aRmosavleTSi mZlavri
sasanuri iranis Sekavebas.
imperiis strategiuli mdgomareoba uaresdeba
V saukunis dasawyisisTvis, aRmosavleT romis imperia ramodenime
mniSvnelovani problemis winaSe idga. upirveles yovlisa, es iyo dunais
miRma mcxovrebi barbarosebisgan momdinare safrTxis ganeitraleba.
barbarosebis sakiTxTan agreTve dakavSirebuli iyo qristianobis
erTerTi mimdinareoba – ariozoba, romelic IV saukuneSi qalaq
aleqsandriaSi mcxovrebi beris ariozis saxelidan momdinareobs. misi
swavlebis mixedviT, Ze RmerTi (ieso qriste) mama RmerTis Tanaswori ar
23
iyo da masSi adamianuri mxare Warbobda RvTiurze (kemeroni, 1993: 57-65).
miuxedavad imisa, rom 325 wels qalaq nikeaSi Catarebulma msoflio
saeklesio krebam oficialurad dagmo ariozoba, IV saukunis
ganmavlobaSi mas mravali mimdevari hyavda rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve
imperiis sazRvrebs gareTac. ase, magaliTad, guTebSi qristianobis
ariozuli versia gavrcelda imperiidan gagzavnili beri ulfilas mier
IV saukunis Sua xanebSi (heveri, 1991: 124-144). rainisa da dunais miRma
mcxovreb barbarosebSi qristianobis orTodoqsaluri versiis
gavrceleba iyo erTerTi saSualeba riTac konstantinopols surda uz-
runvelyo dunaispireTis usafrTxoeba. zustad amitom, ariozobis gavrce-
leba guTebSi SeiZleba nawilobriv imperiisTvis strategiul marcxadac
CaiTvalos.8
amasTan erTad, Teodosiusis vaJebi, honoriusi da arkadiusi, 395
wlisTvis jer kidev Zalian axalgazrdebi iyvnen imperiis nawilebis
damoukideblad samarTavad da advilad eqceodnen maT garSemo myof
barbarosuli warmoSobis mqone ministrebis gavlenis qveS. dasavleT
nawilSi cnobili iyo vandali stiliqo, xolo aRmosavleTSi – rufinusi,
eutropiusi da sxvebi. arsebuli rTuli mdgomareobis kargi magaliTia
400 wels konstantinopolSi momxdari ambavi, rodesac guTma gainasma,
romelmac aRmosavleT romis imperiis jarSi maRal Tanamdebobas miaRwia,
moawyo gadatrialeba da droebiT dedaqalaqic ki daikava (kemeroni, 1993:
33-40). sabolood, gainasis damarcxeba moxerxda, magram es ar cvlida
arsebul mdgomareobas: imperiis rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT
nawilSi, barbarosTa warmomavlobis mqone pirebs maRali Tanamdebobebi
ekavaT imperiis biurokratiul aparatSi. amas emateboda isic, rom IV
saukunis Sua periodidan imperiuli jari TiTqmis mTlianad
barbarosebisgan Sedgeboda (teinteri, 1988: 128-152).
konstantinopolSi mmarTvel klass barbaros meTaurebTan
mimarTebaSi ori gamosavali hqonda: 1. gaegrZelebina Semwynarebluri
8 Tumca, rogorc qvemod imperiis `qristianobis geopolitikaze~ saubrisas iqneba naCvenebi ufro xSirad imperiis mmarTvelebi ar interesdebodnen Tu qristianobis romeli versia gavrceldeboda mezobel xalxebSi. Sesabamisad, guTebTan mimarTebaSi, ariozobis gavrceleba konstantinopolisTvis, garkveulwilad, xelisSemSleli faqtori unda yofiliyo. Tumca, zogadad, imperiisadmi am mtrulad ganwyobili xalxis gaqristianeba saimperatoro karisTvis sakmaod did gamarjvebas warmoadgenda.
24
politika biurokratul aparatSi arsebuli germanuli elementebis
mimarT; 2. mTlianad gaenadgurebinaT isini. arCevani xSirad barbarosTa
ganadgurebaze keTdeboda. ase, magaliTad, 395 wels Zlevamosili
rufinusis, xolo 399 wels ki, eutropiusis moSorebiT dasrulda
(kemeroni, 1993: 36-40).
exla ki, ramodenime aTwleuliT ukan davbrundeT. 376 wels, valensi
Seecada mdinare dunais gadakveTis Semdeg imperiaSi Semosuli
barbarosebis problema gadaewyveta maTi romaul miwaze rogorc
federatebad (foederati – laTinurad mokavSires niSnavs) dasaxlebiT. am
politikam ar imuSava, ramac imperia 378 wels qalaq adrianopolTan
datrialebul katastrofamde miiyvana (lenski, 2002: 320-340).9 amis
sapasuxod, romaelebi daubrundnen tradiciul politikas – subsidiebis
gadaxda barbarosebisTvis maTi Semosevebis Tavidan asacileblad. ase,
magaliTad, guT alarixze aman mxolod droebiTi Sedegi gamoiRo, radgan
misi meTaurobiT vestguTebma 380-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyes
balkaneTis didi nawilis darbeva (heveri, 2006: 224-230). Tumca,
aRmosavleT romis imperiam am krizisis daZlevac moaxerxa, rodesac
Teodosiusma 382 wels alarixTan vesTguTebis balkaneTidan italiis
mimarTulebiT gasvla SeaTanxma. sxva sityvebiT, Cven mivadeqiT
aRmosavleT da dasavleT romis imperiebs Soris arsebul fundamentur
sxvaobas. konstantinopols ufro didi finansuri rezervi gaaCnda
dasavleT romis imperiasTan SedarebiT da warmatebulad moaxerxa
barbaros generlebisa da jarebisgan Tavis daRweva (lutvaki, 2009: 5-20).
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom IV saukunis bolos romis imperiis
CrdiloeT sazRvarze dawyebuli barbarosTa Semosevebis talRa gan-
sakuTrebul siaxles ar warmoadgenda konstantinopolSi msxdom mmarTve-
lebisTvis. romaeli imperatorebi, iqneboda es markus avreliusi II
saukuneSi, Tu aureliane 270-ian wlebSi, mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi
ebrZodnen Crdiloel barbarosebs da SedarebiT martivad amarcxebdnen
maT (heveri, 2009: 94-107). Tumca, 370-ian wlebSi dunaispireTSi hunebis
gamoCenam Tavdayira daayena arsebuli politikuri koniunqtura da
9 brZolaSi romauli laSqris ZiriTadi nawilebi ganadgurda. daRupulebs Soris TviT
imperatori valensic iyo.
25
guTebi aiZula 376 wels valensisTvis imperiis balkanur teritoriaze
dasaxlebis ufleba eTxovaT. 378 wels adrianopolis brZolam da
imperiuli jarebis marcxma imdenad didi STabeWdileba datova imperiis
imdroindel macxovreblebze,10 rom Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas imperiasa da
barbarosTa Soris urTierTobaSi axali etapi daiwyo. rogorc zemoT
iTqva, guTebma adrianopolis brZolis Semdeg daiwyes balkanuri miwebis
darbeva da mxolod 382 wels moxerxda Teodisi I mier guTebTan
xelSekrulebis gaformeba da maTvis dunais gaswvriv da balkaneTis
naxelvarkunZulze teritoriebis sacxovreblad gadacema.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom hunebis gamoCenam xeli Seuwyo dasavleT romis
imperiis dasustebas da 470-ian wlebSi mis saboloo ganadgurebas. hunebis
Semosevebma gamoiwvia e. w. `dominos principi~, rodesac 405 wels mdinare
rainis miRma arsebuli teritoriebidan dasavleT imperias barbarosTa
didi raodenoba Seesia. stiliqom Tavdapirvelad moaxerxa maTi
damarcxeba, Tumca aman ver Secvala saerTo mdgomareoba. 406 wels ki,
Cven meore didi Semosevis mowmeni gavxdiT – amjerad alanebis da
vandalebis meTaurobiT romaul galiaSi (gofarti, 1980: 112-145).
am Semosevebis Sedegi iyo V saukunis ganmavlobaSi dasavleT romis
imperiis teritoriaze barbarosTa samefoebis daarseba. vandalebi 430-ian
wlebSi CrdiloeT afrikaSi dasaxldnen. Tumca, sxva barbarosul
samefoebisgan gansxvavebiT, vandalTa saxelmwifos arseboba erT
saukuneze cotaTi met xans gagrZelda – V saukunis 30-ian wlebamde
(prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV. III. I-XII). 530-iani wlebidan VII saukunis
Sua xanaSi arabebis gamoCenamde, CrdiloeT afrika aRmosavleT romis
imperiis provinciad gadaiqca (ix. ruka 2).
490 wels, ostguTebma Teodorixis meTaurobiT apeninis naxe-
varkunZuli daikaves, riTac safuZveli Caeyara ostguTTa samefos (490-554
ww.). vandalTa samefos msgavsad, ostguTTa saxelmwifoc, 554 wels,
daaxloebiT ocwliani omis Semdeg, iustinianes jarebis mier ganadgurda.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom CrdiloeT afrikisgan gansxvavebiT, 568 wels,
langobardebis mier CrdiloeT italiaSi dawyebulma Semosevebma
10 magaliTad, IV saukunis istorikosi amiane marceline Tavis naSroms Res Gestae 378
wels datrialebuli katastrofis aRweriT asrulebs.
26
bizantias am regionze kontroli daakargvina da amieridan
konstantinopolis gavlena mxolod dedaqalaq ravenis garSemo arsebul
saegzarqoze vrceldeboda (ix. ruka 2).11
raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, ostguTebis saxelmwifos bevri
msgavseba gaaCnda Zvel romaul saimperio warsulTan. ase, magaliTad,
aristokratuli romauli ojaxebis umravlesobam SeinarCuna maRali
Tanamdebobebi axali reJimis arsebobis pirobebSi. miuxedavad rTuli V
saukunisa, senatma da konsulebma12 moaxerxes Tavisi funqciebi Seenar-
CunebinaT. romaulma elitam moaxerxa axladCamoyalibebul ostguTur
elitastan Tanacxovreba (kemeroni, 1993: 176-186). am mxriv, TvalsaCinoa
kasiodores, simaqusisa da boetiusis magaliTebi. samive pirovnebas
ostguTebis biurokratiul aparatSi maRali Tanamdebobebi ekava da did
sazogadoebriv saqmianobasac eweodnen. boetiusis ori vaJi konsulebad
iyvnen daniSnulebi, xolo TviTon boetiusi ki Teodorixis magister
officiorum-i13 iyo (haldoni, 2006: 41). Tumca, VI saukunis 20-iani wlebis da-
sawyisSi Teodorixs romaul elitastan urTierToba daeZaba, rac 523-524
wlebSi simaqusisa da boetiusis sikvdiliT dasrulda (kemeroni, 1993: 176-
186).
pirobiTad, Sua saukuneebi dasavleT romis imperiis teritoriaze
barbarosuli saxelmwifoebis CamoyalibebiT iwyeba. Tumca, rogorc ukve
iTqva, axladSeqmnil barbarosul saxelmwifoebSi bevri msgavseba
arsebobda romaul periodTan. magaliTad, arqeologiuri monacemebi,
metyvelebs imaze, rom V-VI saukuneebSi vaWroba da mogzauroba ar
Sewyvetila mTel xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi. aseve, am periodSi
dasaxlebebis dagegmarebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebi mxolod dasavleT
romis imperiiT ar iyo Semofargluli, aramed agreTve damaxasiaTebeli
iyo aRmosavleT romis imperiis aziuri provinciebisTvis. Sesabamisad,
dasavleT romis imperiaSi mimdinare procesebis aRmosavleT nawilisagan
11 zogadad, langobardebis Semosevebis Sedegad viTareba mTel italiaSi sakmaod
qaoturi iyo. ar aris gasakviri, rom zustad am periodSi moipova papobam uzarmzari
ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlena. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia romis pap gregori didis
moRvaweoba 590-604 wlebSi (lozunski, 1986: 36-55). 12 konsuloba ostguTTa samofoSi gauqmebul iqna TviT iustinianes mier 541 wels. 13 umaRlesi administraciuli Tanamdeboba gvian antikuri periodis bizantiur imperiaSi.
27
gancalkevebulad ganxilva araswori iqneba. barbarosulma samefoebma
SeinarCunes mravali romauli saxelmwifo instituti da mWidro
urTierToba hqondaT konstantinopolTan. iq msxdom imperators
aRiarebdnen rogorc erTaderTs (poli, 2006; 449), ris sanacvlodac
imperiul aRiarebas da mniSvnelovan titulebs iRebdnen (beri, 1928: 322-
350). romaul kanonmdeblobasTan paralelurad arsebobda barbarosuli
kanonebi. aseTi viTareba gvxvdeba vestguTebTan, ostguTebTan, frankebTan
da a. S.14
dasavleT romis imperiaSi centralizebuli sagadaxado sistemis
ganadgurebam xeli Seuwyo arsebuli politikuri sistemis rRvevas.
naklebi Semosavali ki pirdapir gavlenas axdenda imperiis sagareo
politikaze barbarosebis mimarT. yovelTviuri Tu yovelwliuri
Tanxebis gadaxda miRebuli sagareo politikuri xerxi iyo
CrdiloeTidan mosuli mtris mosagerieblad. aRmosavleT romis imperiam
dasavleT nawilisgan gansxvavebiT SeinarCuna sagadaxado sistema, ramac
gavlena iqonia imperiis potencialze barbarosebisTvis fuli gadaexada,
maTTan omis Tavidan asarideblad (halsali, 2007: 115-155). gviani antikuri
periodis istorikosebi mezobeli xalxebisTvis fulis gadaxdas
uaryofiTad uyurebdnen da xSirad am faqtors iyenebdnen ama Tu im
mmarTvelis gasakicxad (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: Anecdota. 19). raoden
didic ar unda yofiliyo kritika, fulis gadaxda ucxo xalxebisTvis
romaelebSi/bizantielebSi sakmaod farTod miRebul diplomatiur xriks
warmoadgenda. ase magaliTad, 531 da 562 wlebSi dadebuli zavebis
mixedviT bizantia did Tanxebs uxdida sasanur irans.
da mainc rCeba ramodenime mniSvnelovani kiTxva: sad iyo imperiuli
jari da ra bedi ewia mas? ratom ver moxerxda barbarosebis Sekaveba
rainsa da dunaspireTSi? gviani antikuri periodis wyaroebi barbarosTa
Semosevebis warmatebas erTi mTavari mizeziT xsnian: sasazRvro sistemis
gamiznuli dasustebiT, romelic istorikosma zosimem konstanine didis
moRvaweobas daukavSira. istorikosi gviambobs, rom konstantinem, erTpi- 14 sakuTriv is faqti, rom barbarosTa samofoebis nawili ariozuli qristianobis mimde-
vari iyo. mogvianebiT, VI saukunis Sua xanaSi imperiulma propagandam orTodoqsi iusti-
nianes meTaurobiT marjved gamoiyena es faqti vandalTa da ostguTTa samefoebis
wanaaRmdeg omis dasawyebaT (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV. 1.5.8-9).
28
rovnul mmarTvelad gaxdomis Semdeg, uari Tqva imperiis CrdiloeTiT,
rainisa da dunais gaswvriv diokletianes mier dayenebuli sajariso
SenaerTebis SenarCunebaze da isini qveynis Sida regionebSi ganalaga.15
zustad am, imperiis Sida teritoriebSi ganlagebul sajariso
SenaerTebs, istorikosebi uwodeben rogorc comitatenses-i. amasTan erTad,
bevr imdroindel istoriul wayroebSi romaeli jariskacebi xSirad
aradisciplinirebulobaSi iyvnen dadanaSaulebulni. Comitatenses-Tan
erTad sazRvrebze ganlagebuli iyvnen naxevrad glexebad gadaqceuli
romaeli jariskacebi – limitanei-ebi.16 (kemeroni, 1993: 49-50).
miuxedavad imisa, rom IV saukunis bolosa da mTeli V saukunis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinare barbarosuli Semosevebis warmateba unda aixsnas
mravali mizeziT, iqneba es imperiis Sida socialuri Tu ekonomikuri,
samxedro problemebi – am periodSi romauli jaris mdgomareoba da misi
warumatebloba mtris SekavebaSi – warmoadgendes umTavres faqtors
dasavleT romis imperiis dacemaSi, xolo aRmosavleT nawilis
gadarCenaSi.
IV-V saukuneebis romaulma jarma, wina imperiul xanasTan
SedarebiT, ramodenime fundamenturi cvlileba ganicada. magaliTad,
sajariso SenaerTebi aRar iyo ganlagebuli uSualod sazRvrebis
gaswvriv, aramed, SedarebiT, imperiis SigniT, did qalaqebTan axlos.
amisTvis ki mravali mizezi arsebobda. erTerTi is aris, rom IV
saukuneSi barbarikumSi axali mtrebi gamoCndnen, ramac konstantine didi
sasazRvro TavdacviTi strategiis gadaxedva aiZula. Tumca, arsebobs
sxva, aranakleb mniSvnelovani mizezebic. ase, magliTad, IV saukunis Sua
periodidan diokletianesa da konstantines reformebis Sedegad
imperiul jars uxdidnen rogorc naturaluri, aseve fuladi saxiT.
Sesabamisad, imperiuli jaris sazRvrebidan qveynis Sida regionebSi,
msxvil sacxovrebel centrebTan gadatana logikuri gadawyvetileba iyo.
mravali wyaros mixedviT, diokletianes ekuTvnis sasazRvro sistemebis
15 IV saukunis Sua xanebSi dawerili anonimuri naSromis De Rebus Bellicis-is avtoric
(miuxedavad imisa, rom istorikisTa umetesoba ar endoba masSi dacul cnobebs) agreTve
miuniSnebs sazRvrebis davdacviTunarianobis daqveiTebaze, pirvel rigSi jarebis
dunaisa da rainispireTidan samxreTiT, qveynis SigniT gadataniT (Tomfsoni, 1979). 16 Limitanei-ebi wyaroebSi Cndebian IV saukunis bolodan.
29
gaZliereba. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis dros ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis
Camoyalibebam (lutvaki, 1976: 127-155), Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo romis
jaris struqturul cvlilebas. klasikuri romauli legionis wevrTa
raodenoba Semcirda (lutvaki, 1976: 127-155). Tumca, ukeTesi iqneba
ganvixiloT cvlilebebi romaul jarSi rogorc evolucia, romelic
miesadageboda imperiis SigniT ganviTarebul procesebs da, rac ufro
mniSvnelovania, imperiis sazRvrebis gaswvriv aRmocenebul axal
safrTxeebs – germanuli tomebi, momTabare hunebi da mZlavri sasanuri
irani aRmosavleTidan.
IV saukunis romauli jaris mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo misi
Semadgenloba, romelic TiTqmis mTlianad barbarosebisgan Sedgeboda.
barbarosebi romaul jarSi msaxurobdnen rogorc federati foederati –
mokavSire – meomrebi (iqneba es tomobrivi gaerTinebis Tu individualuri
daqiravebuli meomris saxiT). imperia valdebuli iyo federatebisTvis
specialuri gadasaxadi annona gadaexada an gaekeTebina yovelive es
fuladi saxiT. Annona warmoadgenda imperiuli sagadaxado sistemiT
jarisTvis marcvleulis gadanawilebas (li, 2006; 116-125).
adre imperiul xanaSic barbarosi molaSqreebis romis jarSi
federatebis saxiT ayvana sakmaod gavrcelebuli praqtika iyo. magram, IV-
V saukuneebSi federatebis SenaerTebi ZiriTadad ukve imperiis SigniT
mcxovrebi barbarosebisgan momdinareobdnen, rac mowmobs imaze Tu
raoden didi iyo am ukanasknelebis raodenoba ukve imperiis sazRvrebs
SigniT. amasTan erTad, Tu I-II saukuneebSi romaul jarSi federatebis
ricxvi mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenda, IV saukunidan imperiuli
jari `gabarbarosda~. Tumca, varaudi, rom V saukuneSi imperiis jaris
warumatebloba rainsa da dunaispiras mtris mogeriebaSi unda aixsnas
imiT, rom rigiTi romaeli ki aRar ibrZoda sakuTari imperiisTvis,
aramed daqiravebuli ucxoeli, ar aris marTebuli. ra Tqma unda,
mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom daqiravebuli barbarosebi im tomebs
warmoadgendnen, romelTac imperia ebrZoda rainisa da dunaispireTSi.
Tumca, werilobiTi wyaroebi am mosazrebas ara Tu ar amtkiceben, aramed
piriqiT, xSiria monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom federati da daqiravebuli
barbarosi meomrebi ufro metad gamoirCeodnen sabrZolo moqmedebebSi
30
vidre romaelebi. magaliTebis moyvana jaris qveda eSelonSi myof
jariskacebze weriloobiTi wyaroebis simwiris gamo SeuZlebelia, Tumca
IV saukunis bolosa da TiTqmis mTeli V saukunis ganmavlobaSi Cven
gvxvdeba iseTi pirovnebebi, rogoric aris ricimeri, stiliqo, odoakri
da mravali sxva (kemeroni, 1993, 40-48). am adamianebis biografiidan, maTi
warmoSobidan dawyebuli Tu maTi dasavleT Tu aRmosavleT romis
imperiebSi dakavebuli poziciebidan gamomdinare, rTulia imis mtkiceba,
rom romis jarSi momsaxure barbarosebi naklebad loialurni iyvnen
romaelebze. romis jarSi barbarosebis saxelebi xSirad aris naxsenebi
amiane marcelines naSromSi Res Gestae (greitreqsi, 2006: 99-109) da avtori
arc erTxel ar miuTiTebs imperiul jarSi barbarosi meomrebis
araloialurobaze. imperiul jarSi barbarosebi sxvadasxva statusis
matareblebi iyvnen. Cven ukve vaxseneT federatebi. amasTan erTad, xSirad
gvxvdebian laeti da gentiles. orive termini miekuTvneba imperiul miwaze
dasaxlebul barbarosTa im jgufebs, romelTac evalebodaT romis jarSi
msaxuri. iyo kidev erTi statusi – dediticii – omis tyveebi, imperiis
sazRvrebs gareT Sepyrobili barbarosebi (greitreqsi, 2006: 99-109).
bolomde garkveuli araa, Tu ratom moxda imperiis
Tavdacvisunarianobis gadabma barbarosebze. mravali savaraudo mizezi
SeiZleba gamoiTqvas, dawyebuli mosaxleobis Semcirebidan, damTavrebuli
imiT, rom calke aRebuli barbarosis brZolisunarianoba ufro maRali
iyo vidre rigiTi romaeli jariskacis. Tumca, bizantiis jaris
`barbarizaciis~ procesSi am mizezebis umTavres faqtorebad ganxilva ar
iqneba mTlianad gamarTlebuli cnobebis simwiris gamo. xolo, rac
danamdvilebiT cnobilia aris is, rom barbarosebi imperiaSi
saxldebodnen sakmaod didi raodenobiT da maTi gamoyeneba yvelaze
efeqtianad zustad imperiul jarSi iqneboda (heveri, 2006: 145-150). amasTan
erTad, romael glexebTan SedarebiT barbarsTa jarSi gawveva ufro
martivi iyo. glexebis gawvevas ewinaaRmdegdebodnen msxvili
miwaTmflobelebi, romelTa gavlena sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda V
saukuneSi.
Cven ganvixileT ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi, romelic
arsebobda imperiis SigniT da ramac, Tavismxriv xeli Seuwyo romis
31
jaris warumateblobas sagareo mtris winaaRmdeg. magram, rCeba mTavari
kiTxva: ra raodenobis iyo romauli jari? Notitia Dignitatum-is mixedviT
(noticia dignitatumi, 1962: 12-24), romelic mimoixilavs sajariso
SenaerTebs mTeli imperiis masStabiT gvian IV-sa da adreul V saukuneSi,
romis imperiuli jari 395 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 400,000 adamiani unda
yofiliyo. VI saukunis bizantieli istorikosi ioane lidieli axsenebs
435,000 adamians (ioane lidieli, 1898: I.27). mogvianebiT, agaTia wers 645,000-
iani imperiuli jaris Sesaxeb (agaTia, 1975: V.13). rogorc agaTia TviTon
aRniSnavs, es bolo ricxvi gadaWarbebuli unda yofiliyo. miuxedavad
qaRaladze arsebuli 645,000-iani jarisa, Notitia Dignitatum-is mixedviT,
brZolisunarian nawils mxolod 150 000 warmoadgenda (noticia
dignitatumi, 1962: 12-24). es bolo ricxvi, Tavis mxriv, meore
ukiduresobas warmoadgens da rTulia imis warmodgena, rom erTiani
imperiis pirobebSi ramodenime aTas kilometrze gadaWimuli sazRvrebis
Tavdacvas, Sida usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofasTan erTad, mxolod 150,000
adamiani SeZlebda. Tumca, momdevno saukuneebis bizantiis istoridan
mravali magaliTi mogvepoveba, rodesac mcire sajariso SenaerTebi
axdendnen vrceli teritoriebis dapyrobas. ase, magaliTad, belisariuss
15,000 jariskaci hyofnida CrdiloeT afrikis dasapyrobaT, xolo cotaTi
meti – italiis dasalaSqraT (li, 2006: 115-120).
miuxedavad imisa, rom IV saukuneSi imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvris
Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiri werilobiTi masala mogvepoveba, arqeologiuri
monacemebis mixedviT, imperias Camoyalibebuli hqonda ukana-xazze-
Tavdacva. am davdacviT sistemaSi igulisxmeba samxedro instalaciebis
mTeli rigi, romelic Sedgeboda sadarajo koSkebis, sawyobebisa da
mniSvnelovan gzebze mcire da didi zomis simagreebisagan. diokletianes
mmarTelobidan moyolebuli, es sistema galiis CrdiloeTidan, rainis da
dunais gaswvriv, Sav zRvamde aRwevda da sakmaod efeqtiani iyo
CrdiloeTidan mosuli mtris SekavebaSi (lutvaki, 1976: 123-166). viTareba
kardinalurad Seicvala 370-iani wlebis bolos hunebis gamoCeniT. V
saukunis dasawyisidan naTeli gaxda, rom barbarosTa Sekaveba
SeuZlebeli iyo. amitomac, TavdacviTi zomebi gansxvavdeboda da
miesadageboda calkeul mters misi sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis da
32
adgilobrivi geografiuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ase, TavdacviTi
xazi galiaSi araefeqtiani gamodga iseve, rogorc e. w. fossatum Africae
CrdiloeT afrikaSi vandalTa Semosevebisgan (lutvaki, 2009: 3-15).
aRmosavleTiT, sadac Savi zRvidan samxreTiT, sinais naxevarkunZulamde,
erTiani TavdacviTi xazi ar arsebobda, Crdiloel barbarosebTan
SedarebiT, metad agresiuli sasanuri irani, romis imperias
fundamenturad gansxvavebul safrTxes uqmnida. sxva sityvebiT, adreuli
romis imperiis periodSi arsebuli TavdacviTi sistemebis efeqtianoba
pirvel rigSi gamowveuli iyo mniSvnelovani safrTxis ararsebobiT.
parTiis imperia aRmosavleTSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom romaelTa
warmosaxvaSi sakmaod didi samxedro Zala iyo, ar warmoadgenda
fundamentur safrTxes romis aRmosavluri provinciebisTvis. xolo,
rainisa da dunais gadaRma, III saukuneSi guTebis gamoCenamde, mcxovrebi
tomebi ki martivad eqvemdebarebodnen bizantiis rogorc samxedro, aseve
diplomatiur gavlenas.
bolos davamatebdiT, rom 395 wels imperiaSi dawyebuli krizisi,
romelic mis or nawilad dayofiT da Semdeg, V saukunis meore
naxevarSi, dasavleT nawilis ganadgurebiT dasrulda, ar iyo
ganpirobebuli mxolod barbarosTa SemosevebiT. mTlianad romis imperia
da gansakuTrebulad ki dasavleT nawili barbarosTa dasaxlebis
punqtad iyo gadaqceuli ukve saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc Cans,
maTi raodenoba imdenad didi iyo (gansakuTrebulad sazRvrispira
regionebSi), rom imperiuli jari 3/4 Sedgeboda ucxouri
kontingentebisgan (vitbi, 2008: 300-307). imperiis SigniT arsebul
socialur problemebze, agreTve, metyvelebs is faqtic, rom barbarosebma
moaxerxes imperiis biurokratiuli aparatis umaRles Tanamdebobebze
daniSnuliyvnen. CvenTvis ucnobia is mizezebi, Tu ratom moedinebodnen
CrdiloeTidan barbarosi tomebi romis imperiis teritoriisken, magram
naTelia isic, rom es procesi ar dawyebula IV saukunis bolos, aramed
mSvdobiani migraciis saxiT ukve ramodenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, es problemebi damaxasiaTebeli iyo
imperiis rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT nawilebisaTvis, Tumca
konstantinopolma romTan SedarebiT moaxerxa saxelmwifo struqturebis
33
SenarCuneba da jarSi umaRles Tanamdebobebze barbarosTa hegemonobisgan
Tavis daRweva. xolo, Tu rogor moaxerxa konstantinopolma amis
gakeTeba, qvemoT visaubrebT.
bizantiuri strategiis aRmoceneba
gviani antikuri xanis bizantiis imperiis mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian
imaze, rom imperiis geografiuli adgilmdebareoba arasaxarbielo iyo,
xolo sazRvrebi romelic, gadaWimuli iyo ramodenime aTas kilometrze,
ar warmoadgenda sakmaris dabrkolebas maT gareT arsebuli mtrebisaTvis
reidebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki, srulmasStabiani Semosevebi gane-
xorcielebinaT (li, 2008: 33-51; lutvaki, 2009: 5-25). mtrebTan efeqtianad
gamkvlavebisTvis konstantinopoli sxvadasxva TavdacviT samxedro stra-
tegias mimarTavda, romelic uSualod ergeboda am Tu im sagareo
mowinaaRmdeges da sazRvarze arsebul geografiul pirobebs.
mdinareebi raini da dunai, romlebic imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvars
warmoadgendnen, did geografiul zRudes ar qmnidnen barbarosi
tomebisTvis reidebi ganexorcielebinaT galiis, panoniisa da imperiis
sxva mdidari sazRvrispira provinciebis qalaqebis dasalaSqrad.
romaelebi iZulebuli iyvnen am sazRvris mTel gayolebaze garnizonebi
ganelagebinaT da TavdacviTi kedeli – limes-i – aRemarTad. IV saukunidan
moyolebuli da imperiis 395 wels dayofis Semdegac ki,
romaelebi/bizantielebi CrdiloeTidan permanentuli safrTxis qveS
imyofebodnen guTebis, alanebis, hunebis, avarebis, slavebis da sxva
germanuli Tu nomaduri (momTabaruli) warmomavlobis xalxebisgan.
miuxedavad amisa, roms CrdiloeT sazRvarze gaaCnda warmtebuli
TavdacvisTvis saWiro teritoriuli siRrme: im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ver
xorcieldeboda mtris SeCereba uSualod sazRvarze, xdeboda misi
qveynis SigniT Seyvana da iq arsebul cixe-simagreebSi ganlagebuli
jarebiT mtrisTvis alyis Semortyma da misi ganadgureba. bizantieli
imperatorebi amas akeTebdnen hunebTan mimarTebaSi, rodesac atilas
jarebi TiTqmis dedaqalaqamde, konstantinopolamde aRweevdnen, Tumca
iZulebulni iyvnen ukan dunais CrdiloeTiT daexiaT.
romis samxreTi sazRvari afrikis kontinentis CrdiloeTis
34
gayolebaze erT bunebriv zonaSi – udabnoSi – gadioda. marokodan
egviptes sazRvramde romis provinciebi tripolitania, bizacena, Tu
numidia afrikuli tomebis Tavdasxmebis samiznes warmoadgenda. Tumca,
iqnebodnen IV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi austorianelebi, Tu prokopi
kesarielis mier aRwerili berberebi (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV.
III.X.2-7), romis afrikuli sazRvari saukuneebis manZilze centralur
xelisuflebas mniSvnelovan problemebs ar uqmnida. samxedro
ganviTarebis dabal doneze mdgomi afrikuli tomebisgan momdinare
safrTxe mxolod mciremasStabiani reidebiT ifargleboda, romelTa
mogerieba advilad xdeboda wina-xazze-TavdacviT, radgan ar arsebobda
sakmarisi teritoriuli siRrme.
III saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, roms aRmosavleTiT, Savi
zRvidan moyolebuli CrdiloeT mesopotamiamde sazRvris monakveTze,
yvelaze didi mteri hyavda sasanuri iranis saxiT (ix. ruka 2). ardaSir I-
is (224-240 ww.) mier ganxorcielebuli revolucia ar Semoifarglebda
mxolod qveynis Signid arSakidebis CamogdebiT. 224 wlidan ardaSiris
memkvidris Sapur I-is (240-272 ww.) mmarTvelobis dasrulebamde
sasanianebma moaxerxes romaelebisTvis warmoudgeneli ram: siriisa da
CrdiloeT mesopatamiis dalaSqvra. Tu parTelebi romTan mimarTebaSi
ufro TavdacviT politikas atarebdnen da ar gadaulaxiaT imperiebs
Soris arsebuli pirobiTi sazRvari – evfrati, ardaSirma aiRo
mesopotamiaSi strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone qalaqebi: CrdiloeTiT –
kara da nizibisi, xolo samxreTiT – hatra. agreTve, maRali samxedro
teqnologiebis meSveobiT sasanianebi iseT qalaqebs iRebdnen, rogoric
iyo antioqia, edesa, amida da sxva (dignasi, 2007: 15-29). magram sasanianebis
es revolucia romze mxolod sazRvris am monakveTiT ar
Semoifargleboda. ZalTa balansi Seicvala siriis udabnoSi da samxreT
kavkasiaSic. roms sasanianebTan mimarTebaSi gaaCnda teritoriuli siRrme
mcire aziis saxiT, Tumca CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan samxedro gzebi
umeteswilad mdidar da urbanizebul siriisa da palestinis
mimarTulebiT midioda. Sesabamisad, romaelebi davdacvas ufro
sazRvarze ganlagebuli cixe-simagreebis gamagrebiT da mtris qveynis
SigniT mxolod mcire manZilze SemoSvebiT axorcielebdnen.
35
maRaldisciplinirebuli jari da mcire, Tumca efeqtiani floti,
sakmarisi iyo xmelTaSua zRvis garSemo mcxovrebi imperiis mosaxleobis
usafrTxoebisTvis. ra Tqma unda, IV-VII saukuneebis romis jari ar
warmoadgenda im jaris klasikur magaliTs, romliTac keisari galias
ipyrobda da krasusi parTelebTan ibrZoda. klasikuri 5,000 kaciani
legionebi ufro mcire nawilebad iyvnen dayofilni, sazRvrebs limitanei-
ebi icavdnen xolo maT ukan imperiis sami ZiriTadi sazRvris rainis,
dunais da evfratis ukan ganlagebuli iyo savaraudod konstantine I
dros Camoyalibebuli mobiluri savele jarebi – comitatenses-i. gviani
romis imperiis jaris raodenobaze mravali Teoria arseobobs. Tu ax. w.
II saukunis dasawyisSi imperias 30, 5,000-kaciani legioni icavda (anu
150,000 jariskaci) da daaxloebiT amave raodenobis damxmare jarebi
(auxiliae) (jamSi 300,000 jariskaci), gviani imperiis xanaSi jaris raodenoba
sxvadasxva kvlevebis mixedviT meryeobs 400,000-dan 600,000 jariskacamde
(heveri, 2006: 62-64; li, 2006: 113-132).
395 wels erTiani romis imperiis dayofis Sedegad Camoyalibebul or
imperiul nawils ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gza hqondaT. dasavleT romis
imperia, daculi germanuli warmoSobis mTavarsardlebis mier, romelTa
gankargulebaSi umeteswilad germaneli migrantebisgan Semdgari jarebi
imyofeboda, V saukuneSi srulmasStabiani barbarosuli Semosevebis
wnexis qveS msxvil teritoriul fragmentacias ganicdida. mdidar galur
da afrikul miwebze terotoriuli kontrolis dakargvas mohyveboda
gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli Semosavlis dakargva da samxedro sistemis
moSla. Sesabamisad, 476 wlis 4 seqtembers romulus avgustulusis
taxtidan moSoreba ufro formalobas warmoadgenda vidre mniSvnelovan
politikur movlenas (poli, 2006: 448-465).
gansxvavebuli bedi ewia aRmosavleT romis imperias. germanuli
tomebis nawilobriv ganadgurebiT, nawilobriv ki sxva terotoriebze
moSorebiT (rogorc es moxda imperator Teodosius I-is mmarTvelobaSi
alarixTan mimarTebaSi), xolo 440-ian wlebSi atilas mier Seqmnili
krizisis gadatanis Semdeg, aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi yalibdeboda
axali strategiuli meTodi, romlis gamoyenebiT konstantinopoli
36
warmatebiT axerxebda momTabare tomebis da sxva mtrebis ukugdebas
momdevno saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. isev da esev, aRmosavleT romis
imperias Tavs esxmodnen axali momTabare xalxebi evraziis stepebidan da
aRmosavleTSi, CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan, sasanuri irani. Gamonakliss
mxolod VII saukune warmoadgens, rodesac mTeli maxlobeli
aRmosavleTi moeqca arabuli mmrTvelobis qveS, xolo arabuli floti
konstantinopolTan idga. Tumca, aqac, imperia ar dacemula, rogorc
sasanuri irani da gaagrZela Tavisi arseboba 1204 wlamde.
rodesac romis imperia erTiani iyo, mZlavri samxedro Zala
romauli legionebis saxiT warmatebiT icavda imperiuli sazRvrebis
mTel perimetrs. zomieri gadasaxadebi da efeqtiani sarekruto sistema
sakmarisi iyo sazRvao flotisa da sasazRvro punqtebSi Cayenebuli
daaxloebiT 500,000 jaris Sesanaxad. III saukuneSic ki, rodesac dunaisa
da rainispireTSi Zlieri barbarosuli konfederaciebi iqmneboda, xolo
aRmosavleTSi ki mZlavri sasanuri irani Camoyalibda, romis imperia
metnaklebad isev axerxebda mtrebis Sekavebas ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis
strategiis gamoyenebiT (lutvaki, 1976: 122-155).
aRmosavleT romis imperias arasdros gaaCnda amxela samxedro
resursi. 395 wels imperiis dayofa Tavidan formalur xasiaTs atarebda,
radgan Teodosiusis Svilebi – honoriusi da arkadiusi –
urTierTTanxmobaSi agrZelebdnen mmarTvelobas. es iyo Tanabari dayofa,
romelic aRmosavleT romis imperia sam kontinentze ganalaga. evropaSi
imperiis sazRvari Tanamedrove serbeTis CrdiloeT teritoriaze
gadioda, romelSic Sedioda Tanamderove makedonia, bulgareTi,
rumineTis SavizRvispireTi, saberZneTi da evropuli TurqeTi
konstantinopolis CaTvliT. aziaSi, imperiuli teritoria uzarmazari
anatoliis naxevarkunZulidan – dRevandeli aziuri TurqeTi – aseve
siriis, iordaniis, israelis da Tanamedrove erayis CrdiloeT
nawilisgan Sedgeboda. CrdiloeT afrikaSi imperias gaaCnda egviptes
provincia, romelic aRwevda qalaq Tebemde, Tanamedrove libiis
aRmosavleT nawili, romelic Sedgeboda zeda da qveda libiidan,
romelic adre kireneikas saxeliT aris cnobili (ix. ruka 2).
arkadiuss (395-408 ww.) wilad xvda zustad es yovelwliurad
37
sakmaod didi mosavlis da gadasaxadebis momtani miwebi. amas daemateba
isic, rom balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, anatolia, siria-palestina da
egvipte adamianuri resursebiT mdidari regionebi iyo. puris
maeqsportebeli egvipte da anatoliis nayofieri mindvrebi
gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani iyo. mxolod balkaneTis teritoriebi
iyo im droisTvis seriozulad dazaralebuli guTebis, gepidebisa da
hunebis Semosevebisgan.
magram, strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, aRmosavleT romis imperia
dasavleT nawilTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad araxelsayrel
geografiul viTarebaSi imyofeboda. Tavis grZel, daaxloebiT 500-
kilometrian aRmosavlur sazRvarze, romelic gadaWimuli iyo samxreT
kavkasiidan evfratamde imperiis mowinaRmdege agresiuli sasanuri imperia
iyo, romelic 220-iani wlebidan imperiis pirveli mowinaaRmdege iyo
(dariae, 2010). magram, imperiis dayofis Semdeg, aRmosavleT romis imperiis
mmarTvelebs sasanianebis warmatebiT SekavebisaTvis aRar SeeZloT
dasavleT romis imperiis adamianuri da ekonomikuri resursebis
mobilizeba. irani ki, realur safrTxes uqmnida konstantinopolis
batonobas aRmosavleTSi. sasaniani mmarTvelebi atarebdnen iranuli da
arairanuli miwebis mefeTa mefis tituls. maTi imperia moicavda
istoriul persidas (sparseTs), parTias, xuzistans, asureTs, adiabenes,
arabeTs, azerbaijans, somxeTs, saqarTvelos nawils, kavkasiur albaneTs,
midias, gurgans, mervs, qermans, Turans, qaSgars, sogdianasa da sxva
teritoriebs centralur aziaSi da agreTve erTi periodi arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilsac, kerZod Tanamedrove omanis da iemenis
teritorias SahanSah xosro anuSirvanis mmarTvelobis dros (ix. ruka 2)
(qristenseni, 1944: 130-140).
viTareba CrdoloeT-aRmosavleTiT aranakleb saxifaTo iyo.
bizantielebi iZulebulebi iyvnen daecvaT dunais sazRvari hunebis,
slavebis, avarebis, onoRur-bulgarelebis, magiarebis da paWanikebis
winaaRmdeg (poli, 2006: 460-476). yvela es xalxi nodamur cxovrebas
atarebda da samxedro sakiTxebSi ufro did safrTxes uqmnida imperiul
jarebs, vidre germanuli tomebi. romaelebisTvis saSiSi guTebic ki
gaeqcnen hunebs da es moxda iqamde sanam atilam moaxerxa alanebis,
38
gepidebis, herulebis, rugebis da sxva germanuli tomebis Tavis imperiaSi
gaerTianeba.
aRmosavleT romis imperias arc sakmarisi hinterlandi hqonda,
rogorc es iyo dasavleT nawilSi. nayofieri da puris maeqsportebeli
CrdiloeT afrika, iberiis naxevarkunZuli daculi pirineebis mTebiT,
galiis samxreT provinciebi sakmaod daSorebuli iyo saxifaTo rainis
sazRvridan, xolo italia CrdiloeTSi alpebiT iyo garSemortymuli.
aRmosavleT romis imperiis geografia ki radikalurad gansxvavebulia:
egviptesa da aRmosavleT libiis garda, teritoriebis umetesoba Zalian
axlos iyo saxifaTo sazRvrebTan imisaTvis, rom Semosevebis dros
sakmarisi strategiuli siRrme hqonodaT. anatoliaSic ki, romelic Tavis
mxriv aRmosavleTidan icavda konstantinopols saxmeleTo
Semosevebisgan, yvelaze nayofieri miwebi mdebareobda zRvispira,
xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis regionebSi da Sesabamisad zRvidan
Semosevisgan mTlianad daucveli iyo.
sazRvrebis miRma ufro mZlavri mtrebiT da mTlianad
araxelsayreli geografiiT, aRmosavleT romis imperia danamdvilebiT
uares strategiul mdgomarebaSi imyofeboda vidre dasavleT romis
imperia.
miuxedavad amisa, dasavleT romis imperiam ufro adre Sewyvita
Tavisi arseboba. aRmosavleT romis imperiam, SemdgomSi bizantiam,
moaxerxa arsebobis gagrZeleba pirvel rigSi ki imis meSveobiT, rom
konstantinopolSi msxdomi imperatorebi axerxebdnen arsebuli rTuli
geopolitikuri mdgomareobisTvis adaptirebas da Zvel da axal mtrebTan
brZolaSi axali strategiebis SemuSavebas. jari da sazRvao floti,
agreTve, Zalian mniSvnelovani gadasaxadebis amkrefi biurokratiuli
aparati ar icvlebodnen saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, erTi saxecvla
nadmvilad TvalSisacemia. erTiani romis imperiasTan SedarebiT,
bizantiis sagareo politika naklebad emyareboda samxedro Zalas da
ufro metad ki, diplomatiis yvela formas: mokavSireebis ayvana, mtrebis
Semosevebisgan gadafiqreba da potenciuri mtrebis daZaleba erTmaneTTan
omis sawarmoeblad. ufro metic, rodesac bizantielebi iZulebulebi
iyvnen omSi CarTuliyvnen, isini naklebad cdilobdnen mtris mTlian
39
ganadgurebas, aramed aqcents ufro mis SedarebiT dasustebaze an
Sekavebaze akeTebdnen. es maT aZlevda saSualebas SeenarCunebinaT
sakuTari Zala. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ki, bizantielebi xvdebodnen,
rom dRevandeli mteri xval SeiZleba Seucvlel mokavSired
gadaqceuliyo evraziuli stepebidan mosul axal momTabareebTan
saomrad.
ase moxda, magaliTad, atilas dros, rodesac bizantielebma
sakuTari adamianuri resursebis minimumiT moaxerxes hunebis Semosevebis
mimarTulebis gadatana dasavleT romis imperiisken. ase rom, aRmosavleT
romis imperiis gadarCena moxerxda gansakuTrebuli strategiuli war-
matebis wyalobiT. es ufro metia vidre ubralod brZolebSi gamarjveba.
SeuZlebeli iyo yvela brZolaSi gamarjvebis mopoveba rva saukunis
ganmavlobaSi. imperiam ganicada mravali marcxi, maT Soris ramodenime
katastrofuli xasiaTis.17 imperiuli teritoria mravaljer
eqvemdebareboda barbarosul Semosevebs, xolo sakuTriv
konstantinopoli, 330 wels qalaqis daarsebidan 1204 wels, meoTxe
jvarosnul laSqrobamde, ramodeni alya gadaitana.
bizantiis imperiis strategiuli warmateba gansxvavedeboda
taqtikuri gamarjvebebisgan. bizantielebs gaaCndaT niWi, romliTac,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi axerxebdnen sakmaod mcire samxedro Zalis
Sekrebas da mis kombinirebas diplomatiasTan da efeqtian dazvervasTan.
oficialuri sagareo saqmeTa saministros da sadazvervo organizaciebis
arqonisas, bizantiis imperiaSi ar arsebobdnen profesionali
diplomatebi an jaSuSebi. wyaroebSi ar gvaqvs Semonaxuli cnobebi, rom
bizantiaSi sistematuri katalogebi arsebobda, sadac SeiZleboda
saxelmwifosTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovani informaciis Senaxva. sxva
sityvebiT, Cven ar mogvepovepa cnoba konstantinopolSi, an romelime sxva
bizantiur qalaqSi sagareo saqmeebisTvis mikuTvnili arqivis arsebobis
Sesaxeb.
Tumca, miuxedavad am naklisa, imperiuli mmarTvelebi konstan-
tinopolSi ukeTesad iyvnen gacnobierebulebi imaSi, Tu ra xdeboda
17 Ayvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebs warmaodgens 378 wlis adrianopolis brZola da 1071 wels manaskertTan Turq-selCukebisgan gancdili marcxi.
40
sazRvrebs gareT, mezobel qveynebSi. aseve, miuxedavad imisa, rom
bizantielebs (iseve rogorc maT winaT erTiani imperiis farglebSi
mcxovreb romaelebs) ar gaaCndaT swori parametrebis mqone rukebi,
arsebuli samxedro gzebi kargad mianiSnebs imaze, rom bizantielebs
gacnobierebuli hqondaT sxvadasxva punqtebs da geografiul barierebs
Soris realuri distanciebi. bizantielebi am upiratesobas warmatebiT
iyenebdnen Tavis sasargeblod ucxouri elCebis manipulirebisTvis,
rodesac es ukanasknelebi imperiis sazRvrebSi Sediodnen. menandre
proteqtorTan Semonaxulia kargi cnoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori
SemovliTi gziT waiyvanes Turqi hakanis elCi konstantinopolSi
(blokli, 1985: 14).
amavdroulad, zemomoyvanilma faqtebma ar unda Segviqmnas imis Sta-
beWdileba, rom konstantinopoli 395 wlis Semdeg mxolod diplomatiaze
iyo gadasuli. piriqiT, arsebobda periodebi, rodesac imperiaSi samxedro
Zalis siWarbec iyo, riTac xerxdeboda axali, Tu Zvelad dakarguli
teritoriebis dapyroba, Tu dabruneba. xandaxan, bizantiuri jari da
floti imdenad dasustebuli iyo, rom TviT imperiis gadarCena adreul
periodSi diplomatiiT SeZenili mokavSireebis meSveobiT xerxdeboda.
am or ukiduresobas Soris – susti da Warbi samxedro Zala –
umeteswilad arsebobda dabalansebuli midgoma mezobel qveynebisadmi da
zogadad sagareo saqmeebisadmi. aq sami ZiriTadi komponentis gamoyofa
SeiZleba: diplomatia; strategiulad mniSvnelovani informacia;
efeqtiani samxedro Zala.
diplomatia yovelTvis pirvel rols asrulebda, magram samxedro
Zalac bizantiuri saxelmwifos ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda. efeqtiani
samxedro Zalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi barbarosebisgan fuliTa da
saCuqrebiT aridebuli Semoseva mxolod droebiTi iqneboda. Sesabamisad,
Zlieri jaris yola iyo yvelaze didi gamowveva, romelsac bizantiuri
saxelmwifo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ebrZoda.
aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi, dasavleT romis imperiasTan
SedarebiT, jaris arseboba SesaZlebeli gaxda ori romauli praqtikis
SemonaxviT: efeqtiani sagadasaxado sistema da sistemuri samxedro
gawvrTna.
41
saerTo Semosavali, romelic Sedioda saimperio biujetSi,
ZiriTadad miwis gadasaxadis saxiT (annona) iyofoda provinciebs Soris,
Semdeg TiToeul qalaqisTvis da TiToeuli miwis nakveTisTvis
proporciulad savaraudo mogebasTan mimarTebaSi. VII saukuneSi
imperiuli biujetis danawileba `zemodan-qvemod~ aRar xorcieldeboda,
magram miwis gadasaxadis akrefa xorcieldeboda `qvemodan-zemoT~.
mravali problema arsebobda am sagadaxado sistemasTan dakavSirebiT.
gadasaxadebis amkrefni, auditorebi, inspeqtorebi da zedamxedvelebi
sakuTriv uzarmazar biurokratiul aparats qmnidnen, romlis Sesanaxad
didi fuli ixarjeboda. amasTan erTad, moxeleebi iRebdnen qrTamebs,
krefdnen arakanonier gadasaxadebs, axerxebdnen Semosavlis nawilis
miTvisebas da a. S.18 agreTve, miwaTmflobelebi cdilobdnen
gadasaxadebisgan Tavis daRwevis mizniT gadasaxadebis Setana daekisraT
mcire mflobelebze da moijareebze.
miuxedavad amdeni naklisa, bizantielebis mier Semonaxul
fiskalur manqanas erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesoba gaaCnda: is
damoukideblad muSaobda wlidan wlamde da oqros saxiT uzarmazar
Semosavals awvdida saxelmwifo biujets. es Semosavali ZiriTadad
faravda saimperatoro karis, biurokratiuli aparatis da, rac mTavaria,
imperiuli jaris da flotis xarjebs. regularuli sagadaxado sistemis
arsebobam SesaZlebeli gaxada permanentuli samxedro samsaxuri. Tu
bizantiis mtrebis samxedro potenciali ZiriTadad tomobriv da
moxalise laSqars eyrdonoboda, romelic TviTon, damoukideblad
irCenda Tavs laSqrobisas, bizantielebs SeeZloT jamagiriani imperiuli
jariskacebis, mezRvaurebis da rezervistebis yola mTeli wlis
ganmavlobaSi.
aman, Tavis mxriv, saSualeba misca bizantielebs gamoeyenebinaT
romaelebisgan Semonaxuli meore mniSvnelovani praqtika: sistematuri
samxedro gawvrTna; axalgawveulebis, rogorc individualuri, aseve
18 karg magaliTs warmoadgens 376-378 wlebSi datrialebuli tragedia dunaispireTSi, rodesac bizantieli biurokratebi ukananod iTvisebdnen imperiaSi Semosul guTebisTvis mikuTvnil sakvebs da cdilobdnen maT maRal fasad gasaRebas. Sedegad, daiwyo guTebis ajanyeba, ramac 378 wels konstantinopoli adrianopolis katastrofamde miiyvana.
42
samxedro formaciebSi swavleba. logikuria Tu vityviT, rom jaris
sistematiur gawvrTnaSi araferia gansakuTrebuli: gawvrTna aris is
riTac jari, rogorc calke instituti unda iyos dakavebuli. Tumca,
saqme imaSia, rom arcerT samefo kars Tu barbaros tomTa gaerTianebas
bizantiis samezoblodan ar gaaCnda imperiis msgavsi samxedro sistema.
mtris jaris SemadgenlobaSi ZiriTadad arafrofesionali meomrebi
Sediodnen. gviani antikurobis periodSi da momdevno saukuneebSic
bizantiur jars mravali aRmasvlisa Tu dasustebis periodi gaaCnda,
Tumca saxelmwifos gadarCena permanentuli omebis fonze SesaZlebeli
iyo mxolod jaris gawvrTnis meSveobiT. maSinac ki, rodesac 626 wels
konstantinopols orive mxridan avarebi da sparselebi edgnen,
imperatorma heraklem (610-641 ww.) sasanuri iranis winaaRmdeg sapasuxo
Setevis dawyeba zustad jariskacebis gawvrTniT daiwyo.
yoveli jariskaci mzaddeboda gansazRvrul teritoriaze gan-
sazRvruli metoqis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, rac agreTve, met upi-
ratesobas aniWebda imperiul SenaerTebs. imperator mavrikes (582-602 ww.)
`strategikoni~ kargi magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor xdeboda jariskacis
gawvrTna potenciuri mtris winaaRmdeg. amis Sesasruleblad imperias esa-
Wiroeboda swori informaciis qona metoqis Sesaxeb, rac kargad aris
naCvenebi mavrikes naSromis eTnografiul nawilSi.
romaul sagadaxado sistemasa da jaris permanentul gawvrTnas
bizantielebma daumates sakuTari aRmoCenac – `didi strategia~.
imperiaSi sagareo politikis strategiulad ganxilvis mTeli kultura
arsebobda. calsaxad, bizantielebi ar eZaxdnen amas Tanamderove
terminebiT rogoric aris `erovnuli strategia~, es imdroindeli
mentalobisTvis ucxo iqneboda. bizantielebs arc strategiaze momuSave
moxeleTa calke jgufi hyavda. magram, qveynis strategiuli interesebis
gacnobiereba namdvilad xdeboda, rac naTlad aris danaxuli im mdidar
samxedro literaturaSi rac SemorCenilia gviani antikurobidan adreul
bizantiur periodamde. samxedro kulturas (disciplinas) bizantielebma
agreTve daumates mezobel xalxebTan urTierTobis klasikuri romauli
midgoma: titulebisa da Zvirfasi saCuqrebis gadacemiT mtrulad
ganwyobili tomebis beladebis dunaipireTidan Tu aRmosavleTiT patara
43
samTavroebis mflobelebis gadmobireba.
SeuZlebeli iyo imperiis SenarCuneba moxerxebuliyo calkeul
brZolebSi gamarjvebebiT. imperiis mtrebi ZiriTadad aRematebodnen
konstantinopols samxedro potencialiT. arc mxolod TavdacviT
xazebze dafuZnebul davdacvas SeeZlo didi xniT balkaneTis an
anatoliis provinciebisTvis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. bizantiuri
saxelmwifos gadarCena arsebuli safrTxeebisaTvis mxolod da mxolod
axali samxedro Tu diplomatiuri meTodebis SemoRebiT iyo
SesaZlebeli. amasTan erTad, axali midgomebis SemuSaveba grZelvadiani
politikis, anu strategiis CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli, romelic SemuSavda
395 wels erTiani romauli saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg. sxvadasxva
xalxebisadmi sxvadasxva taqtika airCeoda, rac agreTve ekonomikuri da
religiuri faqtorebis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebda. sxva sityvebiT,
imperiam Tavi daaRwia sasanur, nomadur, arabul da Semdgom nawilobriv
dasavleTevropul safrTxes, mxolod sakuTari imperiis Tavdacvis
grZelvadiani gegmis SemuSavebiT. konstantinopolis kedlebi mravaljer
iqna alyaSi moqceuli rogorc zRvidan aseve xmeleTidan, zog
SemTxvevaSi ki erTdroulad ori mxridan. Tumca, isev da isev,
xerxdeboda mokavSireebis monaxva da mtrebis ukuqceva da xelaxla
imperiuli kontrolis aRdgena dakargul teritoriebze. metoqeebs
SeeZloT imperiis damarcxeba calkeul brZolebSi, Tumca uZlurni iyvnen
imperiis saerTo strategiis winaaRmdeg.
bizantiuri strategia ar iyo ucabedad gamogonili. misi
Tavdapirveli elementebi gamoCnda atilas mier dunaispireTSi Seqmnili
krizisis sapasuxod imperator Teodosius II-is (408-450 ww.)
mmarTvelobaSi. zustad am periodSi naTeli gaxda, rom arasakmarisi
jaris arsebobis gamo SeuZlebeli iyo atilas Semosevebis SeCereba
mTeli dunais gaswvriv. magram, atilas Semosevebi ufro did safrTxes
qmnidnen, ara marto imperiuli jarebis ukmarisobis gamo, aramed
damatebiTi ori mniSvnelovani faqtoris gamo: atilas hunebi ufro
swrafebi da ufro metni iyvnen guTebTan Tu sxva germanikul tomebTan
SedarebiT. hunebis SeCereba, romlebic dunais gadalaxvisas gaurkveveli
mimarTulebebiT gadaadgildebodnen balkaneTSi, patara, Tundac
44
mobiluri ZalebiT, TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo.
is rac VI saukuneSi moxda imperator iustinianes mmarTvelobaSi
(527-565 ww.), ar iyo axladCamoyalibebuli strategiis konsolidireba,
aramed militarisutuli sagareo politikisken mibruneba. iustinianes
erTdroulad SeeZlo omi ewarmoebina afrikaSi, italiasa da maxlobel
aRmosavleTSi. amasTan erTad, ebrZola siriis udabnoSi arabi tomebis da
dunaispireTSi slavebis winaaRmdeg. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg samxedro
Zalis gamoyeneba isev meore planze gadavida, xolo herakles
mmarTvelobis dros, rodesac imperia yvelaze did politikur kriziss
ganicdida, moxda bizantiuri strategiis – sakuTari samezoblosadmi
grZelvadiani xedvis – saboloo versiis Camoyalibeba.
Sesabamisad, bizantiuri strategiis Camoyalibeba iyo sakmaod
grZeli procesi dawyebuli atilas mier dunaispireTSi Zlieri
tomobrivi gaerTienebis SeqmniT,19 da damTavrebuli herakles dros
Seqmnili sagareo safrTxiT, rodesac balkaneTidan avarebma
damorCilebul slavebTan erTad, xolo mcire aziidan sasanianebi, alyaSi
moaqcies dedaqalaqi da safrTxe Seuqmnes uSualod bizantiur saxelmwi-
foebriobas.
atilas safrTxis Tavidan moSorebis Semdeg, bizantielebma brwyin-
vale diplomatiuri midgoma SeimuSaves stepebidan mosuli axalaxali
xalxebisgan momdinare Setevebis Sesakaveblad. sxvadasxva ekonomikuri da
religiuri xerxebiT bizantielebi axerxebdnen daerwmunebinaT stepis
xalxebi erTmaneTTan erbZolaT da erTiani frontiT imperiis winaaRmdeg
ar gamosuliyvnen. atilas imperia gamonaklis warmoadgenda.
bizantielebma ver moaxerxes evraziis stepebSi hunebis winaaRmdeg
mokavSireebis monaxva. atilas imperia zustad amitom warmoadgens
fenomens, radgan misi Zalaufleba vrceldeboda yvela germanikul da
nomad xalxze, romelic saxlobda karpatebis mTidan aRmosavleTiT
CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTamde. mogvianebiT, VI saukunis bolos da
19 am koaliciaSi hunebis garda, agreTve, Sedioda mravali germanuli tomi Tu xalxi. aman ki, hunebi mZlavr samxedro metoqed gadaaqcia. koaliciis mniSvneloba mtkicdeba imiTac, rom atilas gardacvalebis Semdeg da hunebis mier Seqmnili gaerTienebis daSlis Semdeg es ukanasknelebi aRar warmoadgendnen mniSvnelovan safrTxes bizantiis imperiisTvis.
45
meSvides dasawyisSi, igive gaakeTes avarebma riTac egzistencialuri
safrTxe Seuqmnes bizantiis balkanur provinciebs. sxvadasxva nomadi
jgufebs Soris arsebuli brZola saZovrisTvis bizantielebs Carevis da
susti mxarisTvis daxmarebis gaweviT status qvos SenarCunebis
saSualebas aZlevda. garda amisa, xorci, rZe, tyavi da sxva umniSvnelo
sagnebi iyo is maqsimumi, rac nomadebs moepovebodaT. Sesabamisad,
rogorc Tavis droze germanul tomebs, nomadebsac iZulebuls xdida
konstantinopolidan momdinare simdidreze yofiliyvnen damokidebulebi.
mTliani stepuri derefani karpatebidan CrdiloeT kavkasionamde
bizantiuri diplomatiis moqmedebis arenas warmoadgenda. radgan atilas
dros stepebSi potenciuri mokavSires monaxva ver moxerxda,
bizantielebs erTaderTi gamosavali darCenodaT: oqroTi moexerxebinaT
Semosevebis Tavidan acileba. wyaroebSi Semonaxulia 447 wels
gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT 6,000 funti oqro. Tu ramdenad did Tanxas
ixdidnen bizantielebi, amaze priskus panielic gamoTqvamda sakuTar
ukmayofilebas.
da, am taqtikam warmatebiT imuSava. atilam gadamwyvet momentSi ar
ganaxorciela Seteva aRmosavleT romis imperiaze. Samagierod, Seutia da-
savleTs. 451 wlisTvis is ukve italiaSi iyo. amavdroulad, 450 wels
konstantinopolSi taxtze avida niWieri mxedarTmTavari marciane (450-457
ww.) da misi erTerTi pirveli nabiji iyo atilasTvis fulis gadaxdaze
uaris Tqma. aman ar gomoiwvia atilas sapasuxo nabiji, radgan misi
jarebi dasavleTSi samxedro kampaniebSi iyvnen Cabmuli. atilas safrTxe
SedarebiT umtkivneulod iqna Tavidan moSorebuli. hunebis SeCereba
moxerxda didi samxedro Zalis gamoyenebis gareSe. sxva sityvebiT: jer
diplomatia, Semdeg samxedro Zala, rac calsaxad mianiSnebs
militaristuli romidan diplomatiur bizantiaze gadasvlas.
avarebi bizantiis diplomatiur horizontze 558-560 wlebSi
gamoCndnen. avarebis aRmosavleTiT Turquli modgmis utriRurebi da
kutriRurebi, antebi da slavebi iyvnen. 558-560 wlebisTvis avarebi ar
warmoadgendnen absolutur safrTxes bizantiis dunais sazRvrisTvis.
Sesabamisad, konstantinopolisTvis aramomgebiani iqneboda avarebis
sruli ganadgureba, radgan es xalxi saWiro mokavSire iqneboda sxva
46
nomad xalxebTan brZolaSi. klasikuri bizantiuri midgoma iyo xeli
SeeSala nomaduri koaliciebis SeqmnisTvis. Tu calkeuli nomaduri
jgufis SeCereba nawilobriv Zlieri jariT, nawilobriv ki fulis
gadaxdiT xdeboda, nomaduri koalicia xarisxobrivad sxvagvar safrTxes
uqmnida imperiul jars da provinciebs: SeuZlebeli iyo sazRvris mTeli
perimetris (magaliTad dunais sazRvari) gakontroleba. es moxda maSin,
atilas dros, rodesac moxerxda alanebis, guTebis da sxva xalxebis
gaerTianeba hunebis meTaurobiT da V saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac
avarebma daimorCiles slavebi, antebi da sxva nomadi xalxebi da mTeli
Tavisi samxedro Zalisxmeva bizantiis dunais sazRvarze miitanes.
avarebi damarcxdnen, dakarges kontroli slav qveSevrdomebze,
magram aqac bizantielebi ar cdilobdnen maT srul ganadgurebas, radgan
dRevandeli mteri xval SeiZleba axali stepebidan axali nomaduri
safrTxis winaaRmdeg iqnas gamoyenebuli. avarebis saboloo ganadgureba
mxolod 791 wels moxda karlos didis mier. sxva sityvebiT, avarebi
bizantiisTvis zomier safrTxes warmoadgendnen sanam ar iyvnen
koaliciaSi sxva nomad an germanul tomebTan.
kidev erTi bizantiuri siaxle iyo informaciis Segroveba
potenciur mterze. mtris adaT-wesebi, maTi liderebi da am
ukanasknelebis xasiaTi, samxedro potenciali da savaraudo gegmebi.
atilas da zogadad hunebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb priskus panielis
detaluri naSromidan viciT (priskus panieli, 1982: 24-29). niSandoblivia,
rom priskusi gayva bizantiur elCobas hunebTan savaraudod erTi mizniT:
aRewera hunebis cxovreba da maTi adaT-wesebi da miewoda es cnobebi
saimperatoro karisTvis konstantinopolSi. es ar niSnavs imas, rom adre
romaelebi ar iyvnen dainteresebulni an ar aRwerdnen mezobel xalxebs.
tacitusis germania albaT am eTnografiuli Janris saukeTeso magaliTia.
mniSvnelovania, rom aqcenti mezobeli xalxebis samxedro potencialis
garkvevaze gaZlierda erTiani romis saxelmwifos dayofis Semdeg,
rodesac konstantinopoli ver iqneboda mxolod sakuTar samxedro
Zalaze damokidebuli, aramed saWiroebda mezobeli xalxebis susti
mxareebis codnas, maTi mcire ZalebiT dasamarcxeblad.
47
iustiniane: Tavdacvidan Setevaze
flavius petrus sabatius iustinianusi, cnobili rogorc iustiniane
I, taxtze 527 wels avida. misi drois bizantiis imperia Zlier
saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, romelSic imperator Teodosius II-is dros
SemoRebuli TavdacviTi strategiis saboloo konsolidireba
ganxorcielda. sasanuri irani aRmosavleTSi rCeboda strategiul
safrTxed, rac imperiis sazRvris gaswvriv samxreT kavkasiidan CrdiloeT
mesopotamiis gavliT, siriis udabnomde, jaris permanentul mzadyofnaSi
arsebobis saWiroebas qmnida.
amis paralelurad, konstantinopols ar gaaCnda Zlieri
mowinaaRmdege uSualod dunais sazRvris gaRma. ostguTebis samefo
imperiasTan kargi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebaze iyo orientirebuli,
xolo vandalebi da alanebi CrdiloeT afrikaSi samxedro safrTxes
sazRvao eqspediciebiT veRar uqmnidnen egviptesa da balkaneTis
naxevarkunZuls. rac Seexeba evraziuli stepebidan momdinare safrTxes,
iustinianes dros iyvnen kutriRurebi, Tumca maTi Zala ver Seedreboda
atilas dros hunebis an ufro mogvianebiT avarebis mier Seqmnil
samxedro koaliciebs.
rogorc iTqva, 530-ian wlebSi avarebi jer ar gamoCenilan
politikur asparesze, Tumca iustinianes taxtze asvlis periodisTvis
stepebis xalxebs ukve dakarguli qondaT is gadamwyveti strategiuli
upiratesoba, rac V saukuneSi hunebs gaaCndaT: bizantielebma Seqmnes
amxedrebul mSvildosanTa SenaerTebi SeiaraRebuli `Sedgenili
mSvildebiT~. amasTan paralelurad, imperiulma jarma SeinarCuna axlo
manZilze brZolis klasikuri romauli xelovneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
nomadebi ufro daxelovnebulebi iyvnen mSvildosnobaSi vidre
bizantielebi, am ukanasknelebis damarcxeba veRar xdeboda ise martivad,
rogorc pirvelad hunebis dros. bizantielebis mier nomadebis kidev
erTi upiratesoba gabaTilda: kavaleria imperiuli laSqris mTavari
damrtymeli Zala gaxda. sxva sityvebiT, is nakli rac gaaCnda calkeul
bizantiel amxedrebul mSvildosans nomad meomarTan mimarTebaSi,
kompensirebuli iyo bizantiuri samxedro discipliniT da Sekruli
SenaerTebiT.
48
Sesabamisad, imperiul jars upiratesoba gaaCnda iustinianes dros
afrikaSi mcxovreb vandalebsa da alanebze da italiaSi ostguTebze.
alanebi ZiriTadad cxenosnebi iyvnen, xolo vandalebi da guTebi
Zlierebi axlo manZilze brZolaSi da gamagrebuli qalaqebisTvis alyis
SemortymaSi. bizantiur jarTan mimarTebaSi orives gaaCnda taqtikuri
nakli. es martivad xsnis im samxedro warmatebas, rac wilad xvda
iustinianes 533-534 wlebSi CrdiloeT afrikaSi, xolo 535 wels ki –
apeninis naxevarkunZulze.
da mainc, ganxorcielebadi iyo Tu ara `strategia~ bizantiur
periodSi? mkvlevarTa didi nawili miiCnevs, rom zusti rukebis ar
arsebobisas romaelebs da Semdeg bizantielebs ar SeeZloT efiqraT
`strategiulad~; zustad ganesaszRvrad manZili geografiul obieqtebs
Soris; da ganesazRvraT Tu sad mTavrdeboda imperia da iwyeboda
mezoblebis miwebi. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad unda ganisazRvros is, Tu ra
igulisxmeba sityvaSi `strategia~. Zvel dros strategiis arsebobis
Teoriis skeptikosebi ganixilavdnen sityva `strategias~, rogorc
Tanamedrove da biurokratiul saqmianobas, rogorc garkveuli
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sedegs. zusti geografiuli codnis
saWiroeba xSirad arev-darevas iwvevda da strategia `geopolitikad~
gamoisaxeboda. am TavSi moyvanilma magaliTebma naTlad gviCvena, rom
strategia ar aris mxolod jarebis gadaadgileba an dedaqalaqSi
rukebTan msxdomi saxelmwifos mmarTvelebis mier msjeloba e. w.
`erovnul interesebze~. strategia ufro qmedebaTa mTel rigs
warmoadgens samxedro Zalis, imperiuli prestiJis, religiuri faqtoris,
mezobeli xalxebis susti mxareebis da upiratesobebis swori da
Tanadrouli gamoyenebiT.
49
Tavi II
bizantiuri strategia praqtikaSi: iustiniane da misi
memkvidreebi
560-iani wlebis bolos, iustinianes memkvidris iustine II-is (565-574
ww.) mmarTvelobaSi, konstantinopolSi, centralur aziaSi mcxovrebi
Turqebis mmarTvelis, sizabulis elCoba Camovida. Turqebma cota xnis
win gawyvites urTierToba sasanianebTan da surTad politikuri kavSiri
SeekraT bizantielebTan. iustinem ramodenime kiTxva dausva elCobas.
kiTxvebis Sinaarsi sakmaod sainteresoa, radgan did informacias
gvawvdis imdroindeli bizantieli mmarTvelebis geopolitikur
Tvalsawierze. iustines kiTxvebi daaxloebiT Semdegnairi iyo, Tu vin
iyvnen heftalitebi, romelbzedac, Turqebis TqmiT, maTi batonoba
vrceldeboda; vin iyvnen avarebi, romelnic sul mokle drois win
bizantias CrdiloeTidan daemezobldnen (greitreqsi, 2006: 99-109).
elCebisgan am kiTxvebze pasuxis miRebis Semdeg, iustinem Turqebis
mmarTvelTan politikuri aliansi Sekra, ramac Secvala maxlobel
aRmosavleTSi arsebuli ZalTa balansi. TurqebTan kavSirma da
sasanianTa iranze ori frontidan omis warmoebis perspeqtivam, iustines
ubiZga iranTan saomari moqmedebebi ganeaxlebina. Sedegad, omi or did
imperias Soris arabebis gamoCenamde ar Sewyvetila.20 konfliqti or
imperias Soris herakle keisris gamarjvebiT da ori imperiis
mniSvnelovani dasustebiT dasrulda. aman, nawilobriv, 630-ian wlebSi,
xeli Seuwyo islamis droSis qveS arabTa jarebis winsvlas maxlobel
20 im mokle periodis gamoklebiT, rodesac bizantieli imperatori mavrike Caeria iranis Sida saqmeebSi da samxedro daxmarebis meSveobiT moaxerxa bahram Cobinis mier xelisuflebas moSorebuli xosro II-is taxtze aRdgena.
50
aRmosavleTSi.21
magram, davubrundeT zemo aRweril elCobas, romelic gansa-
kuTrebulad ori mizeziT aris saintereso. pirveli aris iustines
daintereseba imaSi, Tu ra xdeba sasanianTa imperiis aRmosavleT pro-
vinciebSi da centralur aziaSi. imperatorma elCebs kiTxvebi dausva
heftalitebis (TeTri hunebis) samefos da Turqebis qveynis wyobis
Sesaxeb. meore saintereso faqti aris is, rom iustines sakmaod kargad
esmoda, Tu ras niSnavda bizantiis da Turqebis aliansi riTac
SesaZlebeli iqneboda iranze erTdroulad ori frontidan Tavdasxmis
ganxorcieleba. es ukanaskneli argumenti sainteresoa imis
gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom gviani antikuri periodis mkvlevarebi bolo
dros sul ufro metad gamoTqvamen mosazrebas konstantinopolSi rame
saxis `didi strategiis~ ararsebobis Sesaxeb da, Sesabamisad, bizantieli
maRalCinosnebis uunarobaze warmatebiT ganexorcielebinaT imperiis
grZelvadiani sagareo politika. istorikosebi, agreTve, miiCneven imas,
rom, Tu bizantielebs ar hqondaT wvdoma swor geografiul rukebze, maT,
faqtobrivad, ar SeeZloT srategiulad emsjelad. zogi mkvlevari
cdilobs monaxos strategiuli azrovneba avgustusis politikaSi, zogi
II saukunis romis mmarTvelebSi, sxvebi ki, IV saukunis imperatorebSi.
Tumca, mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom detaluri rukebis
ararsebobis gamo, romaelebs ar SeeZloT zustad aReqvaT geografiuli
sivrce, iqneba es Tavisi imperiis SigniT, Tu mis sazRvrebs gareT. amis
nacvlaT, bizantielebi moqmedebdnen ufro daumarcxeblobis ideologiiT
(vitakeri, 2004: 28-49, 63-87), rodesac imperiis uzarmazari resursebi
mxolod axali teritoriebis dasapyrobad iyo gankuTvnili, xolo
samxedro kampaniebis wamowyeba xSirad ama Tu im mmarTvelis pirad
ambiciebze iyo damokidebuli da ara saerTo saxelmwifoebriv
interesebze. aqedan gamomdinare, mkvlevarTa umravlesobisTvis saubari
raime saxis “strategiaze~ ubralod zedmetia (isaaki, 1990: 19-53; 372-418).
21 Tumca, rodesac vsaubrobT imperiebis dasustebaze, bevri mkvlevari bizantia-iranis bolo oms gadamwyvet faqtorad miiCnevs arabebis momaval warmatebaSi. nawilobriv marTali, magram or imperias Soris bolo konfliqtma pirvel rigSi daarRvia ZalTa balansi siria-mesopotamiaSi arsebuli kavSirebi nomad arabebTan, romelTac unda daecvaT imperiebis sazRvrebi arabeTis naevarkunZulidan momdinare safrTxisgan.
51
qvemoT moyvanil diskusiaSi ki, SevecdebiT vaCvenoT, rom gvian
antikur periodSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, V-VI saukuneebSi, bizantielebs
danamdvilebiT gaaCndaT sakuTari sazRvrebis is xedva, romelic
exmareboda konstantonopolSi mjdom imperators mieRo esa Tu is
politikuri, religiuri Tu ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba, romelic
imperiis grZelvadian sagareo politikas qmnida. amis paralelurad,
naCvenebi iqneba isic, rom imperias gaaCnda `gansazRvruli~ sazRvrebi –
xazebi, romlis meore mxares arsebuli teritoria ar aRiqmeboda
imperiis nawilad – yovel SemTxvevaSi mTliani sasazRvro perimetris
umetes nawilSi.
Tumca, sanam gavagrZelebdeT, saWiroa gaverkvioT imaSi, Tu ras
vgulisxmobT sazRvarSi, rodesac vsaubrobT bizantiis imperiaze. rogor
unda iTargmos laTinuri sityvebi limes-i da fines-i? Fines-i ufro zogadi
saxis terminia, xolo limes-i ki, ufro konkretuli (Tumca, aqac bevri
gansxvavebuli azri arsebobs) da aRniSnavs sasazRvro teritorias,
romelic ar moicavs mxolod sasazRvro zols, aramed am zolis orive
mxares arsebul dasaxlebebs Tu safortifikacio nagebobebs da sat-
ransporto gzebs. omis warmoeba umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda gvian
antikur periodSi qveynebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi (greitreqsi,
2006: 103-105).
miuxedavad sxvadasxva mosazrebisa, rom romaelebs ar gaaCndaT imis
gancda, Tu sad mTavrdeboda maTi imperium-is sazRvrebi, istoriuli
wyaroebi amis bevr magaliTs iZlevian. 376 wels, mdinare dunais
CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoriidan romis imperiis balkanur provinciebs
guTebis didi raodenoba miuaxlovda. mdinaresTan miaxloebisTanave, bar-
barosebma romael jariskacebs sTxoves isini imperiis `teritoriaze~ –
dunais samxreTiT – SeeSvaT, risTvisac aRmosavleT romis imperator
valensis (364-378 ww.) specialuri brZaneba iyo saWiro. romaelebisTvis,
iseve, rogorc guTebisTvis, mdinare dunais gadakveTa erTi qveynidan
meoreSi gadasvlasTan iyo asocirebuli. im teritoriebze, sadac dunais
magvari geografiuli barieri ar arsebobda romaelebi agebdnen kedlebs
(skorpani, 1980: 12-35), romelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, imdenad ar iyo
TavdacvisTvis gankuTvnili, ramdenadac imperiuli teritoriis mar-
52
kirebisTvis. magaliTad, Agri Decumates-i, romelic aages ax. w. I saukuneSi
romis imperiis CrdiloeTis sazRvris im monakveTze, romelic ar iyo
daculi rainisa da dunais mdinareebiT. is rom, romaelebis mier agebuli
nagebobebi CrdiloeT sazRvarze ar iyo mxolod TavdacvisTvis, aramed
ufro sazRvris aRsaniSnad, amtkicebs is faqtic, rom, rodesac
imperatorma aurelianem (270-275 ww.) gadawyvita daetovebina Agri Decumates-
i, amas ar mohyolia barbarosTa Tavdasxmebis gamo sazRvris am
monakveTis samxedro kolafsi. sxva sityvebiT, Agri Decumates-i Tavis
droze ar iyo agebuli mxolod germaniidan momdinare barbarosuli
safrTxis mosagerieblad, aramed romis imperiis sazRvris aRsaniSnadac.
gadavinacvloT VI saukuneSi, rodesac istorikosi prokopi
kesarieli imperator iustinianes moRvaweobas aRwerda. prokopis erTerT
naSromSi De Aedeficiis, sadac aRwerilia iustinianes aRmSeneblobiTi
RonisZiebebi mTeli imperiis masStabiT, ramodenime saintereso faqti
aris Semonaxuli sazRvris cnebasTan dakavSirebiT (prokopi kesarieli,
1914-1940: De Aedeficiis, II.4.1-7). imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvarze saubrisas,
prokopis kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, Tu sad mTavrdeba imperiis
sazRvrebi da sad iwyeba sasanuri iranis teritoria. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom somxeTSi arsebuli sazRvari or imperias Soris xSirad icvleboda,
rac am teritoriaze msxvili samxedro infrastruqturis agebas
aramomgebians xdida. magram, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi iustinianem
romauli teritoriis aRsaniSnad aago mravali cixe-simagre.22 ufro
metic, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, Tu rogor saerTo politikas atarebda
imperatori, kerZod ki romis imperiis istoriuli miwebis dabrunebisTvis,
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom konstantinopolisTvis ormagad mniSvnelovani
iyo ara mxolod imperiis axali sazRvrebis efeqtiani dacva, aramed
imperiis miwebis araromauli teritoriebisgan gamijvnac.
gviani antikuri periodis romis imperatorebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom
imperium sine fine-s ideologiiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, kargad xedavdnen, Tu
sad mTavrdeboda romauli miwa da iwyeboda mezobeli qveynebis teri-
22 iustinianem, agreTve, cvlilebebi Seitana imperiis aRmosavluri sazRvris TavdacviT
zolSi. somxeTisa da samxreT kavkasiis teritoriebisTvis axali magister militum-i dainiSna.
53
toriebi. am mxriv, samagaliTo iqneba 530-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
iustinianes gadawyvetileba afrikuli miwebis dapyrobis Sesaxeb. man
kargad icoda, rom vandalebamde romaelTa samflobelo afrikaSi
mxolod kontinentis CrdiloeT nawiliT iyo Semofargluli. iustinianes
dros Seqmnil kanonTa krebulis Codex Justinianus-is erTerTi kanonis
monakveTSi saintereso informacia mogvepoveba imaze, Tu rogor
ganixilavda imperatori axladdapyrobil teritoriebs da hqonda Tu ara
mas, arsebuli ideologiis miuxedavad, dawesebuli rame zRvari romauli
Zalauflebis gavrcelebisTvis. Codex Justinianus-Si vkiTxulobT
(iustinianes kodeqsi, 1954: I.27.4):
“…usque ad illos fines prouincias africanas extendere ubi ante invasionem
Vvandalorum et Maurorum respublica romana fines habuerat et ubi custodes antiqui
seruebant, sicut ex clusuris et burgis ostenditur.”
`gavafarTovoT afrikuli provinciebi im sazRvrebamde, sadac
odesRac romis saxelmwifos sazRvrebi gadioda vandalebis da
berberebis Semosevebamde da sadac Zveli darajebi iyvnen, rac kedlebisa
da koSkebis arsebobiT mtkicdeba.~
sxva sityvebiT, iustinianem kargad icoda, Tu sad gadioda adre
romis imperiis sazRvrebi. bizantielebs esmodaT, Tu sad mTavrdeboda
imperiuli iurisdiqcia, rac nominalurad gvian antikur periodSi
sazRvrebis arsebobaze metyvelebs. vandalebis winaaRmdeg gatarebulma
samxedro kampaniis Sedegebma cxadyo, bizantielebs ar ufiqriaT
daepyroT is, rac odesRac imperias ar ekuTvnoda. belisariusis jarebs,
533-534 wlebSi, ar daukavebiaT sanapiro zolis samxreTiT arsebuli
miwebi.
Tumca, gadavinacvloT oriode saukuniT ukan. kargi magaliTia 299
wels sasanianTa SahanSah nersesa (293-302 ww.) da romis imperator
deokletianes (384-305 ww.) Soris dadebuli sazavo xelSekruleba,
romliTac or saxelmwifos Soris xangrZlivi omi dasrulda. zavis
54
mixedviT, romaelebs somxeTis ramodenime provincia gadaecaT. amasTan
erTad, zavis erTerTi punqti mimoixilavda zinTas cixesimagres,
romelic xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, iranSi, midiis sazRvarze
mdebareobda. es ki, niSnavs imas, rom romaelebs, iseve rogorc
sparselebs, kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli imperiebs Soris formaluri
sazRvrebis arsebobis saWirieba. ufro metic, amave sazavo
xelSekrulebiT mdinare tigrosi or imperias Soris arsebul sazRvrad
gamocxadda.
xelSekrulebis punqtebi metyvelebs imaze, rom romaelebs samxedro
gamarjvebebisa da axali miwebis SemoerTebis SemTxvevebSic ki, kargad
gaegebodaT sakuTari imperiis teritoriuli gafarToebis ukiduresi
xazi, romlis iqeT arsebuli miwa ar aRiqmeboda imperiul sakuTrebad.
strategiuli gadawyvetilebis miReba saimperatoro karze
omis warmoeba gvian antikuri xanis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi
maxasiaTebeli iyo. gansakuTrebiT, amis Tqma SeiZleba imperator
iustinianes mmarTvelobis periodze (527-565 ww.). mis mier wamowyebuli
reconquista-s Sedegad moxerxda CrdiloeT afrikis dapyroba, apeninis
naxevarkunZulis gaTavisufleba ostguTebisagan da espaneTis samxreTi
nawilis dabruneba (kemeroni, 1993: 104-127). amasTan erTad, aRmosavleTSi
iustinianes uwevda xosro anuSirvanis (531-579 ww.) mZlavri sasanianTa
imperiis Sekaveba. Tumca, yvelaze gasakviri ki, albaT, is unda iyos, rom
amdeni samxedro moqmedebis miuxedavad, iustinianes, adreuli
imperatorebis konstantines, valensis, Teodosiusis da sxvebis msgavsad,
TviTon monawileoba arc erT samxedro kampaniaSi ar miuRia. yvelaferi
imperiuli dedaqaliqidan imarTeboda, rac kidev erTxel metyvelebs
imaze, rom, miuxedavad arsebuli komunikaciebisa, SesaZlebeli iyo
erTdroulad ramodenime frontze samxedro moqmedebebis warmatebiT
koordinireba. amas amtkicebs isic, rom prokopis naSromebSi arsad
gvxdeba mcire cnobac ki, rom iustinianes TviTon moenaxulebina brZolis
veli, iqneba es aRmosavleTis frontze, Tu axlad dapyrobil miwebze –
CrdiloeT afrikasa da italiaSi.
rogorc iTqva, iustiniane Tavisi mefobis umetes nawils konstanti-
55
nopolSi, imperiul sasaxleSi atarebda. es nakleboba samxedro
saqmianobaSi SeiZleba im patara samxedro gamocdilebiT aixsnas, ro-
melic mas gaaCnda imperatorad gamocxadebamde. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom iustinianes qmedebebi emyareboda im axlad tradicias, romelic
395 wels imperator Teodosiusis gardacvalebis Semdeg iqna SemoRebuli.
misi Svilebi arkadiusi da honoriusi ar monawileobdnen samxedro
kampaniebSi – tradicia, romelic maTi memkvidreebis dros ufro gamyarda.
Tumca, amas ar Seumcirebia imperatorebis survili miRweuli samxedro
warmatebebi sakuTari TavisTvis mieweraT. iustiniane am mxriv karg
magaliTs warmoadgens, rodesac konstantinopolSi, wminda sofiis taZris
win, Tavisi, rogorc sasanianebze gamarjvebulis, cxenze amxedrebuli
Zegli daadgmevina (kemeroni, 1993: 104-127). meore magaliTi aseve
iustinianes mmarTvelobaSi gvxvdeba, rodesac belisariusma gamarjveba
moipova vandalebze da maTi damarcxebuli mefe gelimeri tyved Caiyvana
konstantinopolSi. vandalTa mefe ipodromze gaatares, sadac man,
saimperatoro loJasTan gasvlisas, iustinianes Tayvani sca (prokopi
kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV. IV.IX.12).
magram, isev davubrundeT mTavar sakiTxs: Tu imperatori pirdapir
ar monawileobda samxedro kampaniebis warmoebaSi, rogor xdeboda
strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone gadawyvetilebebis miReba? es sakiTxi
pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli arsebuli naSromis mTavar TemasTan:
gaaCnda Tu ara bizantiis imperias IV-VII ss. grZelvadiani politika
imperiis sazRvrebis gaswvriv mcxovrebi xalxebis mimarT?
Sesabamisad, strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis
Sesaswavlad, Tavdapirvelad saWiroa ganvixiloT imperiis samxedro
potenciali. periodi, romelic aq iqneba pirobiTad ganxiluli, aris
iustinianes mmarTveloba (527-565 ww.). radgan werilobiTi wyaroebis
raodenobis mixedviT, es aris gvian antikur epoqis yvelaze mdidari
monakveTi. arqeologiuri da paleografiuri monacemebi aranakleb
mniSvnelovania, Tumca Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
werilobiT wyaroebze. aq gamoirCeva prokopi kesarielis mier
datovebuli iustinianes omebisa da aRmSeneblobis aRwera. prokopis
upiratesoba, garda naSromebis im didi raodenobisa, romelic man Cven
56
dagvitova, agreTve imaSicaa, rom is, rogorc belisariusTan
daaxloebuli piri, sxvadasxva saomari moqmedebebis uSualo
TviTmxilveli iyo. prokopis garda, aseve niSandoblivia
konstantinopoleli iuristis, agaTias mier dawerili prokopis istoriis
gagrZeleba, sadac avtori mimoixilavs ostguTebis winaaRmdeg
warmoebuli omis bolo etaps da detalurad gadmogvcems bizantiisa da
sasanianTa iranis brZolas samxreT kavkasiaSi. aranakleb mniSvnelovania,
agreTve, menandre proteqtoris istoria, romelic ZiriTadad,
mimoixilavs movlenebs 557 wlidan 565 wels iustinianes
gardacvalebamde. menandres wyaro gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa, radgan
is moicavs cnobebs im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romelic imperiis
sazRvrebidan Sors, Tanamedrove centraluri aziis teritoriaze,
xdeboda (menandre proteqtori, 1985).
garda zemo moyvanili ZiriTadi werilobiTi wyaroebisa, agreTve
mniSvnelovania bizantiuri warmomavlobis samxedro traqtatebi.
erTerTia anonimuri naSromi saxelwodebiT `strategiaze~, romelic
iustinianes mmarTvelobiT TariRdeba (kuCma, 2001: 37-50; 208-243). meore,
ufro cnobili naSromia `strategikoni~, romelic pirobiTad imperator
mavrikes ekuTvnis da daaxloebiT VII saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba
(mavrike, 2004: 5-59).
strategiuli gadawvetilebis miRebis procesi: omis gamocxadeba
vandalebis winaaRmdeg
prokopis naSromSi `omi vandalebTan~ sakmaod bevr monacems vawyde-
biT imaze, Tu rogor mimdinareobda mzadeba konstantinopolidan
CrdiloeT afrikaSi, belisariusis meTaurobiT, 15,000-iani samxedro
eqspediciis gasagzavnad. prokopi aRwers araformalur konsiliums,
romelic iustinianem moiwvia saomari moqmedebebis mosamzadeblad:
`rodesac imperator iustinianem gansazRvra, rom viTareba sakmaod
xelsayreli iyo rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve sparseTTan urTierTobaSi,
man mTeli Tavisi yuradReba CrdiloeT afrikisken gadaitana. magram,
rodesac man gaumxila Tavis momxreebs, rom agrovebda jars vandalebisa
57
da gelimeris23 winaaRmdeg, maTi umravlesoba ukmayofilo iyo am
gadawyvetilebiT da ganixilavda mas Secdomad. isini ixseniebdnen
imperator leos eqspedicias, basiliskes warumateblobas,24 Tu ramdeni
jari daiRupa da ramdeni fuli dakarga saxelmwifom. adamianebi,
romelic yvelaze metad iyvnen Sewuxebulebi, iyvnen pretorianeli
prefeqti, xazinis gamgebeli da isini visac evaleboda gadasaxadebis
akrefva...
magram, erTaderTma adamianma, romelmac gabeda winaaRmdegoba gaewia
imperatorisTvis, raTa xeli SeeSala eqspediccisTvis, pretorianeli
prefeqti ioane kapadokieli iyo (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV. III.10).”
am amonaridSi naTlad Cans, Tu ra faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba
esaWiroeboda romis imperators mniSvnelovani samxedro gadawyvetilebis
miRebis win. iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove periodSi, mmarTveli bizantiis
imperiaSi, iseTic ki rogoric iyo avtokrati iustiniane, ekiTxeboda
moxeleebs ekonomikuri dabrkolebebis Sesaxeb, romelic samxedro
kampaniisTvis mzadebisas Seiqmneboda. is faqti, rom iustinianes gegmas
SeewinaaRmdega pretorianeli prefeqti ioane kapadokieli, metyvelebs
imaze, Tu rogori mniSvnelovani iyo ekonomikuri sakiTxis (iqneba es
damatebiTi gadasaxadebis akrefva, Tu xazinidan omis meti dafinanseba)
gaTvaliswineba saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde.
Tumca, ekonomikur sakiTxebTan erTad, iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo moRvawe, strategiuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis win,
iustinianes surda or frontze omi Tavidan aecilebina. Sesabamisad,
mniSvnelovani iyo aRmosavleTSi samxedro moqmedebebis dasruleba
dasavleTSi omis sawarmoeblad, samxedro da ekonomikuri resursebis
koncentrirebisTvis. Tumca, rogorc wyarodan Cans, omis gamocxadebiT
gamowveul SesaZlo ekonomikur problemebze maRla dadga (yovel
SemTxvevaSi, ritorikulad) imperatoris religiuri politikis
moTxovnebi – kerZod ki daxmareba gaewia CrdiloeT afrikaSi vandalebis
mmarTvelobis qveS Cagrul orTodoqs qristianebisTvis. prokopi
23 im dros vandalebis mefe. 24 468 wels.
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ramodenimejer axsenebs, Tu rogor agrovebda cnobebs iustiniane
qristianebis gausaZlis pirobebze afrikaSi da imperatoris sapasuxo
werilebze vandalebis mefe gelimerisadmi. iustiniane, afrikaSi samxedro
intervenciisTvis ritorikulad iyenebda religiur mizezs: vandalebis
ariozelobas – qristianobis mwvalebluri mimarTuleba, romelic III
saukunis aleqsandrieli beri ariozis mier iyo Camoyalibebuli. raoden
moulodnelic ar unda yofiliyo, vandalebis mmarTveloba afrikaSi
daeca belisariusis meTaurobiT 15,000-iani bizantiuri jaris Semotevis
Semdeg. swrafi gamarjvebis miuxedavad, samxedro kampaniam didi wnexi
daatana imperiis ekonomikur resursebs, radgan konstantinopoli
iZulebuli iyo jari permanentulad hyoloda ganlagebuli
axladSemoerTebul teritoriebze.
sainteresoa, Tu ra samxedro memkvidreoba darCa iustinianes da ra
cvlilebebi ganorcielda am sferoSi misi reformatoruli
mmarTvelobis xanaSi. struqturulad, IV saukuneSi konstantine didis
mier SemoRebuli reformebis Semdeg, romaul jars mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi ar ganucdia. marTalia, arc prokopisTan da arc romelime
sxva VI saukunis istorikosTan ar gvxdeba terminebi comitatenses da
limitanei, sxvaoba am savele da sasazRvro jarebs Soris ucvleli darCa.
iustinianes taxtze asvlis droisTvis imperiaSi arsebobda xuTi
regionuli savele jari (ori konstantinopolTan, TiTo jari
ilirikumSi, TrakiaSi da imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvarze), romelTa
saTaveSic magister militum-ebi idgnen. Semdeg, imperatorma meeqvse savele
jaric Seqmna (li, 2006: 120-125), xolo aRmosavleTis savele jari or
nawilad daiyo – erTi somxeTis, meore ki mesopotamiuri provinciebis
dasacavad. es nabiji, savaraudod, pirdapiri pasuxi iyo sasanianTa
gaZlierebul interesze samxreT kavkasiaSi.
Tumca, IV da VI saukuneebis imperiul jarebs Soris am
fundamenturi msgavsobebis miuxedavad, ramodenime saxecvla imperiulma
jarma mainc ganicada. kavaleria ufro metad aqtiur rols TamaSobda
sabrZolo moqmedebebSi, xolo foederati da bucellarii metad popularuli
sajariso SenaerTebi gaxdnen. romaelebi foederati-ebs eZaxdnen ucxoelebs,
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romelnic romaul jarSi msaxurobdnen (li, 2006: 120-125), xolo bucellarii
ki, Tavdapirvelad Seiqmna, rogorc samxedro generlebis piradi dacva.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, bucellarii sakmaod mZlavr saomar erTeulebad
gadaiqca.
ramdenad didi iyo iustinianes jari? VI saukunis istorikosi
agaTia aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi 150,000-iani jaris Sesaxeb wers.
Tumca, istorikosebis umetesoba miiCnevs, rom agaTias mocemuli aqvs
arsebuli jaris minimaluri raodenoba, radgan is, zogadad, aris
ukmayofilo iustinianes mier gatarebuli samxedro politikiT. ufro
swori iqneboda, gvefiqra 300,000-350,000-ian jarze aRmosavleT romis
imperiis samsaxurSi. rTulad warmosadgenia, rom konstantinopols amaze
didi jaris mobilizeba moexerxebina mas Semdeg rac imperia 395 wels
orad daiyo. ori imperatoris arseboba romaul samyaroSi or
saxelmwifo aparatis arsebobas gulisxmobda rac, pirvel rigSi, imperiis
samxedro potencialis dayofas niSnavda. garda amisa, CvenTvis arsebuli
monacemebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom V saukunidan moyolebuli, aRmosavleT
romis imperiis calkeuli jarebis raodenoba ar iyo didi.
502 wels SahanSah kavadma konstantinopols omi gamoucxada, riTac
daasrula saukenuze metxans gagrZelebuli TanamSromloba or imperias
Soris.25 prokopisTan gvxvdeba pirdapiri cnoba, rom 503 wels imperator
anastasiusis dros, moxerxda CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi sasanianTa
Zalebis winaaRmdeg 52,000-iani jaris ganlageba. magram, es ricxvi ufro
gamonakliss warmoadgenda. wyaroebis mixedviT, iustinianes jarebis
rixcvi meryeobda 15,000-dan 30,000-mde (li, 2006: 120-125).26 amasTan erTad,
VII saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebul samxedro staqtat Strategikon-Si,
15,000-20,000-kaciani jari sakmaod did erTeuladaa miCneuli. damatebiT
argumentad SegviZlia isic gamoviyenoT, rom ramodenime frontze saomar
moqmedebaSi myof iustinianes gauWirdeboda erTdroulad italiaSi
osTguTebisa da mesopotamiaSi sasanianTa jarebis winaaRmdeg 35,000-50,000-
25 TanamSromloba, ZiriTadad, usafrTxoebis saerTo koncepciis SemuSavebaze mimdinareobda evraziis stepebidan momdinare nomaduri safrTxis aRmosafxvrelad. 26 Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom xSiri iyo ufro mcirericxviani sajariso SenaerTebis operireba fronis xazebze. ase, magaliTad, egrisSi sasanian jarebTan brZolaSi qarTvelebis dasaxmareblad, iustinianem 5,000-6,000-iani jari gamoagzavna.
60
iani jarebis gamoyvana.
iustinianes periodSi iseve, rogorc adreul saukuneebSi, jaris
Sevseba xdeboda ori gziT: 1. jarSi msaxurebis ufleba/valdebuleba
memkvidreobiT gadaicemoda mamidan Svilze; 2. ucxoelebis daqiraveba.
Sesabamisad, ar aris gasakviri hunebis, guTebis, islamamdeli arabebis27
da sxva germanuli, Tu nomaduri warmomavlobis xalxebis imperiul
jarSi integrireba.28
jarze ixarjeboda imperiis adamianuri, Tu ekonomikuri resursebis
didi nawili. sxvadasxva gamoTvlebiT jarze yovelwliurad imperiis
xazinis naxevari, an 3/4 ixarjeboda.29 gamoTvlebis gakeTeba
SesaZlebelia, Tu gvecodineba ramdens xarjavda imperia TiToeul
jariskacze. III saukuneSi dawyebulma inflaciam daaqveiTa romaeli
jariskacis xelfasis – stipendium-is – TviTRirebuleba. inflaciam iseT
zomebs miaRwia, rom saxelmwifo iZulebuli iyo SemoeRo naturaluri
gadasaxadi – annona. Tumca, am sistemiT amoRebuli gadasaxadebis erTi
teritoriidan meoreSi gadatana iwvevda satransporto problemebs.
amitomac, droTa msvlelobaSi, annona-m modifikacia ganicada da VI
saukuneSi saxelmwifo zog imperiul sajariso SenaerTs naturalur
gadasaxads, zogs ki – fuls uxdida.30 agreTve, arsebobda bonusebi,
romelic gadaecemoda jariskacebs taxtze axali imperatoris
asvlisTanave da misi mmarTvelobis yovel momdevno mexuTe weliwads.31
27 Tumca, eseni struqturulad ar erwymodnen imperiul jarebs, magaliTad, siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi, aramed, xSir SemTxvevebSi, damxmare erTeulebad gamodiodnen. 28 mkvlevarTa erTi jgufi miiCnevs, rom 540-ian wlebSi gavrcelebuli Wiris Semdeg imperiuli jari ufro metad eyrdnoboda daqiravebul ucxoelebs. Tumca, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT, Tu ra negatiuri gavlena moaxdina Wirma imperiis soflis mosaxleobaze, saidanac xdeboda jaris ZiriTadi nawilebis gamoyvana. aseve unda avRniSnoT, rom zusti statistikuri monacemebis moyvana SeuZlebelia. ramodenime istokirosi miiCnevs, rom, daaxloebiT, imperiis mosaxleobis 1/3 unda ganadgurebuliyo, saidanac didi wili soflis macxovreblebze midioda. zomieri midgoma am sakiTxisadmi aris is, rom miuxedavad rTuli mdgomareobisa, romelic Seiqmna epidemiis Semdeg, sofelSi mosaxleobis daklebas ar unda Seeqmna krizisuli mdgomareoba jaris SevsebaSi. amasTan erTad, arqeologiuri monacemebi imperiis sxvadasxva regionidan, magaliTad siridan, metyvelebs imaze, rom soflis mosaxleoba ara marto ar daklebula VI saukunis Sua xanebSi, aramed momatebulic ki iyo. 29 Tumca, es gamoTvlebi pirobiTia zusti ekonomikuri monacemebis ararsebobis da gamo. 30 zogadad, naturalur gadasaxads limitanei-ebs, xolo fuls ki comitatenses–is jarebs uxdidnen. 31 bonusebi yovel xuT weliwadSi exmareboda ama Tu im imperators imperiuli jaris loialuroba SeenarCunebina. mniSvnelovania isic, rom axali imperatoris dros
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amasTan erTad, jariskacebs eZleodaT damatebiTi Tanxebi samxedro
aRWurvilobis SesaZenaT.32
eseTi iyo V saukunis imperiuli jaris infrastruqtura.
sistemisTvis mTavar sirTules warmoadgenda samxedro kampaniis mowyoba.
yvelaze msxvili saeqspedicio jari VI saukunis dasawyisSi imperator
anastasiusis dros iyo mobilizebuli. 503 wels anastisiusma 52,000-iani
jari Sekriba, xolo 533 wels iustinianem 15,000-iani saeqspedicio jari
gaagzavna CrdiloeT afrikis vandalebisgan gasaTavisufleblad.
belisariusis jaris es ricxvi mniSvnelovnad naklebia, vidre
anastasiusis mier Sekrebili laSqari. miuxedavad amisa, 15,000-ian jars
yoveldRiurad esaWiroeboda 30 tona xorbali, 13 tona sakvebi da 30,000
galoni wyali. Sesabamisad, urbanizebul teritoriebze omis warmoeba
ufro martivi iyo, radgan ar iyo rTuli sakvebisa, Tu wylis moZieba
minimaluri raodenobiT mainc (vitbi: 2008: 288-311).
es SedarebiT patara saeqspedicio jarebi sakmaod efeqtiani iyo
mtris damarcxebisTvis. ase, 530 wels, belisariusma sasanianTa didi
jaris damarcxeba moaxerxa qalaq darasTan (CrdiloeT
mesopotamia).Pparalelurad, imave wels, sxva orma bizantielma
mxedarTmTavarma, sitasma da doroTeusma gamarjveba moipoves isev
sasanianTa mravalricxovan jarebze. vandalebis winaaRmdeg mowyobilma
kampaniam sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo belisariusis mier or brZolaSi, ad
dekimumTan da trikamarumTan, gamarjvebebis mopovebis Semdeg. am pe-
riodSi mcirericxovani bizantiuri jariT mravalricxovan metoqeze ga-
marjvebebis sakmaod didi siis Sedgena SeiZleba.33
VI saukunis bizantiuri jarebis aseTi efeqtianobis erTerTi mizezi
iyo qveiTi erTeulebis roli. agreTve, VI saukuneSi kavaleriamac daikava
sakmaod mniSvnelovani roli. bizantieli mSvildosnebis upiratesobam
guTebis SubiT SeiaraRebul kavaleriaze mravalmxriv ganapiroba ita-
gacemuli bonusi daaxloebiT udrida ori wlis naturalur gadasaxads, xolo yovel xuT weliwadSi gacemuli bonusi ki – erTi wlis naturalur gadasaxads. 32 es ki xorcieldeboda imperiul qarxnebSi (fabricae). 33 Tundac, aRsaniSnavia iseTi gamarjvebebi rogoric aris narses mier guTebis damarcxeba taginasTan da mons laktariusTan (italia) 552 wels, xolo 554 wels ki frankebze kasilinusTan. germanusma (aseve bizantielma mxedarTmTavarma) dunaize antebi daamarcxa iustinianes gamefebamde, xolo 530 wels mundusma ki, bulgarelebi daamarcxa.
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liis dapyroba. aRsaniSnavia, rom xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac mSvil-
dosnebi cxenebidan Camodiodnen da brZolas qveiT jarTan erTad
agrZelebdnen. garda amisa, imperiuli jari gamoirCeoda discipliniT,
romelic ukve saukuneebis tradicias iTvlida. bizantiel
mxedarTmTavrebs gaaCndaT uamravi strategia, Tu rogor unda
SeenarCunebinaT, an gaeZlierebinaT disciplinis done jarSi, iyo es
sistemuri varjiSebis dawesebiT, Tu damrRvevTaTvis mkacri jarimebis
SemoRebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom xelfasebis gadauxdelobisas xSiri iyo
sabrZolo moralis daqveiTebis SemTxvevebic.
miuxedavad zemonaxsenebi warmatebuli samxedro sistemisa,
gamarjvebebi calkeul brZolebSi ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc
imperiis samxedro Zlierebis sazomi. imperiul jarebs bevri marcxic aqvs
gancdili dabali samxedro momzadebis mqone jarebTan.34 amitomac,
saWiroa imperiis moqmedebebis kompleqsuri Seswavla: yvela arsebuli
ekonomikuri, Tu adamianuri resursis, dazvervis efeqtianobis da a. S. am
mxriv, karg magaliTs warmoadgens vandalebis winaaRmdeg mowyobili
eqspedicia. marTalia, ad dekimumTan da trikamarumTan gamarTuli
brZolebi gadamwyveti iyo vandalTa gasanadgureblad, belisariusis
warmateba 15,000-iani jariT ar iqneboda iseTi martivi, rom ara ajanyebebi
tripolitaniasa (vandalTa samefos erTerTi provincia) da kunZul
sardiniaze, romelTa CaxSobisTvis gelimers samxedro Zalebis
gadanawileba uwevda ramodenime frontze. amasTan erTad,
konstantinopolSi kargad icodnen, rom CrdiloeT afrikis mosaxleobis
sakmaod didi nawili, romelic diofiziti35 iyo, dadebiTad iyo
ganwyobili religiurad moZme bizantielebis samxedro Zalebis
gamoCenisadmi. es ukve metyvelebs imaze, Tu rogori sadazvervo
samuSaoebi hqonda gatarebuli iustinianes xelisuflebas kampaniis
dawyebamde. prokopi kesarielis narativi am omis Sesaxeb mkiTxvels
utovebs STabeWdilebas, rom konstantinopolSi isic ki icodnen, Tu
ramdeni vandali cxovrobda afrikaSi da ra socialuri foni arsebobda
im droisTvis. radgan prokopi belisariusis proteJes warmoadgenda da
34 brZola adrianopolTan 378 wels guTebis winaaRmdeg. 35 gavixsenoT, rom vandalebi arianelebi iyvnen.
63
sakuTriv bevri aRwerili movlenis mowme iyo, martivad savaraudebelia,
rom am informacias flobdnen imperiis samxedro Stabis wevrebi,
rodesac samxedro moqmedebebs amzadebdnen. igives Tqma SeiZleba
belisariusis mier guTebis damarcxebaze italiaSi, rodesac guT
liderebs Soris arsebulma winaaRmdegobebma xeli Seuwyo bizantielTa
gamarjvebebs. Sesabamisad, bizantielTa samxedro warmatebebze saubrisas,
saWiroa ganxilul iqnas, sxvadasxva faqtori, iqneba es ekonomikuri,
politikuri, religiuri, Tu usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi.
mniSvnelovania, agreTve, bizantielebis mier saalyo teqnikis
gamoyeneba. belisariusma Tavis afrikul, Tu italiur kampaniebSi
bevrjer gamoiyena specialuri danadgarebi da alyis sxva meTodebi,
iqneba es alyaSi myofTaTvis wylis miwodebis SezRudva Tu sakvebis
ganadgureba.36 es ki, metyvelebs bizantielebSi samxedro codnis maRal
doneze. saalyo teqnikis gamoyeneba aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo
sasanianebTan brZolaSi CrdiloeT mesopotamiasa, Tu samxreT kavkasiaSi.
magram, vandalebTan da guTebTan SedarebiT, aq bizantielebis
upiratesoba naklebad TvalsaCino iyo, radgan iranelebs aranaklebi
samxedro gamocdileba gaaCndaT.37 es kargad gamoCnda kavadis mier 502
wels dawyebul omSi (greitreqsi, 1998: 35-66).
bizantiis jaris efeqtianobaze saubrisas, martivia yuradReba ar
mivaqcioT iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, rogoric aris saomari moqmdebebis
roli imperiis rigiT mosaxleobaze. am mxriv, yvelaze metad dazaralda
urbanuli centrebi, magaliTad italiaSi, siriasa da CrdiloeT
mesopotamiaSi. Cven ukve vaxseneT, Tu ra xSiri iyo apeninis
naxevarkunZulze belisariusis samxedro kampaniis dros didi urbanuli
centrebis alyebi. sagrZnoblad dazaralebuli iyo siriis didi qalaqebi,
36 unda aRiniSnos isic, rom qalaqebi xSirad Signidan tydeboda, rodesac araguTuri mosaxleoba bizantielebis mxares gadaioda. 37 amasTan erTad, unda vaxsenoT swrafi Tavdasxmebisa da ukan daxevis taqtikebi, rac TiTqos da ucxo unda yofiliyo bizantielebisTvis, Tumca nomad xalxebTan samxedro kotaqtebma garkveuli gavlena moaxdines am taqtikis SemoRebisTvis. amasTan erTad, bizantielebi msgavs samxero aqtivobebSi mokavSire xalxebTan arab tomebTan (siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi) Tu berberebTan (CrdiloeT afrikaSi) erTad ebmeodnen. arabebi, iseve rogorc berberebi, geografiuli pirobebis da gamo, maRali mobilobiT gamoirCeodnen da Sesabamisad efeqtian Zalas warmoadgendnen sadazvervo saqmianobisTvis Tu mciremasStabiani Setevebis gansaxorcieleblad. Sesabamisad, bizantielebi iyenebdnen maT rogorc mokavSireebs sazRvrebis dacvaSi.
64
rogoric aris alepo da antioqia, magaliTad 540-ian wlebSi xosro
anuSirvanis Semosevebis dros. urbanuli centrebis alyebi, rogorc wesi,
sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze mimdinareobda. magaliTad, roms
orjer Semoartyes alya. TiTo alyam TiTo weli gastana – 537-538 da 545-
546 ww. prokopis italiuri qalaqebis alyebis aRwerilobaSi bevrjer
gvxvdeba faqtebi, Tu ra gaWirvebamde iyo dayvanili urbanuli
mosaxleoba.38 msxvili centrebis mosaxleoba imiTac zaraldeboda, rom
xangrZlivi alyis Semdeg mteri ZiriTadad qalaqis ZarcviT asrulebda
urCi mosaxleobis dasjas.39
msgavsi argumentebis moyvana SeiZleba soflis mosaxleobazec.
elementaruli mizezi ki albaT isaa, rom samxedro kampaniebis dros
jarebi wyalsa da sxva sakvebs, ZiriTadad, soflis mosaxleobis xarjze
moipovebdnen, Tu imperiuli centrebidan sakvebis transportireba
ferxdeboda. jaris gavlas soflebSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mohyveboda
Zarcva da mosaxleobis qonebis dazianeba an ganadgureba. es
gansakuTrebulad maSin xdeboda, rodesac brZola warumateblad
mTavrdeboda da sajariso SenaerTebi qaoturad ixevdnen ukan.
xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac mosaxleoba iZulebuli iyo
sacxovrebeli adgili Seecvala da axali, naklebad saxifaTo
teritoriebi daekavebinaT. arqeologiurad mtkicdeba, magaliTad, 540-ian
wlebSi centralursa da samxreT italiaSi sacxovrebeli vilebis
mitovebis faqtebi. prokopisTan ramodenime cnoba aris Semonaxuli
amasTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac is aRwers italiuri qalaqis emilias
mosaxleobis beds (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: 6.20.18-22). emilias
mosaxleobam datova sakuTari teritoria da qalaq picenumisken
gadaixvewa, imis imediT, rom misi teritoriuli mdebareoba (picenumi
zRvispira qalaqi iyo) xels Seuwyobda mosaxleobis martiv gamokvebas.
38 ufro metic, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi qalaq amidas alyisas (sasanur iranTan 502 wels ganaxlebuli saomari moqmedebebis Semdeg) wyaroebSi kanibalizmis fatebic aris naxsenebi. rTulia imis Tqma simarTles Seesabameba es cnobebi, Tu avtorebs surdaT gaemuqebinaT arsebuli mdgomareoba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, es cnobebi unda metyvelebdes urbanuli mosaxleobis sakmaod rTul mdgomareobaze. 39 ramodenime magaliTi sakmarisi iqneba. 540 wels, sanam iustinianes jarebi dasavleTSi iyvnen dakavebulni, xosrom antioqia aiRo alyis Semdeg. ara mxolod mosaxleobis nawi-lbriv ganadgureba ganxorcielda, aramed nawilis gadasaxleba iranSi. xosrom dedaqalaq qtesifonTan daaarsa axali qalaqi antioqiis mosaxleobiT.
65
prokopis mier post-vandaluri CrdiloeT afrikis aRwerilobac
adgilobrivi umZimesi socialuri fonis bevr faqts gadmogvcems. soflis
mosaxleobis masobrivi gadasaxlebebi agreTve xSiri iyo balkaneTSi,
rodesac 540-550 wlebSi dunaispireTidan slavebis tomebis masStaburi
Semosevebi daiwyo. imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi, magaliTad
epigrafikuli masaliT mdidar siriaSi, 540-550 wlebSi Semonaxuli arc
erTi epigrafikuli Zegli gvxvdeba. amis dakavSireba ki sasanur iranTan
warmoebul omebiT da Wiris epidemiasTan SeiZleba. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos isic, rom permanentulma samxedro moqmedebebma nawilobriv
dadebiTi Sedegic gamoiRo, radgan masStaburad mimdinareobda cixe-
simagreebis gamagreba/aSeneba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom safortifikacio
nagebobebze muSaoba ara iZulebiT, aramed Cveulebriv saxelfaso
samsaxurs warmoadgenda, rac xels uwyobda socialuri donis amaRlebas
dasaqmebulTa raodenobis gazrdiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iustinianes jarebi sakmaod efeqtian samxedro
erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, xolo samxedro sistema (samxedro infras-
truqtura) ki, erTdroulad ramodenime frontze sxvadasxva Zalis mqone
mowinaaRmdegesTan oms uZlebda. imperiulma samxedro manqanam mraval
cvlilebas gauZlo. Tu 532 wels vandalebis winaaRmdeg samxedro
moqmedebebis warmoeba mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac iustinianem zavi dado
xosrosTan da Sesabamisad, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, erT frontze
(vandalebTan) mouwevda omis warmoeba, 540-550-ian wlebSi bizantielebs
erTdroulad sami mimarTulebiT uwevdaT brZolebis gamarTva. imperiis
samxedro infrastruqturam am wnexs warmatebiT gauZlo. amas unda
daematos Wiris epidemiac da masTan dakavSirebuli bizantiur soflebSi
adamianuri resursebis Semcireba (hordeni, 2006: 134-155). guTebTan,
afrikaSi berber meamboxeebTan da sasanianebTan brZolebis paralelurad,
bizantielebs safrTxes ukve slavebic uqmnidnen dunaispireTidan.
konstantinopols konkurenciisTvis unda gaeZlo sasanianebTan samxreT
arabeTSi, indoeTis portebSi da siria-mesopotamiaSi winaislamuri epoqis
arabi mokavSireebis mozidvaSi. xolo, rodesac imperiuli jarebi
warumateblobas ganicdidnen, magaliTad italiaSi guTebis winaaRmdeg,
es, ZiriTadad, gamowveuli iyo uTanxmoebebiT romael mxedarTmTavrebs
66
Soris an jariskacebisTvis xelfasebis gadauxdelobiT da amiT
gamowveuli samxedro moralis dacemiT. amavdroulad, is nakli, romelic
imperiul jars gaaCnda udabnosa da mTian regionebSi omis warmoebisas,
ZiriTadad, bizantiuri diplomatiis meSveobiT balansdeboda.
67
Tavi III
barbarosebis qveyanaSi
1. Sida aziis geografia
IV saukunis 70-iani wlebSi hunebis, dunaispireTSi gamoCeniT daiwyo
cnobili `xalxTa didi gadasaxleba~. rogorc davinaxeT, am procesma
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina aRmosavleT romis imperiis
ganviTarebaze, imperatorebis msoflmxedvelobaze da gamoiwvia bizantiis
imperiis samxedro strategiis Secvla. Cven amaze sakmaod bevri
visaubroT, Tumca kiTxvaze, Tu ratom esxmodnen nomadebi imperias
CrdiloeTidan, pasuxi ar gagvicia. am da momdevno TavSi zustad es
problema iqneba ganxiluli. Cemis azriT, amosaval wertils am sakiTxis
garkvevisTvis geografiuli pirobebi warmoadgens. da bolos, aq
motanili msjeloba relevanturi iqneba, ara mxolod bizantiisTvis,
aramed sasanuri iranisTvisac, romelic nomadebis Semosevebis pirvel
talRas xvdeboda centraluri aziidan da kavkasionidan.
momdevno TavSi, Sida aziis koncefciis ganxilvisas, yuradReba,
ZiriTadad, gamaxvilebuli iqneba stepebis ekonomikaze da mis rolze
barbarosebsa da civilur samyaros Soris urTierTobis damyarebaSi.
saubari, agreTve, iqneba Sida aziaSi40 arsebul geografiul pirobebze. es
pirobebi ki, amosaval wertils warmoadgenda evraziis stepebsa, Tu
evropaSi, kerZod ki, ungreTis dablobze mcxovrebi barbarosebis
40 regioni, romelic pirobiTad moicavs yofil sabWoTa kavSiris teritorias samxreT kavkasiisa da TurqmeneTis gamoklebiT.
68
ekonomikuri cxovrebis modelis garkvevisTvis. aranakleb mniSvnelovania,
agreTve, gaverkvioT imaSi, Tu ratom gaxda stepi is geografiuli
landSafti, romelSic iqmneboda aTasobiT kilometrze, dunaidan
kaspiamde, gadaWimuli nomaduri imperiebi (hunebi, avarebi, yivCaRebi da
sxva). Sida aziis geografiuli pirobebis ganxilva mniSvnelovania kidev
erTi sakiTxis garkvevisTvis: rogor moxda, rom ganviTarebis primitiul
doneze mcxovrebi barbarosebi samxedro saqmeSi axerxebdnen bizantiisa
da sasanuri imperiebis Seviwroebas am saxelmwifoebis CrdiloeT
sazRvris mTel gayolebaze, centraluri aziidan, gurganis velidan
(kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT), evropaSi, mdinare rainamde.
evraziis kontinentis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi, wlis umetesi drois
ganmavlobaSi, mTlianad yinuliTa da TovliT aris dafaruli. mxolod
ukanaskneli saukunis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSna zednadebi Tovlisa da
yinulis donis Semcireba evraziis CrdiloeT napirebTan. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Tanamedrove gemebiT gamartivda arqtikis yinulis zRudis
gadalaxva, es gza dResac, rogorc bolo mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
mowyvetilia msoflios okeanes da masze gamaval savaWro gzebs (bergi,
1950: 61-75).
ise moxda, rom evraziis kontinentis sami udidesi mdinare lena,
ienisei da obi evraziis Sua teritoriidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT,
navosnobisTvis miuwvdomel CrdiloeT okeaneSi miedineba da, Sesabamisad,
saokeano navigaciisgan mowyvetilia. es samive mdinare msoflioSi
yvelaze did dablobze moedineba. mdinare obi moedineba dasavleT
cimbiris dablobze, romlis umaRlesi wertilic zRvis donidan 285
metrs Seadgens. obisa da irtiSis saTaveebidan CrdiloeT okeanemde
moyolebuli, dasavleT cimbiris vake, realurad, warmoadgens msoflioSi
yvelaze did Waobs (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 23). dasavleT cimbiris
aRmosavleTiT Sua cimbiris dablobi mdebareobs, romlis gaswvrivac
mdinare enisei miedineba. Sua cimbiris dablobi zRvis donidan SedarebiT
ufro maRla mdebareobs, vidre dasavleT cimbiris dablobi, Tumca misi
umaRlesi wertili 1678 metria, rac umeteswilad, gamonakliss
warmoadgens (saSualo simaRle, daaxloebiT, 800 metrs aRwevs).
Sesabamisad, miuxedavad sxvaobisa simaRleSi zRvis donidan da
69
sxvadasxva geografiuli saxelis qonisa, dasavleT cimbiris da Sua
cimbiris dablobebi realurad erT did gigantur dablobs qmnian
(kaplani, 2013: 154-160). Sua cimbiris dablobis aRmosavleTiT, mdinare
lena moedineba, romelsac, saSualod, 2,500 metris simaRlis mqone qedebi
esazRvreba (msoflio atlasi, 1999: 8-9). mxolod verxoianskis da Cerskis
qedebi qmnian sakmaod maRal mTian regions, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos
zemo aRwerili `giganturi dablobis~ aRmosavleT sazRvrad (msoflio
atlasi, 1999: 8-9).
ganvixiloT Sida aziaSi mdebare sxva mdinareebic. iseTi didi
mdinareebi, rogorebic arian, amudaria da sirdaria, miedinebian
msoflios yvelaze did _ kaspiis da aralis _ tbebSi da, Sesabamisad,
mowyvetilebi arian saokeano naviagacias. SedarebisTvis, dunais da rainis
mdinareebi, dResac ki, aqtiurad gamoiyenebian kontinenturi vaWrobisTvis
(msoflio atlasi, 1999: 8-9).
evraziis kontinentis CrdiloeT da centraluri nawilebis
samdinaro sistemebis analizisas, Semdegi dasknis gakeTeba SeiZleba:
mTeli teritoria kamCatkidan Sav zRvamde da evraziis ukiduresi
CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT, iranis mTian regionamde da mis aRmosavleTiT
mdebare gobis udabnomde, aris Caketili teritoria mezRvaurebisTvis da
rTuli klimaturi pirobebis gamo qmnis erT regions, romelsac
SegviZlia, pirobiTad, davarqvaT Sida azia. evropasTan da samxreT da
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasTan SedarebiT, Sida azia gamoTiSulia
saokeano navigacias. didi albaTobiT, zustad aman (civ klimatTan erTad)
ganaporoba isic rom, civilizaciebi ar iqmneboda iseTi didi mdinareebis
gaswvriv rogorebic aris lena, ienisei, obi, volga da sxva (makinderi,
1944: 53-82).
Magram, davubrundeT Cveni `did dablobis~ dasavleT nawils,
romelic samxreTiT, zRvis donidan, daaxloebiT, 1,100 metrian sibrtyeSi
gadadis (dRevandeli yazaxeTi, kerZod ki astanasa da karaRandas garSemo
mdebare teritoria). am sibrtyidan, samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT,
kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleT napirebamde Turanis dablobia. masSi Sedian
aralis zRva, mdinareebi amudaria da sirdaria da ufro samxreTiT ukve,
iranis maRalmTian regions esazRvreba, kerZod ki, elbursis mTian
70
sistemas. Sesabamisad, evraziis am nawilis geografiuli eqskursis
mTavari daskvna aris is, rom, pirobiTad, gvian antikur xanaSi, cxenze
amxedrebul nomads didi gaWirvebis gareSe SeeZlo gadaelaxa mTeli
manZili wynare okeanidan iranis saszRvrebamde (msoflio atlasi, 1999: 8-
9).
Turanis dablobidan, aRmosavleTiT, balxaSis tbamde da am
ukanasknelidan isev aRmosavleTiT, iwyeba Zungariis dablobi, romelic
msoflioSi yvelaze did bunebriv zRudeT SeiZleba CaiTvalos: tian-Sani
samxreTiT da altais mTebi CrdiloeTiT. Zungariis derefnis gavlis
Semdeg, Cven avRmoCndebiT monRoleTis dablobze, romlis samxreTiT,
kidev erTi geografiuli barieri – gobis udabno – mdebareobs
(latimori, 1940: 24-36).
magram, modiT isev davubrundeT dasavleT cimbiris dablobs,
romelsac dasavleTidan uralis mTebi esazRvreba. uralis mTebi
miRebulia, rogorc evropis pirobiTi aRmosavluri sazRvari (kembrijis
Sida aziis istoria, 1990: 24). Tumca, uralis mTebis umaRlesi wertili
mxolod 1895 metria, xolo saSualo simaRle _ 800 metria. sxva
sityvebiT, miuxedavad imisa, rom uralis mTebi CrdiloeT okenedan
samxreTiT, TiTqmis aralis zRvamde Camodis, dasavleT cimbiris
dablobis mcxovrebTaTvis es geografiuli barieri ar warmoedgenda
gadaulaxav zRudes. ufro metic, kaspiis zRvasa da uralis mTebs Soris
mdebareobs uzarmazari, 300 kilometris siganis derefani, romelic
aRmosavleT evropis dablobSi gadadis, (Tavis mxriv gaSlili uralis
mTebidan karpatebamde) (msolfio atlasi, 1999: 8-9). Sesabamisad, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom aRmosavleT evropis dablobi (miuxedavad sxva bunebrivi
pirobebisa) didi cimbiruli dablobis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens
(gadaWimuli uralis mTebidan mdinare lenamde). pirobiTad rom aviRoT,
nomad mxedars uproblemod SeeZlo mdinare lenidan moyolebuli
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT wasuliyo da karpatebTan aRmoCeniliyo. Tu
gavixsenebT nomadi xalxebis mier civilur samyaroze (bizantiasa da
iranze) Tavdasxmebs, zemoaRwerili geografiuli pirobebi yvelanairad
xels uwyobda daubrkolebvriv gadaelaxaT mTeli teritoria
Tanamderove baikalis midamoebidan karpatebis mTebamde.
71
zemoT moyvanili geografiuli eqskursi ramodenime daskvnis
gamotanis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Sida azia – teritoria mdinare lenadan
gobis udabmnomde da dasavleTiT Savi zRvis CrdiloeTamde (dRevandeli
centraluri aziis da cimbiris didi dablobis CaTvliT, romelSic
aRmosavleT evropis dablobic Sedis) _ ufro axlos aris
dakavSirebuli evropasTan da maxlobel aRmosavleTTan, vidre CineTsa
da indoeTTan. erTis mxriv, tibetisa da tian Sanis mTebi, xolo meores
mxriv, gobis udabno gadaulaxav geografiul barirebs qmnidnen
nomadebisTvis am qveynebze Tavdasasxmelad. Cven ar gagvaCnia msgavsi
zRude Sida aziidan evropaSi da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gadasavlelad.
zustad amiT unda aixsnas nomadebis laSqrobebis mimarTuleba. Sedegi ki
is aris, rom mesopotamiis, siriis da romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilis
miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleoba nomadebi Tavdasxmebis samiznes warmoadgenda.
Sida azia erTvis mniSnelovan Sav da baltiis zRvebs. orive zRva
miekuTvneba okeanur navigacias mxolod viwro skagerakis da dardanelis
sruteebiT. sxva sityvebiT, martivad SesaZlebelia am oris Caketva, rac
ramodenimejer momxdara istoriis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, pirveli
msoflio omis dros, TurqeTma Savi zRva Caketa, riTac avtomaturad
mdinareebis mTeli sistemebi (doni, dnepri da sxva) miakuTvna Sida azias.
amave omSi inglisis da safrangeTis gemebi ver axerxebdnen baltiis
zRvaSi Sesvlas, radgan germenelebma mTeli srutis gaswvriv naRmebi
ganaTavses. eseT SemTxvevebSi, Sida aziis sazRvari gadaiweoda dunais
samxreTiT (radgan es mdinarec gamoeTiSeboda saokeano navigacias). amis
paralelurad, mravali sxva magaliTi mogvepovepa, rodesac Savi da
baltiis zRvebi ar ekuTvnoda Sida azias. magaliTad aviRoT yirimis omi,
romlis Sedegic is iyo rom ruseTs ar SeeZlo flotis yola
sevastopolSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Sida aziis sazRvari Savi zRvis
CrdiloeTiT gaivlis. Sesabamisad, Savi zRva gardamaval sazRvars
warmoadgens da misi upiroboT Sida aziisTvis mikuTvneba SeuZlebelia
(makinderi, 1942: 53-82).
Sida aziis regioni ikavebs uzarmazar teritorias evraziis Sua da
ukidures CrdiloeT nawilebSi da moicavs, daaxloebiT, aT milion
kvadratul kilometrze mets, rac, daaxloebiT, msoflios miwis erT-
72
merveds Seadgens. Tu ra distanciebTan gvaqvs saqme, sakmarisia
gavixsenoT, rom didi aRmoCenebis epoqis mogzaurebi zRvaze daaxloebiT
msgavs distanciaze mgzavrobdnen. unda aRiniSnos, imis da gamo rom es
teritoria Caketilia, rogorc samxreTidan, aseve CrdiloeTidan (zemo
moyvanili geografiuli eqskursi amas naTlad mowmobs), Sida aziis
teritoriaze gadaadgileba, umTavresad, saxmeleTo gzebiT
xorcieldeboda da ara mdinareebiTa da zRvebiT. gamonakliss
warmoadgens Savi zRva, magram rogorc vTqviT is Sida aziis periferiul
nawils, gardamaval teritorias (sazRvaric SeiZleba) warmoadgenda.
Sida aziis did mdinareebs ar gaaCniaT gasasvleli sanavigacio
wylebSi. igives Tqma SeiZleba kaspiis da aralis zRvebis samdinaro
sistemebzec. erTaderT gamonakliss amuris mdinare warmoadgens. magram
aqac, is saTaves taigaSi iRebs, anu CrdiloeTSi da ara meurneobiT
mdidar samxreTSi. Sida aziis es nakli nawilobriv kompensirebulia
aRmosavleT evropis dablobiT, sadac baltiisa da Savi zRvis samdinaro
sistemebiT xerxdeboda CrdiloeT-samxreT savaWro gzis amoqmedeba. Tu
mdinareebis gamoyeneba vaWrobasa da gadaadgilebisaTvis SeuZlebeli iyo,
samagierod, Sida aziis geografiuli pirobebi cotaoden dabrkolebas
qmnidnen saxmeleTo gadaadgilebisavis. sxva sityvebiT, es saxmeleTo
gzebi saokeano gzebis ekvivalenturi gaxda.
Sida aziis regioni gamoirCeva msoflioSi kontinentalurobis
yvelaze maRali doniT, rodesac gvxvdeba yvelaze didi sxvaobebi civ da
Tbil temperaturebs Soris. zamTari aris Zalian civi, xolo zafxuli
ukiduresad cxeli. monRoleTi da mis garSemo mdebare teritoria
gamoirCeva maRali wneviT, romlis Sedegic aris nulze dabali
temperatura da naleqis simcire (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 24).
rogorc am uzarmazari geografiuli teritoiidan Cans, Sida azia
moicavs mravals fizikur-geografiul landSafts, tian-Sanis mTebidan da
gobis udabnodan CrdiloeTiT tundramde. tyeebi, stepebi da udabnoebi,
romelnic erTmaneTisgan gardamavali zonebiT arian dayofilni,
horizontalur bunebriv zonebs warmoadgenen. albaT gagviWirdeba iseTi
gansxvavebuli zonebis moZieba, rogorebic aris: mdinareebiT da tyiT
mdidari dasavleT cimbiris dablobi da centralur aziasa da dasavleT
73
CineTSi mdebare taklamakanis udabno.
mTis sistemebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben Sida aziis oazisebis
wyliT momaragebaSi. haeris masebi, romelnic dablobebSi ar toveben
naleqs, amas umaRles mTian wertilebSi akeTeben. mTebis wertilebi wlis
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi inaxavdnen naleqs Tovlis an yinulis saxiT
Tavis umaRles wertilebSi. maTi dadnoba gazafxulobiT xdeboda, riTac
ikvebebodnen oazisebi. magaliTad, ese ikvebeba oazisebi amu-darias
deltaSi. garkveulwilad, mTebze damokidebuli oazisebi warmoadgens
kompensacias CineTis dasavleT nawilisa da monRoleTis vakisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli simSralisTvis. amasTan erTad, ar unda dagvaviwydes
isic, rom stepis oazisi gansxvavdeba udabnos oazisisgan. es ukanaskneli
izolirebulia da TviTkmari, maSin rodesac stepis oazisebi erTmaneTTan
balaxiTa da miwiT arian dakavSirebuli. zustad am urTierTdakavSirebis
gamo stepis oazisebis nomadebisagan dacva ufro rTulia, vidre es
magaliTad udabnos stepebSi xdeboda (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 28-29).
rogorc vTqviT, Sida aziis teritoria Tavisi uzarmazari zomis ga-
mo, geografiulad Zalian diversificirebulia, riTac esa Tu is
geografiuli landSafti horizontalurad gadaWimulia ramodenime aTas
kilometrze. magaliTad, wynari okeanidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT,
eqvsi aTasi kilometris gavlaa SesaZlebeli, erTi geografiuli
landSaftidan – taigidan – meore landSaftSi gadausvlelad. tyiani
taigis samxreTiT aris stepebi. aqac SesaZlebelia, manjuriidan evropaSi,
ungreTis dablobamde miRweva, erTi landSaftidan meoreSi gadausv-
lelad. calke es faqtoric ki, Zalian bevrs xsnis, Tu ratom xdeboda am
gziT nomadebis Tavdasxmebi bizantiis da iranis CrdiloeT sazRvrebze
da ratom axdenda pirdapir gavlenas manjuriasTan an centralur aziaSi
nomad xalxebs Soris mimdinare brZolebi bizantiis dunais da kavkasiis
sazRvrebze.
Sida aziaSi mTis mravali sistemebi arsebobs, romelic
gamoirCevian Tavisi geologiuri struqturiTa da asakiT. Tumca,
geografiulad isini Sida aziis erT regionSi mdebareoben da ramodenime
magaliTis garda ganuwyvetel xazs warmoqmnian. mTiani regioni iwyeba
ukidures aRmosavleT cimbiridan, daaxloebiT, 3,000-metriani simaRleebiT
74
da Camodis samxreTiT erTvis altais mTebis sistemas, romlis
samxreTidan, Zungariis viwro vakis gavlis Semdeg, iwyeba tian-Sanis
sistema. xolo, am ukanasknelis samxreTiT mdebareobs pamiri da
himalaebi, sadac yvelaze didi simaRleebi gvxvdeba. albaT, gamonakliss
warmoadgens orad-ori sistema: elbursis mTebi da kavkasioni,41 romlebic
uSualod erTvian steps. zustad aman ganapiroba iranelebis mier iq
TavdacviTi kedlebis ageba (ixileT qvemoT).
taigisa da stepis zonebis gamoyofis paralelurad, agreTve mniSv-
nelovania udabnos zonis gamoyofa. Sida aziaSi, udabno iwyeba kaspiis
zRvis ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi (sanam iranis mTianeTSi
gadava) da viwro zolad aRmosavleTiT midis, sanam farTo gobis
udabnos ar SeuerTdeba. am udabnoebis teritoriebze miwis damuSaveba da
mosavlis moyvana mxolod oazisebSi SeiZleboda, radgan SeuZlebeli iyo
sairigacio arxebis gayvana. istoriulad, samiwadmoqmedo kulturis
gavrcoba stepur zonaSi mxolod CineTis didi kedlis CrdiloeTiT
xdeboda, xolo danarCeni stepuri zona ki, axal periodamde
xelSeuxebeli rCeboda. meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani problema,
romelic xels uSlida miwadmoqmedebis ganviTarebas, iyo qariT
gamowveuli erozia (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 28-29).
tundra da taiga ki ufro arastumarTmoyvarea miwaTmoqmedebisTvis.
garda imisa, rom es regionebi Zalian civia, rac mokle samiwadmoqmedo
periodiT da TiTqmis pemanentulad gayinuli miwiT, mand agreTve uamravi
Waobia. es dabrkolebebi dResac ki, ver iqna gadalaxuli. Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom miwiT gamowveuli problemebi nakleb dabrkolebas qmnis
vidre mSrali an civi klimati. magaliTad, rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi,
mTebiT Caketil xriok miwaze, mosaxleoba ufro did sargebels
naxulubs mTebidan Camosuli wyliT da maT ferdobebze arsebuli
vegetaciiT. Sesabamisad, mTel stepur zonaSi intensiuri meurneobis
warmoeba SeuZlebelia, riTac iyo gamowveuli am mosaxleobis mier
pastoralur nomadizmze gadasvla (xazanovi, 1994: 85-91).
Sida aziis TiToeuli zonisTvis damaxasiaTebelia specifiuri
41 TiTqos, am gamonaklisTa siaSi karpatebis Seyvanac SeiZleba, Tumca es ukanaskneli Seudarebelia kavakasionTan da elbursTan geografiul zRudeT gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.
75
vegetacia. Tumca, sxvadasxva bunebrivi zonis erTerTi mTavari
damaxasiaTebeli, savaradod naleqis raodenobaa. 10-santimetriani naleqi
tundrasa da gobis udabnoSi sxvadasxva Sedegs gamoiRebs aorTqlebis
sxvadasxva donis gamo (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 28-29). amavdroulad,
sinestis done iklebs CrdiloeT evraziidan samxreTSi Camosvlisas.
tundraSi naleqis done 50% metia vidre aorTqlebis. udabnoSi naleqi
potenciuri aorTqlebis donis mxolod erT-merveds warmoadgens
(kembrijis Sida..., 1994: 28-29).
bunebrivi zonebis gansazRvrasa da maTi sazRvrebis mkacr
demarkaciaze, agreTve, Semdgomi oTxi faqtori axdens gavlenas: adamianis
Careva bunebrivi zonis vegetaciaSi; bunebrivi zonebis cvlileba;
sxvadasxva bunebrivi zonis arseboba da gardamavali zonebis arseboba.
ungreTis vake istoriulad, manjuriidan momdinare stepis evropul
daboloebas warmoadgenda. amis mtkice argumentia, magaliTad, stepebSi
hunebis laSqrobebis dawyeba evropis mimarTulebiT. es xalxi tipiur
nomadur cxovrebas misdevda da evropaSi maTi dasaxlebis areali ver
iqneboda sxva romelime teritoria, Tu ara ungreTis vake. Tumca
dResdReisobiT, magaliTad, adamianis faqtorma gamoiwvia is, rom
ungreTis stepuri zoli tyed aris gadaqceuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
soflis meurneobis gavrceleba nestian stepur zonaSi mxolod XIX-XX
saukuneebSi uaxlesi teqnologiebis ganvrcobiT moxda, tundris, taigis,
udabnosa da garkveulwilad stepis udides nawils, jer kidev, aqvs
Senaxuli Tavisi Tavdapirveli bunebrivi Tvisebebi (xazanovi, 1994: 33-38).
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac bunebrivi zonebi icvlian sazRvrebs,
Tumca, imis dadgena SeuZlebelia moxda es bunebrivad, Tu soflis
meurneobis ganvrcobis Sedegad. agreTve, aRsaniSnavia, rom es cvlilebebi
mxolod moklevadiania da maTze Sida aziaSi momxdari istoriuli
cvlilebebis damyareba usafuZvlo iqneba. Sida aziis bunebriv zonebSi,
aseve, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben gardamavali zonebi.
tundra evraziis ukidures CrdiloeTs ikavebs skandinaviis naxevar-
kunZulidan kamCatkamde da, umeteswilad, unayofo miwas warmoadgens xis
gareSe mcenareulobiT, buCqebiTa da xavsuriT (ix. ruka 4).
damaxasiaTebelia xeebis mcire raodenoba. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom
76
tundra, zogadad, daxasiaTebulia mwiri mcenareulobiT da moicavs
evraziis CrdiloeTis viwro zols, aqac ki, SeiZleba gardamavali
bunebrivi zonebis ganxilva. magaliTad, tundris mousavliani
CrdiloeTis nawili samxreTisken buCqovan tundraSi gadadis, romlis
Semdegac naxevrad taigis msgavsi tyeebi iwyeba.
CrdiloeT okeanes siaxlove permanentuli Rrublianobisa da
burusis mizezia. wvimis simcirem da aorTqlvis dabalma donem xeli
Seuwyo wylis dagubebas da Waobebis Seqmnas. CrdiloeTis iremi
erTaderT cxovels warmoadgens romelic tundraSi mcxovrebi xalxis
saWiroebebs pasuxobs.
Sesabamisad, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom geografiuli
pirobebi iyo umTavresi faqtori nomadebis Tavdasxmebis ukan.
geografiuli pirobebi saSualebas iZleoda naxevrad saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTienebebi Seqmniliyo mxolod evraziul stepebSi da ara taigasa da
tundraSi. mdinareebisa da mTebis adgilmdebareoba ki, xels uwyobda am
stepebSi mcxovreb nomadebs Tavdasxmebi ewarmoebinaT uSualod sasanuri
iranis da bizantiis imperiis CrdiloeT provinciebis mimarTulebiT. sxva
sityvebiT, evraziis geografia nomadebisa da samxreTuli imperiebis
urTierTobebSi warmmarTveli elementi iyo.
77
2. Sida aziis koncefcia
uZvelesi droidan evropasa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTisTvis
umTavresi safrTxe evraziis Sida raionebidan – evraziuli stepebidan –
momdinareobda. guTebi, alanebi, hunebi, slavebi, avarebi, paWanikebi,
mogvianebiT ki Turqebi da monRolebi – es im xalxTa arasruli
CamonaTvalia, romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bizantiis imperiisa da
sasanuri iranis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT sazRvrebs Tavs esxmoda.
Tavdasxmebi xorcieldeboda, rogorc dunais da Savi zRvis
CrdiloeTidan, aseve kavkasionis qedis gadalaxviT da aseve centraluri
aziis mxridan. es iyo brZola pastoraluri nomadizmisa da civilur
samyaros Soris. xSiri iyo iranelebisa da bizantielebis Zalisxmevis
gaerTianeba saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg. Sida aziidan momdinare Setevebis
mogerieba civiluri samyaros mier gansxvavdeboda, rogorc xerxebiT,
aseve procesis xangrZlivobiT. ase, magaliTad, xSiri iyo
dampyroblisTvis samxedro marcxis miyeneba, misi ganadgureba da gaZeveba.
magram ufro xSiri iyo dampyroblis asimilireba adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis mier. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom civilur imperiebSi Sobadobis
maRali maCvenebeli iyo gadamwyveti faqtori am civilizaciaTa brZolaSi
nomadebis damarcxebisa (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 3).
miwadmoqmed xalxebsa (bizantia da sasanuri irani) da nomadebs
Soris brZolaSi es ukanaskneli, ZiriTadad, agresoris rolSi
gamodioda.42 bizantielebisa da sasanianebis sagareo politikaSi ar
figurirebda aziis Sida regionebis samxedro damorCileba, radgan es,
umetes SemTxvevebSi, ar iqneboda ekonomikurad momgebiani. erTaderT
gamonaklis warmoadgens Tanamedrove ruseTi, rodesac XVI saukuneSi,
kazak ermakis meTaurobiT moxerxda cimbiris didi nawilis uSualod
42 Tumca, rogorc Semdgom TavSi iqneba naCvenebi, aseve xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac agresoris rols zustad bizantielebi asrulebdnen.
78
SemoerTeba (kluCevski, 2005: 174-185). miwadmoqmedi xalxebi, ZiriTadad,
mciremasStabian Setevebs axorcielebdnen barbaricum-Si potenciurad
mZlavri barbarosuli koaliciebis Seqmnis winaaRmdeg. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
gvian antikur xanaSi bizantiisa da iranis mier xorcieldeboda rame
saxis eqspansia evraziis stepur zonaSi,43 es pirvel rigSi gamowveuli
iyo imperiebis provinciebSi Warbi mosaxleobiT da Semdgom misi
axladSemoerTebul stepur teritoriaze mudmivad dasaxlebis da miwis
damuSavebis mizniT (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 5-9). Sida aziis sazRvrebis
zustad dadgena rTulia. Tu vixelmZRvanelebT mxolod nomadebis
gansaxlebis arealis kriteriumiT,44 erTi ram naTelia, Sida aziis
sazRvrebi sagrZnoblad Semcirebisken midis (xazanovi, 1994: 28-36).
erTi ram naTelia, Sida azia mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze,
arsebobda, rogorc calke istoriuli sivrce, romlis teritoriaze
mosaxle xalxebs mWidro ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierToba hqonda
periferiebze mcxovreb dasaxlebul bizantielebTan, iranelebTan, Tu
CinelebTan. Tumca, rCeba erTi da, albaT, yvelaze mTavari kiTxva: ra
faqtorebma gamoiwvia Sida aziis regionis calke erTeulad
CamoyalibebaSi da ram ganapiroba nomadebisa da periferiebze
dasaxlebuli xalxebis gardauvali Sejaxeba.45
Tavidanve aRsaniSnavia, rom evraziuli stepebis periferiaze
mcxovrebi xalxebis ekonomika dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze, maSin
rodesac Sida aziisTvis damaxasiaTebelia wylis arasakmarisi raodenoba
da, zogadad, meurnebisTvis rTuli klimati. ra Tqma unda, arsebobda
teritoriebi sadac xorcieldeboda soflis meurneoba, magram misi
masStabebi imdenad mcire iyo, rom ver Secvlida saerTo suraTs.
evraziis stepebi – teritoria kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeTidan koreis
naxevarkunZulamde – erTaderTi teritoria iyo Sida aziaSi, sadac
43 rogorc amas Cinelebi akeTebdnen manjuriaSi. 44 ase, magaliTad, V saukunis 40-ian wlebSi hunebis gansaxlebis arealSi istoriuli romauli provincia panonia Sedioda, xolo XII saukuneSi mcire azia Sedioda Sua aziis teritoriaSi radgan is selCukebis gansaxlebis arealic iyo. igives Tqma SeiZleba cineTis CrdiloeT nawile, romelic istoriulad ar Sedioda Sida aziis teritoriaSi, Tumca unda miekuTvnos am regions imis da gamo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo kitanebis, iurCenebis, monRolebisa da manjurielebis batonobis qveS. 45 wina TavSi gamovTqvi mosazreba, rom CrdiloeT da Sua evraziis geografia (klimati, agreTve, zRvebis, tbebis, mTebisa da mdinareebis mdebareoba) mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo nomadsa da miwadmoqmeds Soris arsebul permanentul konfliqtSi.
79
SesaZlebeli iyo mZlavri samxedro gaerTianebebis Seqmna. evraziuli
stepi Tavis macxovreblebs mxolod mesaqonleobiT dakavebis saSualebas
aZlevda. stepis garda, Sida aziis arc erTi sxva geografiuli sivrce –
tundra, taiga Tu udabno – ar iZleoda geografiul, Tu ekonomikur
pirobebs (ixileT qvemoT) saxelmwifo erTeulis Sesaqmnelad (kembrijis
Sida..., 1990: 4).
Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom geografiuli pirobebis garda,
konfliqti nomadebsa da dasaxlebul xalxebs Soris, agreTve,
ekonomikuri faqtorebiT iyo motivirebuli. nomadebi mTeli gviani
antikurobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi cdilobdnen gaeumjobesebinaT
Tavisi ekonomikuri pirobebi. miwadmoqmedebsa da nomadebs Soris
arsebuli fundamentum divisionis – gamyofi – iyo maTi sacxovrebeli
miwebis radikalurad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri potenciali (kembrijis
Sida..., 1990: 5-8).
zemo Tqmulidan gamomdinare, nomadebi yovelTvis yofiTi simdidris:
fulisa da sxva Zvirfaseulobis mosapoveblad ibrZodnen. amiane
marceline, bizantieli imperatorebi mavrike (582-602 ww.), konstantine II
porfirogeneti (913-959 ww.) (konstantine porfirogeneti, 1967: 61-73) Tu
Cineli istorikosebi, yvelani, nomadebis aRwerisas, calsaxad,
mianiSnebdnen maTi xasiaTis mtaceblur Tvisebebze, Tu rogor `iwvian
oqrosadmi dauokebeli surviliT~ (amiane marceline, XXXI, 2, II).
analogiur suraTs gvixatavs XIII saukunis istorikosi plano karpini
monRolebis aRwerisas. ufro metic, maSinac ki, rodesac monRolebma
daaarses im periodisTvis msoflioSi yvelaze didi saxmeleTo imperia,
isini iseTive Raribebi da oqrosa da sxva simdidris maZieblebi darCnen,
rogorebic XI-XII ss., sakuTari imperiis Seqmnamde iyvnen (latimori, 1938:
241-245).
Cndeba kiTxva, riTi iyo ganpirobebuli Sida aziaSi mcxovrebi
xalxis eseTi siRaribe da ratom iyo SeuZlebeli Sida aziis uzarmazar
teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxisTvis igive sacxovrebo standartebis
Semqna, rogoric bizantiis, iranis da CineTis civilizaciebSi arsebobda.
problemis TavSi dgas arasakmarisi soflis meurneoba. amis gamomwvevi ki,
fizikur-geografiuli faqtorebi iyo. maT Soris, pirvelia klimati,
80
romelic stepebSi Zalian civi da, amavdroulad, mSralia masStaburi
soflis meurneobis gaRvivebisTvis. ase, magaliTad, Cinuri wyaroebi Sida
azias aRweren rogorc teritorias sadac `mkvleli sicive Zalian adre
isadgurebs~ (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 6-8).
Sida aziis ukidures CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs tundra. is maqsimumi,
romelic am teritoriaze mcxovreb xalxs SeeZlo moepovebina iyo
arsebobisTvis minimaluri sakvebis moZieba. ufro metic, es SasaZlebeli
iyo mxolod im pirobiT, Tu ojaxebi erTmaneTisgan daSorebiT
cxovrobdnen, radgan adgilobriv miwas ar SeeZlo patara teritoriaze
adamianTa didi raodenobis gamokveba.46 politikuri Zala, romelic ama
Tu im SemosazRvrul teritoriaze mcxovreb aTiode ojaxs gaaCnda,
sakmaod minimaluri iyo. tundris mosaxleobas ar SeeZlo mezobeli
teritoriebis dapyroba, radgan maTi mcire mosaxleoba stepebis
mosaxleobasTan SetakebaSi ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe dadgeboda.
mdgomareoba Sida aziis tyiur zonaSi – taigaSi – TiTqmis analo-
giuri iyo (ix. ruka 4). Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom taigaSi bunebrivi
pirobebi SedarebiT ufro met saSualebas iZleoda mosaxleobisTvis,
Tavi erCina meTevzeobiTa da nadirobiT. ufro metic, taigis
macxovreblebi nadirobasa da meTevzeobas sakmaod farTo masStabebiT
axorcielebdnen (es aqtivoba maTi gamokvebis ZiriTad wyaros
warmoadgenda) da yovelive es iwvevda amisTvis saWiro teqnologiebis
ganviTarebas. nadirobisTvis saWiro instrumentebis ganviTareba taigaSi
mcxovreb adamianebs tundris macxovreblebze ufro maRla ayenebda.
amasTan erTad, koleqtiuri meTevzeoba da nadiroba iTxovda socialuri
organizaciis arsebobas, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda rTuli
TavdasxmiTi operaciebis ganxorcieleba. magram, aqac, rogorc tundraSi,
nadirobasa da meTevzeobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika mTlianad
mtacebluri xasiaTis iyo. am aqtivobas ar SeeZlo didi raodenobis mo-
saxleobis gamokveba. es qmnida fundamentur dabrkolebas – axali teri-
toriebis dapyrobisTvis saTanado Zalis Segroveba faqtobrivad SeuZ-
46 viTareba evraziis CrdiloeT nawilSi dResac msgavsia gviani antikuri periodisa. isev SeuZlebelia masStaburi soflis meurneobis qona, xolo distanciebi dasaxlebul adgilebs Soris sakmaod did manZilebzea gadaWimuli.
81
lebeli iyo (makinderi, 1942: 53-75).47
ase rom, mxolod evraziuli stepi warmoadgenda gasaRebs msoflio
istoriaSi Sida aziis rolis gagebisTvis (ix. ruka 4). stepi am
uzarmazari da Caketili regionis eTgvar mamoZravebel sivrces
warmoadgenda. am teritoriaze mecxoveleoba sakmaod farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli. ekonomikuri TviTkmarobisTvis cxovelebi gansazRvrul
perimetrSi yovelTvis moZraobaSi unda yofiliyvnen. Cinuri andazis
mixedviT: `isini (nomadebi) yovelTvis balaxsa da wyals mihyvebian~
(sainori, 1975; 171-183). tundrisa da taigis macxovreblebisgan
gansxvavebiT, stepi Tavis macxovreblebs saSualebas aZlevda
mosaxleobis ufro didi raodenobis koncentrireba moexdinaT ama Tu im
teritoriaze. Sesabamisad, stepis geografia sakmaod mZlavri saxelmwifo
erTeulebis warmoqmnis saSualebas iZleoda. maTi politikuri
struqturis SenarCunebas im drois manZilze xorcieldeboda, sanam am
nomaduri sazogadoebis wevrebi axerxebdnen cxovrebisTvis saWiro
sakvebis da primitiuli nivTebis warmoebas. sxva sityvebiT, cxovreba
stepebSi dafuZnebuli iyo TviTkmar ekonomikaze – avtarkiaze. stepebSi
nomadi axerxebda sakvebis, sacxovreblis, tansacmlisa da gadaadgilebis
saSualebis mopovebas. amasTan erTad, xorcieldeboda mciremasStabiani
samTo saqmianoba da liTonis damuSavebac. Tu aseTi erTeuli veRar
axerxebda avtarkiiT Tavis gatanas, nomadebi gare samyarosTan kontaqtze
uars ar ambobdnen. ufro metic, istoriuli wyaroebidan mravali cnoba
mogvepoveba, Tu ra masStabur xasiaTs atarebda imperiebsa da nomadebs
Soris vaWroba. nomadi civilur samyarosTan vaWrobda Tavis ekonomikaSi
ar arsebuli nivTebis mosapoveblad, xolo sapasuxod gamohyavda yvelaze
Zvirfasi rac gaaCnda – cxeni (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 8-10).
Sida aziuri cxeni, herodotedan (Zv. w. V saukune) moyolebuli
(romelsac isini piradad nanaxi ar qonda), Zveli samyaros yvela avtoris
mier iyo naqebi. gansakuTrebiT fasdeboda misi gamZleoba, imuniteti
sicivisadmi da samxedro kampaniis dros sakvebis patara raodenobis
saWiroeba (herodote, 1975: IV.127-129). dasavleli mogzaurisTvis nomadis
47 Mmsgavsi viTareba aris Tanamedrove periodSic. magaliTad, ruseTis tundrisa da taigis macxovrebelbi yvelaze naklebad arian SemCneulebi sajaro gamosavlebSi da ajanyebis mowyobis mcdelobebSi.
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cxeni uSnod gamoiyureboda da zomiTac ufro mcire iyo, vidre gviani
antikuri periodis bizantiis an sasanuri iranis kavaleriis cxenebi.
magram, stepis cxens sakvebis mopoveba SeeZlo TovliT dafarul miwaSic
da martivad SeeZlo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tavi gamoekveba sxvadasxva
mcenariT, gamxmari totebiT da a. S. Tavisi siZlieris xanaSi nomadur
saxelmwifoebs (iqneba es hunebis, avarebis, Tu heftalitebis imperiebi)
yovelTvis cxenebis didi raodenoba gaaCndaT. ufro metic, am
saxelmwifoebis samxedro siZliere zustad imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu
ramdeni cxenis Segroveba SeeZloT samxedro kampaniebis mowyobisTvis
(sainori, 1975; 180-183). Sua saukuneebSi, evropeli mogzaurebi gaocebulni
rCebodnen stepebSi cxenebis simravliT. karpini, monRolebze werisas,
aRniSnavda, rom maT hqondaT `cxenebis imdenad didi raodenoba, rac, Cemi
azriT, danarCen msoflioSi ar moiZebneba~. CineTis urTierTobebidan
Tavis Crdiloel nomad tomebTan Cven sakmaod mravali cnoba dagvrCa, Tu
ra rols asrulebda stepis cxeni vaWrobaSi da ramdenad faseuli iyo
civilur samyaroSi. 10,000 aTasi cxenis miyidva Cveulebriv biznes
saqmianobas warmoadgenda. magaliTad, ax. w. 222 wels hsien-pis tomma
CineTis veis samefos 70,000 cxeni mihyida (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 8-9).
cxeni stepis ekonomikis sakvanZo nawils warmoadgenda da ama Tu im
nomaduri tomis simdidres ganapirobebda. Tu stepebSi rame saxis
bunebriv kataklizms ar hqonda adgili, magaliTad, rogoric aris
saZovrebis gayinva, cxenebis Warbi raodenobiT arsebobisTvis iq yvela
piroba arsebobda: stepebSi cxenebis raodenoba yovelTvis Warbobda
nomadebis Sida bazris moTxovnas (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 8-9). stepis
arasamoneto ekonomikaSi, erTi socialur jgufis wevrebi iyvnen rogorc
mwarmoebelni, aseve momxmarebelni. es ki, imas niSnavda, rom cxenebis
Warbi raodenoba proporciulad ar aumjobesebda stepSi mcxovrebi
individisa Tu mTlianad jgufis cxovrebis dones. aradiversificirebul
ekonomikas ar SeeZlo misi wevrebis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba, imis gamoc,
rom nomaduri meurneoba ar iyo orientirebuli mogebaze. mizans ar
warmoadgenda simdidris akumulireba, aramed aqcenti keTdeboda mxolod
im produqciis miRebaze, romlis warmoebis saSualebas stepi ar iZleoda.
eseTi produqciis misaRebad nomadebi vaWrobas mimarTavdnen, ZiriTadad
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maT garSemo arsebul bizantiis, sasanuri iranis da CineTis
civilizaciebTan (jagCidi, 1970: 56-71).
Tavidanve, komerciuli perspeqtivebi stepebsa da civilur samyaros
Soris idealuri iyo. pirvels SeeZlo bizantiasa da iranisTvis
pirveladi mniSvnelobis saqoneli – cxeni – miewodebina da sapirispirod
mieRo iseTi Zvirfasi nivTi, rogoric iyo abreSumi, Cai da sxva. zemoT
moyvanili msjeloba ar gamoricxavs imas, rom cxenebis moSeneba
SeuZlebeli iyo sxvagan, magaliTad bizantiis da sasanur imperiebSi.
magram, am mZlavr saxelmwifoebSi cxenebis gavrcelebuli jiSebi,
nomadis cxenTan SedarebiT, ufro mcire gamZleobiT xasiaTdebodnen.
maTi moSeneba ki, ver xerxdeboda imave raodenobiT, rogorc stepebSi.48
magaliTad, herodote, dariosis skviTebis winaaRmdeg gamarTuli
samxedro kampaniis aRwerisas, aRniSnavda: `am brZolebSi, skviTebis cxeni
yovelTvis ukan aqcevda mowinaaRmdegis cxens~ (herodote, 1975: IV.117).
mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi cxenebis raodenobis nakleboba did
dabrkolebebs uqmnida Cinur samefoebs. problema gadauWreli iyo,
pirvel rigSi, ara imitom, rom Cinelebs ar gaaCndaT cxenebis moSenebis
specifiuri codna, aramed imitom, rom isini saZovrebis naklebobas
ganicdidnen. anu, Cinelebs, iseve rogorc, bizantielebsa da sasanianebs,
ar SeeZloT sakuTar sazRvrebSi arsebuli cxenebis raodenobiT
daekmayofilebinaT imperiebis samoqalaqo da samxedro institutebi. am
gadmosaxedidan, rogorc nomadi, aseve miwadmoqmedi, orive iyo
dainteresebuli am saxis vaWrobiT. erTi SexedviT, nomadebi,
miwadmoqmedebTan mimarTebaSi, upirates mdgomareobaSi imyofebobdnen,
radgan am ukanasknelebs ar SeeZloT saxelmwifos marTva cxenebis didi
raodenobis importis gareSe. sinamdvileSi ki, viTareba sxvagvari iyo,
radgan nomadis savaWro upiratesoba ikveceboda im faqtiT, rom mas,
cxenis garda, ar gaaCnda miwadmoqmedisTvis sxva romelime saWiro
48 zustad stepis cxenis fenomeniT unda aixsnas nomadebis samxedro warmatebebi bizantiisa da sasanur imperiebTan bZolebSi. am upiratesobam, magaliTad, gauadvila, hunebs Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT da dunaipireTSi mcxovrebi germanuli tomebis ganadgureba IV saukunis 70-80 wlebSi. stepis cxenze aRmarTuli nomadi imdenad manevrirebadi iyo, rom bizantiis jarebi V saukunis pirveli naxevris ganmavlobaSi ver umklavdebodnen hunebis arc Tu ise mravalaTasian jarebs. nomadebis SeCereba moxerxda mxolod bizantiis jarebSi sakavalerio SenaerTebis gazrdiT.
84
produqti. stepi iyo cxenis erTaderTi mimwodebeli da, TiTqos, nomads
SeeZlo nebismieri fasis daweseba. magram, es ufro waagavs mSieri
adamians mdgomareobas, romelsac aqvs Zalian Zvirfasi qva da cdilobs
mihyidos qalaqSi erTaderT iuvelirs. iuveliris rolSi aq, ra Tqma
unda, miwadmoqmedi bizantieli, sasaniani an Cineli gamodis. Tumca,
viTareba SeiZleba kardinalurad Seicvalos, Tu am mSier adamians xelSi
iaraRi ekaveba (sainori, 1978: 171-183). zustad amas akeTebdnen nomadebi:
cdilobdnen Zalismieri meTodebiT (mcire/msxvilmasStabiani SemosevebiT)
mieRoT is, rasac ver iRebdnen vaWrobiT. magaliTad, hunebma amisTvis
ganaviTares e. w. `Sedgenili mSvildi~, romelic mZlavr iaraRs
warmoadgenda bizantielebTan brZolebSi (lutvaki, 2009: 22-28).
cxeni nomadis xelSi kargi savaWro produqtis garda, efeqtian
saSualebas warmoadgenda mezobeli qveynebis sazRvrispira teritoriebis
dasarbevad.49
Cinelebis samxedro Zalebis damokidebuleba stepis cxenze qmnida
sakmaod kuriozul mdgomareobas, rodesac stepebidan momdinare
nomaduri Setevebis mosagerieblad, Cinelebs esaWiroebodaT cxenebi,
romelTa miwodebac mxolod nomadebs SeeZloT. am cxenebis yidviT,
nomads SeeZlo mieRo is nivTi, romelic surda da amiT Semosevis
albaToba sagrZnoblad Seemcirebina. saWiro nivTis misaRebad nomads
qmedebis ori saSualeba eZleoda: barteri, an Zalismieri meTodi. orive
SemTxvevaSi cxeni mTavar rols asrulebda (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 10-12).
nomaduri kavaleriis efeqtianoba damokidebuli iyo mis zomaze. erT
meomars ramodenime cxeni esaWiroeboda50 da, Sesabamisad, eseTi jaris
Senaxva damokidebuli iyo Sesabamisi saZovrebis arsebobaze. anu,
uSualod brZolis velze omis bedi ar wydeboda, radgan, Tu nomadebi
SeZlebdnen qveynis dapyrobas, isini ver axerxebdnen mand samudamod
dasaxlebas Tavis mTavar iaraRze – cxenze – uaris Tqmis gareSe.51 Tu ki
nomadebi uars ityodnen cxenze, es gamoiwvevda maT asimilirebas
49 zogadad, cxenebi istoriaSi evraziis kontinentze warmoebul yvela omSi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobdnen. sakuTriv meore msoflio omSic ki, cxeni aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda (lidel harti, 2014: 21; 25-26). 50Mkvlevarebi zogadad miiCneven, rom es proporciulad erT nomadur meomarze xuTi cxeni modioda (heveri, 2009: 218-219). 51 radgan dapyrobil qveyanaSi ubralod saWiro raodenobis saZovari ar arsebobda.
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adgilobriv xalxSi. Tavis mxriv, miwadmoqmedi xalxi ver axerxebda
mravalricxovani kavaleriis Senaxvas da isev damokidebuli rCeboda
stepis nomadebze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zogad samxedro SeiaraRebaSi upiratesoba
civilur samyaros hqonda.52 marTalia, nomadebs SeeZloT kargad
SeiaraRebuli meomris gamoyvana, bizantiuri da Cinuri samyarodan
sakmaod mravali magaliTi mogvepoveba, rodesac imperiuli xelisifleba
krZalavda qveynis SigniT damzadebuli SeiaraRebis sazRvrebs gareT
gatanas. magaliTad, hanis dinastiis dros ikrZaleboda iaraRis gatana
CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb nomadebSi. VI saukuneSi bizantiaSi embargo daedo
avarebisTvis SeiaraRebis miyidvaze (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 11-13).
zemoT motanili diskusia gviCvenebs, rom Zalian martivi iyo
barbarosebsa da imperiebs Soris mSvidobiani vaWroba SeiaraRebul
konfliqtSi gadasuliyo. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac barbarosebisadmi,
radikaluri politika Zlierdeboda, rac, pirvel rigSi, gamoisaxeboda
maTTan vaWrobaze uaris TqmiT. es, Tavis mxriv, iwvevda SeiaraRebul
konfliqts (heveri, meTiusi, 1991: 17-26). meore, Semwynarebluri politikis
mimdevrebi miiCnevdnen, rom barbarosebisTvis, maTi minimaluri
moTxovnebis dakmayofilebiT, moxerxdeboda sazRvrebze grZelvadiani
mSvidobis SenarCuneba (lenski, 2002: 124). am ukanaskneli politikis
warmateba, umeteswilad, damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu ramdenad zomieri
iyo nomadebis moTxovnebi da ramdenad didi resursi gaaCnda qveyanas am
moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad, an samxedro Setakebisas sazRvrebis
dasacavad. Sida aziis istoria savsea barbarosebisadmi, rogorc
warmatebuli, aseve warumatebeli politikis magaliTebiT. Cineli
mmarTvelebi xSirad ver xvdebodnen imas, rom nomadebis Tavdasxmebis
mTavari mizezi zustad siRaribe da SimSili iyo (kembrijis Sida..., 1990:
13-14). imave Cinelebis SemTxvevaSi, mravali istoriuli magaliTi
arsebobs, rodesac Semwynarebluri politika sakmaod did Sedegebs
52 Cven ukve vilaparakeT permanentuli gawvrTnis rogori sistema arsebobda romis imperiasa da Semdeg bizantiaSi. wyaroebis nakleboba dazustebiT imaves Tqmis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs sasanianebTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca, rogorc sasanur iranze diskusiisas iqneba naCvenebi, uzarmazari samxedro infrastrusturis arseboba metyvelebda sasanuri jarebis permanentul ganlagebaze imperiis sazRvrebis perimetris garSemo. es ki Tavis mxriv iranelebSi samxedro gawvrTnis saWiroebas iwvevda.
86
iZleoda.
Tumca, barbarosebis moTxovnebis Sesruleba did kritikas
ganicdida. bevri bizantielisTvis, iranelisTvis, Tu CinelisTvis,
barbarosebisTvis `xarkis~ gadaxda gaugebari da, ufro metic,
Seurawmyofeli iyo. ase, magaliTad, salviane marselieli aRniSnavda
Tavis De Gubernatione Dei-Si53 (salviane marselieli, 1930: VI, 98-99):
`adre romaelebi yvelaze Zlierebi iyvnen, xolo exla maT Zala
gamoecalaT; adre isini SiSs Rvridnen, xolo exla ki TviTon cxovroben
SiSSi; adre barbarosebi maT uxdidnen xarks, xolo exla ki piriqiT,
romaelebi uxdian maT. dRis sinaTlec ki fasad gvijdeba, mTel Cven
usafrTxoebaSi fass vixdiT... ra Sedegs mivaRwieT! da amisTvis
vumadlebT barbarosebs, rom Cven gveZleva saSualeba sakuTari Tavi
fasad gamovisyidoT. ra SeiZleba ufro miuRebeli da saSineli iyos,
vidre aseT pirobebze cxovreba. da mainc, amis Semdeg Cven yvelas
gvgonia, rom vcocxlobT, Cven, visi sicocxlec xarkze aris
damokidebuli. Cven sakuTar Tavs ufro sasacilod vxdiT, rodesac
gvgonia, rom oqro, romelsac vixdiT ubralod saCuqaria. Cven mas
saCuqars veZaxiT, sinamdvileSi ki es gamosasyidia. gamosasyidi, romelsac
gausaZlisi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT vixdiT. Cven arasdros varT
gadasaxadisgan Tavisuflebi: Cven mudam vixdiT gamosasyids, raTa
gvqondes imis saSualeba, rom mudam vixadoT~.
cotaodeni dro davuTmoT nomadebis samxedro Zalas. gvian
antikurobaSi stepis nomadi meomari mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda sasanuri
iranis an aRmosavleT romis imperiis jariskacs. ra Tqma unda, nomads ar
gaaCnda maRali samxedro disciplina da mas arc cixe-simagreebis aRebis
gamocdileba da teqnologiebi gaaCnda. Tumca, cxenze manevrirebis
maRali done da saSualo zomaze didi mSvildi mas sakmaod Zlevamosil
meomrad aqcevda. mTavari sxvaoba stepebsa da mezoblo dasaxlebul
teritoriebs Soris aris meurneobis SeuzRudavad ganviTarebis
potenciali, xolo stepebSi mecxoveleobis da nadirobis teqnologiebi
53 romelic SeiZleba iTargmnos rogorc `RvTis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~.
87
ukanasknel dromde didad ar Secvlila. Tu nadiroba ZiriTadad
mtacebluri saqmianoba aris, xolo saqonlis moSeneba ki, mTlianad
cxovelis instinqtze aris damyarebuli, soflis meurneoba adamians
saSualebas aZlevs kontrols dauqvemdebaros, an zog SemTxvevaSi,
Secvalos kidevac, mis garSemo arsebuli bunebrivi pirobebi. miwis
ganwmendiT misi samomavlo damuSavebisTvis, sairigacio arxebis gayvaniT,
an wisqvilebis gamoyenebiT, miwadmoqmedi sakuTari Sromis investirebas
axorcielebs miwis garkveuli monakveTis ganviTarebaSi. es adamiani
mijaWvuli iyo am miwaze da ar SeeZlo misi mitoveba, Tu ki surda
sakuTari Sromis Sedegebi exila. nomadi ki ufro mis garSemo arsebuli
bunebis eqsploatirebaze iyo gadarTuli, vidre mis gaumjobesebaze. es
aris is fundamenturi sxvaoba, rac axasiaTebda am or samyaros
aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi (xazanovi, 1994: 33-36).
savaraudod, gviani paleoliTis xanaSi sxvaoba teqnologiur
ganviTarebaSi soflis meurneobaze da stepze dafuZnebul ekonomikebs
Soris ar aZlevda romelime maTgans gadamwyvet upiratesobas. cxenis
moSenebis Semdeg stepi, mand arsebuli uzarmazari saZovrebiT, sakmaod
mimzidvel regionadac aRiqmeboda, sadac xerxdeboda cxenebis
raodenobis gazrda da Semdgom maTi samxedro saqmianobaSi gamoyeneba. ar
unda daviviwyoT, rom nomadebi iyvnen pirvelebi, vinc samxedro saqmeSi
cxeni gamoiyenes,54 ramac maTi TiTqmis oraTaswlian gamoyenebas daudo
safuZveli samxedro saqmianobaSi. magram, Tu Tavidan stepis ekonomika
mimzidveli iyo, droTa msvlelobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom teqnologiurma
ganviTarebam gadaulaxav zRvars miaRwia.
warmatebis dros nomad mxedars SeiZleba ironiiTac Seexeda
miwadmoqmedisTvis, romelnic misTvis iyvnen Tavisufalni da sakuTari
bedis patronebi. magram, aseT triumfalur drosac ki, nomadebs izidavda
Zvirfasi produqcia, romlis warmoebis saSualebasac stepis ekonomika ar
iZleoda. Turqi ministri toniuquqi tyuilad afrTxilebda Tavisianebs,
Tu ra safrTxis momcveli iyo Cinelebis cxovrebis wesebis gadmoReba da
morgeba. magram es arc SeiZleboda sxvanairad yofiliyo, radgan TviTon
samxedro kampaniis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom nomads mieRo is
54 skviTebi.
88
produqcia, romlis miRebac mas stepSi ar SeeZlo. ase, rom nomads
arCevani hqonda stepSi Rirseul `siRaribeSi~ ecxovra – sxva nomad
jgufebTan permanentul brZolebSi ukeTesi saZovrebisaTvis – an
moesurva civiluri samyaros ganuyofeli nawili gamxdariyo adgilobriv
mosaxleobasTan SereviT da sabolood sakuTari identobis dakargvis
fasad (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 13-14). saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi nomadebis
umetesoba meore alternativas irCevda, xolo civiluri samyaros
gafarToeba ara mxolod samxedro aqtivobiT xdeboda, aramed barbarosi
xalxebis imperiebis SigniT Casaxlebis xarjzec.
Tumca, mezobeli qveynis SigniT gansaxlebis gadawyvetileba
mxolod barbarosebze ar iyo damokidebuli. maT esaWiroebodaT
imperiuli administraciis sruli Tanxmoba. maTi SeSveba, agreTve,
aranakleb iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdeni adamiani cxovrobs
teritoriaze, sadac unda momxdariyo barbarosebis gansaxleba. miRebuli
praqtikis mixedviT, dasaxlebis mTxovnelni ar unda Warbodnen
adgilobriv mosaxleobaze. agreTve, mniSvnelovani iyo, hqonda Tu ara
provinciul administracias Sesabamisi resursi barbarosebis
gamosakvebad (heveri, 2006: 145-167). CineTSi es praqtika aranakleb
warmatebulad xorcieldeboda, vidre romsa da sparseTSi. ufro metic
CineTis samefoebis sazRvrispira regionebi ufro martivad axerxebdnen
axladdasaxlebuli barbarosebis STanTqvas Warbi mosaxleobis xarjze.
376 wels, rodesac imperator valens mouvida cnoba, rom dunaize
mravali guTi iTxovda imperiaSi SeSvebas, imperatori daTanxmda. magram,
provinciulma administraciam ver Camoayaliba guTebis Casaxlebis
efeqtiani meqanizmi (maTi gamokveba gardamaval periodSi), ramac
ajanyebamde da 378 wels, adrianopolis brZolaSi TviT imperatoris
sikvdilamde miiyvana. konstantinopols kidev aTiode weliwadi dasWirda
guTebis problemis mogvarebisTvis (heveri, 2006: 145-167).
Tu adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ver moaxerxebda axlad
dasaxlebulebis STanTqvas, maSin ukuRma procesi iwyeboda: nomaduri
kulturis momZlavreba, rogorc es moxda anatoliaSi, XII saukunidan
moyolebuli Turq-selCukebis dros.
aqamde ganvixileT evraziis dayofa Sida aziad da periferul
89
zonebad mxolod ekonomikuri ganviTarebis faqtoriT. Sida azia –
nadiroba, meTevzeoba andac mecxoveleoba; xolo periferiuli
civilizaciebi (romi/bizantia, irani da CineTi) – soflis meurneobaze
damyarebuli ekonomika. zustad es ekonomikuri fundamentum divisionis-i _
gamyofi _ iyo, ZiriTadad, is, ramac stepebsa da civilur samyaroSi
mcxovrebi sxvadasxva ganviTarebis gzaze mdgomi xalxebi
konfrontaciamde miiyvana.
magram, modiT vecadoT Sida aziis regioni sxva aspeqtebiTac
ganvixiloT. arsebobs Tu ara, ekonomikuri faqtoris garda, sxva rame
saxis kriteriumebi Sida aziis, rogorc erTiani regionis
gansazRvrisTvis. Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom religia, ena da damwerloba
Zalian mcireoden rols asrulebdnen am regionis nomadebis xalxebaT
CamoyalibebaSi.
damwerlobas nadmvilad didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Tundac, rom ganvi-
xiloT laTinuri anbanis gavrceleba Sua saukuneebSi; an kirilikuri an-
banis gavrceleba XIX-XX saukuneebSi, naTeli xdeba, Tu ramdenad did
rols asrulebs erTiani damwerloba adamianTa gaerTianebisTvis.
agreTve, ama Tu im damwerlobis miRebas, SeuZlia xalxs kulturuli
afilireba Seucvalos, rogorc es moxda 1926 wels, TurqeTSi arabuli
anbanis nacvlad, laTinuri anbanis SemoRebiT. magaliTad, erTnairi
damwerloba sxvadasxva enaze molaparake xalxebis daaxloebasac, an
erTi regionisTvis mikuTvnebas amartivebs, rogorc es dRes aris
Cinelebsa da koreelebs Soris (an Tundac Cinelebsa da iaponelebs
Soris, miuxedavad maTi istoriuli antagonizmisa). Sida aziis xalxebs
arasdros hqoniaT erTiani damwerlobis sistema.
rac Seexeba fizikur anTropologias, am komponentSic ki, Sida azia
ar warmoadgenda monogamur sivrces, miuxedavad imisa, rom
monRoloiduri da tunRusTa rasebi Sida aziur tipebad aRiqmeba.
magaliTad, neoliTur xanaSi, amave teritoriaze arqeologiurad
dasturdeba indo-evropelebis arsebobac (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 53-70).
afanasievos kultura, romelic aRmocenda daaxloebiT Zv. w. 2000 wels,
stepSi, minusinskis garSemo. altaidan kaspiis zRvamde arsebul
teritoriaze aRmocenebuli andronovos kultura, aseve indo-evropelebs
90
ekuTvnoda. monRoloidebis gamoCena, savaraudod, daaxloebiT, Zv. w. 1200
wels unda momxdariyo, rodesac maT dominanti roli daikaves
minusinskis regionSi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, moxda
arielebisa da iranuli modgmis xalxis migracia samxreTiT, dRevandeli
indostanis naxevarkunZulisken da Tanamedrove iranisa da erayis
teritoriaze (boisi, 1975: 3-21). magram, es ar niSnavda Sida aziis
regionidan iranuli elementis gaqrobas. Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi, stepebSi,
Cven vxdebiT skviTebs. iranuli modgmis xalxis gaqroba stepebSi mxolod
ax. w. pirvel saukuneebSi moxda, rodesac Turquli modgmis xalxma
moaxerxa maTi STanTqva. amitomac, fiziologiuri anTropologia ar
SeiZleba aRebul iqnas Sida aziis xalxebis civiluri samyaros
xalxebisgan ganmasxvavebel kriteriumad.
Sida aziis regions ar daubadebia romelime msoflio religia. miu-
xedavad imisa, rom zaraTuSTra, savaraudod, stepSi cxovrobda (Zv. w.
1450-1200 ww.) da axal religias avrcelebda, misi mimdevrebi mxolod
iranuli modgmis tomebi gaxdnen, romelnic Semdeg samxreTiT
gadasaxldnen (boisi, 1975: 20-29).55 wyaroebis simcire ar gvaZlevs
saSualebas detalurad SeviswavloT nomadebis religia, magram
cnobilia, rom isini Tayvans scemdnen cas (tengri). ase iyo Sua
saukuneebSic, rodesac evropelebma pirvelad naxes monRoluri tomebis
cxovrebis stili. magram, savaraudod, damwerlobis ar qonam gamoiwvia
arsebuli legendebis da adaT-wesebis daviwyeba.
uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaro Sua aziidan ax. w. VIII saukunes
ekuTvnis da Sesrulebulia Turqul enaze (kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 16-18).
miuxedavad imisa, rom werilobiTi wyaroebis simcire gvaqvs, rac
SeuZlebel xdis Sida aziis lingvisturi istoriis aRdgenas, eWvs
gareSea faqti, rom gvian antikur xanaSi lingvisturi kuTxiT Sida azia
ufro Wreli iyo. XVIII saukunisTvis, rodesac evropelma mkvlevarebma
Sida aziis enebis Seswavlis interesi gamoiCines, mravali ena ukve
mkvdari iyo. ramdenadac cnobilia, Turqulad da monRolurad mosaubre
nomadebs erTmaneTis ar esmodaT. xolo, Tu dRes rame saxis msgavseba
arsebobs ramodenime enas Soris, es ufro sxvadasxva xalxs Soris
55 indostanis naxevarkunZulisken da Tanamadrove iran-erayis teritoriisken.
91
interaqciiT aris gamowveuli. ase magaliTad, Tu atilas dros misi
mxleblebis saxelebi, ZiriTadad, guTuri warmoSobis iyo, es moxda ara
imitom, rom maTi enebi urTierTgasagebi iyo (hunuri enis warmomavloba
dRemde ar aris dadgenili), aramed imis gamo, rom am xalxebis istoria
atilamde 50 wliT ukve iyo erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli (heveri, 2009: 209-
220).
ase rom, TiTqmis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi da, gansakuTrebiT
ki, gvian antikurobaSi, Sida aziasa da civilur samyaros Soris, anu
nomadsa da miwadmoqmeds Soris, arsebuli fundamentum divisionis-i pirvelis
ekonomikuri da kulturuli CamorCena unda iyos da ara lingvisturi, an
anTropologiuri kriteriumi. Sesabamisad, rodesac momdevno TavebSi
visaubrebT, barbarosebis mier ganxorcielebul Semosevebze bizantiisa
da sasanur miwebze, amis umTavresi mizezi unda yofiliyo am imperiebis
ekonomikuri simdidre.
92
3. romaelebi da guTebi.
valensis pirveli guTuri omi (367-369 ww.):
politika, ekonomika da imperiuli ideologia
370 wlis dasawyisSi, aRmosavleT romis imperiis mmarTveli valensi
(364-378 ww.), guTebTan samwliani omis Semdeg, dunaispireTidan
konstantinopolSi dabrunda. dedaqalaqSi valenss konstantinopolis
senatis wevri Temistiusi (daaxl. 317-390 ww.) Sexvda da imperatoris
gamarjvebas saxalxo sityva _ `valensis zavis Sesaxeb~ _ miuZRvna (heveri,
1991: 14-16; vanderspoeli, 1995: 173-176). Tavis sityvaSi Temistiusi saubrobs
valensis interesze filosofiisadmi, Semdgom ki, platonis msgavsad,
acxadebs, rom mmarTvels, romelsac SeuZlia omis warmoeba, aseve
SeuZlia qveynisTvis momgebiani zavis dadeba. amis Semdeg, Temistiusi
barbarosebis bunebas exeba da acxadebs, rom TiToeul maTganSi devs
mSvidobis, an omis marcvali (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10.129-132). mxolod
gamosvlis meore nawilSi Temistiusi gadadis mTavar sakiTxze: 367-369 ww.
omi valenssa da guTebs Soris (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10.135-139). is faqti,
rom sityvis TiTqmis naxevari im mdgomareobis exeba, romelic sufevda
dunaispireTSi valensis gamefebamde, Temistiusis sityvas
umniSvnelovanes wyarod aqcevs.
valensis omebi guTebTan sakmaod kargad Seswavlili sakiTxia. bevri
daiwera heveris, lenskis, kulikovskisa da volframis mier. miuxedavad
amisa, am mkvlevarebis mosazrebebi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan iseT sakiTxze, rogoric aris omis dawyebis mizezebi da
konfliqtis Sedegebi. volframi, kulikovski da nawilobriv, lenski,
miiCneven, rom omis dawyeba romaelebis iniciativa iyo. amis sapirispirod,
heveri Tvlis, rom iniciativa guTebisgan modioda, romelTac surdaT
93
arsebuli ZalTa balansis Secvla (lenski, 2002: 116-127; heveri, 1991: 17-26;
volframi, 1988: 64-75; volframi, 2005: 64-5; kulikovski, 2007: 114-118;
meTiusi, 1989: 318-319; bernsi, 1994: 2-5, 8-9; Sovo, 1998: 195-198; halsali, 2007:
173). Tumca, am istorikosTa naSromebis zogadi maxasiaTebeli aris amiane
marcelines guTur-romauli omis mokle aRwerilobis gamoyeneba da,
raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, Temistiusis meaTe sityvis TiTqmis
mTliani ugulvebelyofa (zogadad Temistiusze: heveri, monkuri, 2001;
vanderspoeli, 1995; dagroni, 1968).
naSromis am TavSi SevecdebiT, konstantine didis mmarTvelobidan
moyolebuli, sxva kuTxiT davinaxoT guTur-romauli urTierTobebi IV
saukunis ganmavlobaSi. mTavari kiTxva iqneba, Tu ratom awarmoa valensma,
367-369 wlebSi, grZeli da sakmaod Zviri omi guTebTan. Tumca, aqcenti ar
iqneba gamaxvilebuli mxolod omis mizezebsa da Sedegebze, aramed
imperiis TavdacviT strategiebze, saomari moqmedebebis dros. rogor
samxedro strategiebs iyenebdnen romaelebi da ra ekonomikur, Tu
ideologiur faqtorebs iTvaliswinebdnen imperiis mesveurebi omis
gamocxadebamde, mis warmoebisas da sazavo xelSekrulebis dadebis
dros? aranakleb mniSvnelovania, samxedro kuTxiT imperiis mier or
frontze omis warmoeba da rogor cdilobdnen aRmosavleT romis
imperiis mmarTvvelebi es Tavidan aecilebinaT. sxva sityvebiT, am patara
omis magaliTze kargad iqneba naCvenebi konstantonopolSi strategiuli
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi – am naSromis erTerTi centraluri
sakvlevi kiTxva.
Temistiusi
romis imperiaSi Sida, an sagareo sirTuleebis Jams, iqneba es
Semosevebi, warumatebeli samxedro kampaniebi, Tu ajanyebebi, Cveul
praqtikas warmoadgenda imperatorebis mier daxmarebis Txovna
profesional mexotbeebisaTvis. am mexotbeebis namuSevrebi, ZiriTadad,
eZRvneboda imperatorebs, Tu sxva maRalCinosnebs da kargad amJRavnebda
ama Tu im dros saimperatoro karze damyarebul politikur mosazrebebs.
erTerTi mTavari meTodi, romelic mexotbeebis mier gamoiyeneboda, iyo
tradiciuli Temebis arCeva (romis imperatorebis mier mSvidobis
94
miRwevis survili; romis imperiis misia mis garSemo mdebare barbarosul
samyaroSi civilizaciis gavrceleba; romis imperatoris guluxvoba,
windaxeduloba, Tu keTilgoniereba; da bolos, imperatorebis
mzrunveloba imperiis gamarjvebisTvisa da usafrTxoebisaTvis)
(Carlzvorti, 1937: 15-25), maTi dakavSireba imperiaSi arsebul
problemebTan da maTi xelaxali interpretireba. amasTan erTad,
mexotbeebis sityvebSi ganxilvis erTerTi mTavari sakiTxi iyo
mmarTvelis ganaTlebuloba.56 mexotbeebis sityvebSi aucileblad unda
aRniSnuliyo romis imperatorebis oTxi mniSvnelovani Tviseba: simamace,
zomiereba, samarTlianoba da sibrZne (virtus, clementia, iustitia, pietas)
(Carlzvorti, 1937: 9-14). mexotbe Temistiusi gamonakliss ar warmoadgenda.
man aRwera valensi, rogorc mmarTveli, romelic cdilobda
keTildReoba moepovebina ara mxolod imperiis sazRvrebisTvis da maT
SigniT mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis, aramed imperiis garSemo arsebul
barbarsebisTvisac. am ricxvSi, pirvel rigSi, Sedian mdinare dunais
CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi barbarosebi – guTebi; aRmosavleTSi – sasanuri
irani. TemistiusTan valensi ufro metad naqebi iyo, vidre romis didi
imperatorebi, xolo misi mcirewlovani vaJi ki, Sedarebuli iyo
aleqsandre makedonelTan (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 8.180). marTlac,
mexotbeebis mier gamoyenebuli es wesebi imdenad iyo gavrcelebuli
imdroindel romaul samyaroSi, rom valensis paralelurad, dasavleT
romis imperiaSi, kidev erTi imperiuli mexotbe – senatori, warmarTi
simaqusi – aqebda valensis Zmis valentinianes clementia-s barbaros
alemanebis (!) mimarT (sonio, 2006: 12-17) da, amavdroulad, xazs usvamda
mis umowyalo samxedro kampaniebs mdinare rainis CrdiloeTiT, imave
alemanebis winaaRmdeg.57 Sesabamisad, araswori iqneba, rom Cven romaeli
imperatorebis mexotbeebis sityvebi ganvixiloT mxolod, rogorc
56 ganaTlebulobis faqtoris xazgasma xdeboda imis da miuxedavad, rom imperatorebis umetesoba, realurad, ar gamoirCeoda ganaTlebis gansakuTrebuli doniT. imperatori valensi, am mxriv, karg magaliTs warmoadgens (Carlzvorti, 1937: 15-25). 57 valentinianes calke provincia „alemaniis“ Seqmna undoda. Tumca, am gegmis ganxorcieleba imperators ar gamouvida erTi martivi mizezis gamo: IV saukunis meore naxevris rainisa da dunais CrdiloeTiT arsebuli barbarosuli gaerTianebebi ufro Zlier koaliciebs warmoadgendnen, vidre es iulius keisris, an markus avreliusis laSqrobebis dros iyo.
95
ubralo propaganda.
Temistiusis meaTe sityvis Cveneburi interpretireba damokidebulia
imaze, Tu, zogadad, rogor gvesmis romis imperiis miznebi
dunarispireTSi barbarosebTan omis sawarmoeblad. Tu Cven miviRebT im
mosazrebas, rom valensma ver miaRwia Tavis mizans guTebTan omSi da 369
wels, dunais SuaSi, iZulebuli iyo zavi daedo guTebis liderTan.58 es
migviyvans im daskvnamde, rom Temistiusi Tavis sityvaSi, ubralod,
cdilobda Seerbilebina imperatoris warumatebloba senatisa da,
zogadad, konstantinopolis macxovreblebis winaSe (heveri, 1991: 20).
Tumca, SeiZleba omis alternatiuli scenaris daxatva. Tavidanve vTqvaT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom weriliboTi wyaroebi gansxvavebul cnobebs iZleva
omis dawyebis mizezebze, yvela maTgani miuniSnebs romaelebisTvis
arasasurvel Sedegebze (amiane marceline, 1935: 27.5.7-8; zosime, 1982: 4.10.3-4;
Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10.135-136). kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mosazrebaa,
davakavSiroT valensis Sida politika da misi ideologiuri
miswrafebebi dunaize arsebul viTarebasTan, gansakuTrebulad, 332 wels,
konstantine didis mier guTebTan dadebuli zavis Semdeg. zustad aq
iqneba mniSvnelovani Temistiusis sityvis, rogorc wyaros gamoyeneba.
Sesabamisad, dasawyisSi, detalurad unda ganvixiloT 332 wlis zavi, im
martivi mizezis gamo, rom 369 wlamde guTebTan sxva xelSekruleba ar
dadebula.
konstantine didi da guTebi
IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, daaxloebiT, ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
(332-365 ww.), urTierTobebi romis imperiasa da guTebs Soris efuZneboda
konstantine didis mier, 332 wels, guTebze dawesebuli sazavo
xelSekrulebiT. evsevi kesarielis mixedviT, romis jarma, 100,000 guTi
gaanadgura (evsevi kesarieli, 1975: 1.8.2; 4.5.1-6.1). udavoa, rom es ricxvebi
gadaWarbebulia, magram isini amtkiceben imas, rom guTebs didi
58 sxvaTa Soris, is faqti rom valensi, dunais SuaSi, barbarosTa meTaurTan xels awers sazavo xelSekrulebas, metyvelebs imaze, rom imperiis mesveurebs kargad hqondaT gaaz-rebuli, Tu sad sruldeba romaelTa Zalaufleba da sad iwyeba barbarosebis teritoria. rogorc am naSromis wina TavebSi iyo naCvenebi, romaelebis mier imperiis eqspansiis limitis gacnobiereba pirdapir metyvelebs imaze, rom konstantinopolSi SeeZloT CamoeyalibebinaT grZelvadiani politika TiToeuli sazRvris mimarTulebiT.
96
danakargebi hqondaT, xolo konstantine didis gamarjveba ki, imdenad
srulyofili iyo, rom man SeZlo guTebze imperiisTvis saukeTeso
pirobebisgan Semdgari sazavo xelSekruleba daewesebina. amavdroulad,
imperatorma ufleba misca damarcxebul guTebs romis jarSi emsaxuraT,
xolo guTi maRalCinosnebi ki, konstantinopolidan saCuqrebs
miiRebdnen.59
mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad, xelSekrulebaSi calke debuleba iyo
Setanili mdinare dunaize SeuzRudavi vaWrobis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,
rom Cven ar gagvaCnia pirdapiri cnoba imisa, rom es iyo konstantine
didis mTavrobis iniciativa, SegviZlia es vivaraudoT ramodenime mizezis
gamo (lenski, 2002: 124; heveri, 1991: 113-114). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom,
zogadad, vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetileba saimperatoro karze
miiReboda, Zalian mcirea imis albaToba, rom Tavisufali vaWroba
guTebTan sazRvarze arasakmarisi kontrolis Sedegi yofiliyo. ufro
metic, rogorc qvemoT iqneba naCvenebi, geopolitikuri mizezebi, rogoric
iyo problemebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, mxars uWers im mosaxrebas, rom
debuleba Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb, zustad, 332 wlis sazavo
xelSekrulebaSi unda Sesuliyo.
vaWrobaze SezRudvebis gauqmeba, SeiZleba, miCneul iqnas, rogorc
uprecedento nabiji, radgan romis imperatorebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen
gaekontrolebinaT romauli teqnologiebis, samxedro da ekonomikuri
informaciis eqsporti imperiis sazRvrebs gareT (iustinianes kodeqsi,
1954: 4.41.1; Tomfsoni, 1982: 10). ori politikuri qmedeba iqna SemoRebuli:
pirveli, sanqciebis daweseba strategiuli mniSvnelobis masalis
gatanaze (javSani, iaraRi, cxenebi, rkina, xorbali da a. S.) (iustinianes
kodeqsi, 1954: 4.36.2); meore miRebuli zoma iyo imperiuli sazRvrebis
mkacri gakontroleba da maTze ramodenime punqtis ganTavseba, sadac
59 es sakmaod saintereso faqtia da bevrs metyvelebs romis imperiis diplomatiaze. miuxedavad mtris sruli damarcxebisa, romaelebi uars ar eubnebodnen barbarosebs Zvirfas saCuqrebze da, rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba naCvenebi, vaWrobazec. imperiis mesveurebs kargad esmodaT, rom dunais sazRvarze grZelvadiani mSvidobis mosapoveblad saWiro iyo barbarosebis Semorigeba da ara maTi sruli daCagvra. rogorc valensis omidan iqneba naCvenebi, imperatorma zustad es gaakeTa, rodesac guTebs vaWrobac Seuwyvita. Sedegad, sazRvari arastabiluri gaxda da 370-iani wlebis bolosken, hunebis gamoCenis droisTvis, dunaispireTSi ar arsebobda romelime Zala, romelsac SeeZlo romis jarebTan erTad nomadebisTvis efeqtiani winaaRmdegobis gaweva.
97
vaWroba mezobel xalxebTan nebadarTuli iqneboda.60 sxva sityvebiT,
vaWroba sazRvrebis gaswvriv mkacrad kontroldeboda. cnobilia, rom
aseTi zomebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli imperiaSi, gansakuTrebulad ki,
V-VI saukuneebSi. prokopi kesarieli werda iustinianes qmedebebis Sesaxeb
SeeCerebina sxvadasxva saxis SeiaraRebis gatana SavizRvispireTisa da
dunais CrdiloeTiT (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940, Anecdota, 25.3-6;
Tomfsoni, 1982: 11). amavdroulad, Tu am wesisTvis arsebobda rame saxis
gamonaklisi, rogorc es iyo erTerT germanul tomTan – hermundurebTan
– mimarTebaSi, es faqti, aucileblad, romaeli istorikosebis gansjis
sagani xdeboda (tacitusi, 2009: 41).
Tumca, mezobel xalxebTan SeuzRudav vaWrobas potenciurad SeeZlo
strategiuli, aseve ekonomikuri ziani mieyenebina imperiisTvis:
1. Ria sazRvrebis pirobebSi barbarosebs imperiidan martivad
SeeZloT gaetanaT mniSvnelovani informacia romauli jaris da
TavdacviTi infrastruqturis Sesaxeb. barbarosebs, agreTve, SeeZloT
zusti geografiuli codnis miRebac, rac maT, samomavlo samxedro
moqmedebebSi, mniSvnelovan upiratesobas mianiWebda. garda amisa, vaWrobis
mizniT Semosuli barbarosebi, realurad, SeiZleba mZarcvelebic
yofiliyvenen (amiane marceline, 1935: 31.10.1-6; li, 1993: 130-3, 161-5).
2. imperiuli monetebis imave raodenobiT Semosvla, romelic
Tavdapirvelad imperiidan gadioda, lokalur donezeDekonomikas
ajansaRebda (todi, 1998: 88-103). Tumca, Ria sazRvars SeeZlo sxva efeqtic
hqonoda imperiis finansebze. vaWrebs (romaelebis CaTvliT) martivad
SeeZloT Tavi aeridebinaT gadasaxadebisaTvis. SeuzRudavi vaWroba ki,
imperiis usafrTxoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani nivTebis gatanas SesaZlebels
xdida. am mxriv, gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa ramodenime faqti romis
aRmosavleT sazRvridan. magaliTad, 298 wels, romsa da sasanur irans
Soris dadebuli zavis mixedviT, imperiebs Soris vaWroba mxolod qalaq
nizibisSi iyo SesaZlebeli. mogvianebiT, V saukunis dasawyisSi, mas
60 ase iyo ara mxolod dunaisa da rainze. msgavsi praqtika miRebuli iyo sasanur irnTan saszRvarzec: vaWroba, umeteswilad, kontroldeboda mdinare evfratsa da CrdiloeT somxeTSi mZlavri sajariso SenaerTebis koncentrirebiT. Tumca, amasTan erTad, gamoyofili iyo ramodenime punqti sazRvris gaswvriv SezRuduli savaWro aqtivobisTvis.
98
kalinikumi da artaqsata daemata (iustinianes kodeqsi, 1954: 4.63.6). udavod,
amis gamomwvev mizezebSi SeiZleba qveynis usafrTxoebasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi yofiliyo: magaliTad, jaSuSebisTvis
sazRvris gadakveTaSi xelis SeSla. magram, naTelia isic, rom vaWrobis
nebarTva gansazRvrul qalaqebSi ekonomikuri mizezebiT iyo gamowveuli:
gadasaxadebis efeqtiani akrefva da mniSvnelovani produqciis (iaraRi,
oqro da sxva liToni) eqsportis gakontroleba.
magram, miuxedavad am safrTxeebisa, Tavisufali vaWroba kidev erTi
ramisken iyo mimarTuli.61 konstantinem, romelsac surda guTuri
problema moegvarebina, ugulvebelyo SeuzRudavi vaWrobiT Seqmnili
ekonomikurad araxelsayreli mdgomareoba. mas esaWoroebida
grZelvadiani mSvidoba dunaispireTSi, radgan imperatori gegmavda axali
samxedro kampaniis mowyobas aRmosavleTSi. 330 wels, mefe Trdatis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, somxeTSi politikuri krizisi daiwyo, rac
sasanianebma Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenes da somxeTis Sida saqmeebSi
Caerivnen. amavdroulad, iranelebma Tavdasxmebi moawyes romis CrdiloeT
mesopotamiis samflobeloebze (blokli, 1992: 10-12). konstantines sapasuxo
nabiji unda gadaedga. imperatori aRmosavleTSi masStaburi samxedro
kampaniis mowyobas gegmavda (blokli, 1992: 10-12). Sesabamisad,
aRmosavleTSi arsebulma rTulma politikurma mdgomareobam gavlena
moaxdina 332 wels guTebTan dadebul zavze. es karg magaliTs
warmoadgens imisa, rodesac imperiis strategiuli usafrTxoeba metad
mniSvnelovani iyo potenciur ekonomikur zaralze. Sesabamisad,
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb miRebuli piroba, uSualod, guTebze iyo
morgebuli, dunaispireTSi grZelvadiani mSvidobis dasamyareblad.
eseTi iyo problemebi, romelic valensis gamefebis droisTvis (364
w.), imperiis dunais sazRvarze arsebobda. Tumca, SedarebiTi mSvidoba,
romelic Seiqmna 332 wlis zavis pirobebiT, amavdroulad, seriozul
ekonomikur da usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebul problemebs uqmnida
imperias. marTalia, guTebi didi ekonomikuri sargeblis gamo, naklebs
fiqrobdnen imperiuli teritoriis darbevaze, romaelebs gadawyvetili 61 rac ufro masStaburi iyo vaWroba imperiasa da barbarosebs Soris, miT ufro didi gavlenis moxdena SeeZlo konstantinopols mezoblebze vaWrobis SemcirebiT, an misi nawilobriv SewyvetiT.
99
hqondaT arsebuli wesrigis Secvla.
imperiis Sida problemebi
361-365 wlebi, imperiisTvis erTerT yvelaze rTul periods
warmoadgenda. sasanianebTan konstanciusis samxedro konfrontaciam
(blokli, 1992: 12-24), misma dapirispirebam momaval imperator iulianesTan
da am ukanasknelis 363 wlis warumatebelma samxedro kampaniam iranis
winaaRmdeg, sagrZnoblad Seasusta imperiis samxedro da ekonomikuri
potenciali (meTiusi, 1989: 100-105). gaurkvevloba ar damTavrebula 363
wels meomar iovianes imperatorad gamocxadebiTac. mxolod
weliwadnaxevris Semdeg, moxerxda viTarebis gamoswreba, rodesac 364
wels, imperia Zmeb valentianesa da valens Soris daiyo. rTuli samxedro
viTarebis garda, imperatorebs iulianesgan rTuli ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba xvda wilad, rodesac maT uwevdaT 1,500,000 silidis gadaxda
daaxloebiT 300,000-350,000-kaciani imperiuli jarisTvis (lenski, 2002: 290).
sxva zomebs rac Seexeba, imperatorebma gaauqmes iulianes kanoni
religiuri pirebisTvis taZrebis qonebis gadacemis Sesaxeb da isini
xelaxla imperiuli xazinis mflobelobaSi daabrunes (lenski, 2002: 291;
iustinianes kodeqsi, 1954: 5.13.3, 10.1.8). Tumca, yvelaze mtkivneuli iyo
gadasaxadebis akrefvis axali meTodi. aq, gansakuTrebulad, Tavi
gamoiCina valensis simamrma petroniusma (amiane marceline, 1935: 26.6.6-9;
lenski, 2002: 291). axali praqtikis mixedviT, imperiis mesveurebs ufleba
miecaT erTsaukunovani valebis amoRebac moexdinaT (amiane marceline,
1935: 26.6.7). am zomebma konstantinopolis mosaxleobis didi nawili
gaanawyena, ramac, garkveulwlad, xeli Seuwyo vinme prokopis aRzevebas
da mis ajanyebas.
prokopis ajanyeba da guTebi
365 wels, mcire aziaSi myofma valensma miiRo Setyobineba, rom
guTebi gegmavdnen Trakiis darbevas (amiane marceline, 1935: 26.6.14).
miuxedavad amisa, antioqiisken mimaval imperators, gezi ar Seucvlia da
mxolod damxmare erTeulebi gaagzavna dunais sazRvris dasacavad (amiane
marceline, 1935: 26.6.14). prokopis ajanyebam da guTebis mier misTvis
100
samxedro daxmarebis gawevam, sabolood gaafuWa urTierTobebi
konstantinopolsa da guTebs Soris. guTebis lideri, aTanarixi,
savaraudod, imedovnebda, rom prokopis warmatebuli ajanyeba imperiasa
da guTebs Soris arsebul status quo-s ucvlelad datovebda. am
mosazrebidan gamomdinare, aTanarixis mier ajanyebuli prokopisTvis
3,000 meomris gagzavna, logikur nabijs warmoadgenda. Tumca, es
gamoricxavs imasac, rom guTebs ar esmodaT, Tu ra avantiuraSi
ebmobodnen da ra Sedegi SeiZleba amas mohyoloda, prokopis gamarjvebis
SemTxvevaSi. guTebs imperiis Sida saqmeebSi Carevis sakmaod didi
gamocdileba hqondaT. guTebis gamoyeneba aqtiurad xdeboda imperiis
SigniT samoqalaqo omebis dros. magaliTad, 320-ian wlebSi konstantinesa
da liciniuss Soris mimdinare konfliqtSi, guTebma am ukanasknels
dauWires mxari (kulikovski, 2007: 82). msgavsi ram moxda 361 welsac,
rodesac konstanciusma daxmareba sTxova guTebs iulianesTan
sabrZolvelad. es badebs Semdeg kiTxvas: ram gamoiwvia guTebis eseTi
ukmayofileba (heveri, 1991: 116; lenski, 2002: 152), rom 364 wels valensis
taxtze asvlis xanmokle periodis Semdeg, maT 365 wels, imperiis
teritoriis darbeva gadawyvites?
rogorc iTqva, taxtze asvlis Semdeg valensis mTavari sazrunavi
imperiis SigniT ekonomikuri da samxedro mdgomareobis gamosworeba iyo.
erTerTi zoma korufciasTan brZola da imperiis sazRvrebSi
sagadasaxado procesis mkacri gakontroleba iyo. rogorc amiane da
Temistiusi acxadebdnen, arakontrolirebad vaWrobas dunaispireTSi
marTlac did qaosamde SeeZlo mieyvana politikuri mdgomareoba
(Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10. 136; amiane marceline, 1935: 31.5.4). dunaispireTSi
korufcia farTod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo, xolo imperiis
jariskacebi ki, xSirad, ukanono ekonomikur saqmianobaSi iyvnen
CarTulni. guTebs martivad SeeZloT Tavi aeridebinaT gadasaxadebisTvis
da, amavdroulad, imperiis jaris umoqmedobis gamo, mciremasStabiani
laSqrobebic moewyoT (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10. 136-137; amiane marceline,
1935: 22.7.7, 26.4.5; zosime, 1982: 4.10.1). amis garda, imperia valdebuli iyo
guTebisTvis fuli gadaexada, rac konstantinopolSi radikalebs Soris
101
ukmayofilebas iwvevda (Sovo, 1998: 193-194). gauaresebuli urTierTobebis
kidev erTi mizezi gaxda, 367 wlisTvis, konstantine didis dros agebuli
xidis ganadgureba. xidis ararseboba mniSvnelovnad amcirebda
romaelebis samxedro ponencials _ Seteva ganexorcielebinaT dunais
gaRma. valensis ekonomikurma zomebma qveynis SigniT didi gavlena
moaxdina dunaispiras ukananono vaWrobis gasauqmeblad. es, Tavis mxriv,
guTebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. sapasuxod, 365 wlis 19 ivniss, valensma
daavala provincia dakia ripensisis mmarTvels, aRedgina samxedro
infrastruqtura dunais gaswvriv (Teodosiusis kodeqsi, 1952: 15.1.13).
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom dunaispireTSi vaWrobis mkacri gakontroleba
prokopis ajanyebamdec daiwyo, ramac aiZula guTebi valensis winaaRmdeg
gamosuliyvnen.
sainteresoa, rom prokopis damarcxebis Semdeg, valensis pozicia
fundamenturad ar Secvlila. imperatoris momxreni prokopis damarcxebas
sufTa gamarjvebad ganixilavdnen, Tumca ekonomikuri problemebi
imperiaSi arsad gamqrala da saerTo ukmayofilebis Tavidan
asacileblad, mas axladSemoRebuli gadasaxadebis gauqmeba mouwia. am
mxriv, sainteresoa TrakiaSi moRvawe auqsoniusis qmedebebi, romelic,
zosimes gadmocemiT (zosime, 1982: 4.9.2), mkacrad meTvalyureobda rame
saxis gadaWarbeba ar momxdariyo gadasaxadebis akrefvis dros. imperiis
ekonomikur mdgomareobas, agreTve, arTulebda samxedro konfrontacia
sasanianebTan, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi. amitomac, samxedro kampania
guTebis winaaRmdeg aRadgenda imperiis ekonomikur da samxedro wesrigs
dunaize.
ideologiur mizezebs aseve SeeZloT aeZulaT valensi omi daewyo.
valens ori mizani hqonda: gaaqarwla konstantine didis dinastiis mimarT
guTebis erTguleba; gamoesworebina Tavisi imperiuli imiji, romelic
sagrZnoblad Seilaxa prokopis ajanyebis gamo. valensis imperatoruli
prestiJis aRdgenas, marTlac, didi mniSvneloba hqonda.
romis respublikisa da gansakuTrebiT romis imperiis adreul
periodSi imperiis legionebma bevri triumfi gadaixades. IV saukuneSi ki,
viTareba radikalurad Seicvala. imperiis jarebi iseTi sixSiriT veRar
imarjvebdnen sagareo omebSi da gadaxdili triumfebis ricxvic sakmaod
102
Semcirda. savaraudod, 298 wels, imperator galeriusis gamarjveba
sasanianebTan omSi (blokli, 1992: 5-7) da iuliane gandegilis mier, 357
wels, argentorarumis (strasburgis) (brauningi, 1975: 84-88; boversoki,
1978: 40-41) brZolaSi barbarosebis damarcxeba, mxolod gamonaklisebs
warmoadgenda. sxva mxriv, didi samxedro gamarjvebebis mopoveba ufro
rTuli gaxda. amitomac, imperatorebis mier mosaxleobisTvis imperiis
uZlevelobis demonstrireba mniSvnelovani iyo (makormiki, 1986: 1-10, 36-46).
amis gakeTebis erTerTi kargi saSualeba iyo IV saukuneSi, imperatorebis
mier taxtis uzurpatorebze gamajvebebis aRniSvna. zogi imperatori
xSirad aWarbebda miRweuli gamarjvebis mniSvnelobas (meTiusi, 1989: 234).
miuxedavad imisa, rom `gamarjvebis mniSvnelobis gadaWarbeba~
gansakuTrebulad gavrcelda 378 wels adrianopolSi gancdili marcxis
Semdeg (makormiki, 1986: 41), valensis mdgomareoba aranakleb rTuli iyo.
amis ori mizezi arsebobda: prokopis ajanyeba iyo pirveli mcdeloba
CamoegdoT imperatori aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi; ajanyeba ara
provinciebSi, aramed, uSualod, dedaqalaqSi daiwyo. ajanyebam aCvena
raoden arastabilur mdgomareobaSi iyo valensi. Sesabamisad, guTebze
swrafi gamarjveba valensis problemebis umetes nawils moagvarebda.
369 wlis sazavo xelSekruleba
Temistiusi dunais, 368-369 wlebSi, orjer ewvia (vandespoeli, 1995:
138-173). man guTebTan molaprakebebSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo, rac
xsnis im faqts, rom mis sityvebSi Semonaxulia mniSvnelovani istoriuli
detalebi. zosimesTan (zosime, 1982: 4.11.4), ZiriTadad, igive weria rac
TemistiusTan, xolo amiane ki, mxolod tyveebis gacvlaze laparakobs
(amiane marceline, 1935: 27.5.10). zavis pirobebi Semdegia: 1. guTebisTvis,
TiTqmis, mTliani sazRvris Caketva vaWrobisTvis (garda ori
axladSeqmnili punqtisa); 2. romaelebma Sewyvites guTebis liderebisTvis
fulis gadaxda (Temistiusi, 1991: Or. 10. 135-136).
SegviZlia am pirobebis mixedviT, vilaparakoT imaze, Tu ra
miznebis miRweva surda valens (milari, 1982: 1-23)? amianes da zosimes
mixedviT, omi bizantielebis mier wamowyebuli sadamsjelo kampania iyo
(amiane marceline, 1935: 27.5.2). am mxriv, Temistiusis sityva gansxvavebul
103
cnobebs iZleva dunaispireTSi arsebul problemebze. rogorc ukve iyo
naTqvami, konstantines mier dadebulma zavma, droTa msvlelobaSi, cud
mdgomareobaSi Caagdo imperiis TavdacviTi infrastruqtura. amas unda
daematos romaelebis valdebuleba guTebisTvis yovelwlirad fuli
gadaexadaT. Temistiusi, Tavis sityvaSi, am sakiTxebze akeTebs aqcents da
iribad aRniSnavs, rom valenss yvelaze metad, zustad, am ori problemis
mogvareba surda.
Temistiusis sityvidan Cans, rom zavis dadebis Sedegad,
bizantielebma dunaisireTSi sazRvris gamagreba daiwyes. CrdiloeTSi
problemebis mogvarebiT, valenss, agreTve, surda Tavi aeridebina
erTdroualad or frontze omisgan.
amavdroulad, saWiroa imis Tqmac, rom valensis zomebi ar
iTvaliswinebda vaWrobis mTlianad Sewyvetas. omis Semdeg, imperiam
vaWroba mTlianad Tavis kontrols dauqvemdebara. es ki, kidev erTxel
amtkicebs vaWrobis mniSvnelobas imperiis sagareo politikaSi.
daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 369 wlis sazavo
xelSekrulebam mTlianad Secvala konstantine didis dros
dunaispireTSi miRweuli ZalTa balansi. rogorc naCvenebi iyo, amianes da
zosimes cnobebis miuxedavad, 367-369 wlebis omi ar dawyebula mxolod
guTebis mier prokopisTvis daxmarebis gawevis gamo. ufro metad, valenss,
364 wels, taxtze asvlisTanave, wilad xvda samxedro, ekonomikuri da
ideologiuri gamowvevebi, romelic axali imperatori aiZula guTebTan
pirdapir konfliqtSi Sesuliyo.
104
Tavi IV
bizantiis arabuli politika
gvian antikurobaSi
ax. w. pirveli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi arabi nomadebi, romlebic
saxlobdnen siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi iSviaTad Tu gvxvdebian romaul
wyaroebSi. mxolod IV saukunidan moyolebuli gviani romauli da
adreuli bizantiuri wyaroebi ganixilaven saracinebs (arabebis
saxelwodebis adreuli forma) (romaul wyaroebSi termini „arabis“ da
„saracinis“ SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa grafi, 1997: 14-15;
Sahidi, 1984: 123-41), rogorc mniSvnelovan faqtors romaul-sparsul
urTierTobebSi. SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom saracinebis wina
planze wamoweva dakavSirebul unda iyos ardaSir I mier ax. w. 220-ian
wlebSi sasanuri saxelmwifos CamoyalibebiT, romelmac mTlianad
Secvala ZalTa balansi imdroindel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi (hovard-
jonstoni, 1995: 157-226; edveli, 2008: 7-30; greitreqsi, 1998: Tavi 2) samxreT
kavkasiidan moyolebuli arabeTis naxevarkunZulis ukidures samxreTamde.
aman, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia axali samokavSireo dajgufebebis Seqmna
sazRvrispira regionebSi. romisa da sasanuri iranis dapirispireba ki
iseT regionSi, rogoric aris siria-mesopotamiis udabno, iq mcxovreb
lokalur mmarTvelebs SesaZleblobas aZlevda meti Zalaufleba
moepovebinaT imperiebTan samxedro da politikuri aliansebis SekvriT da
ekonomikuri sargeblis mopovebiT.
bevri ram daiwera ukanasknel periodSi arabebis rolze konstan-
tinopolis aRmosavlur politikaSi V_VI saukuneebSi. mkvlevarebs Soris
arsebuli gansxvavebebi romis imperiaSi islamamdeli arabebis rolis
aRqmaSi kargad asaxavs im saerTo diskurss, romelic dawyebulia
105
arabebis mniSvnelobaze romsa da sasanuri iranis urTierTobebSi. iseTi
mkvlevarebi rogoric arian maikl uitbi da mark uitou miiCneven, rom
arabebi naklebad mniSvnelovanni iyvnen (vitbi, 1992: 80; vitou, 1999: 216),
maSin rodesac sxvebi – magaliTad irfan Sahidi – arabebs zedmetad
mniSvnelovan rols aniWeben da Rasanidebis konfederaciis erTerT
dinastias, jafnidebs, romis aRmosavluri TavdacviTi strategiis
qvakuTxeds uwodeben (Sahidi, 1995: 646). sartrs, robensa da fiSers ki
gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT da cdiloben kompromisuli azri
daafiqsiron (fiSeri, 2011; sartri, 1982; robeni, 2008). Tumca, erTi
mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli am yvela kvlevisTvis aris is, rom
yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvilebulia bizantiur-arabul urTierTobebis
politikur da religiur aspeqtebze, xolo naklebad ki arabebis rolze
savaWro gzebis dacvaze da Tu ramdenad Sors moaxerxes romis mokavSire
arabebma sakuTari gavlena gaevrcelebinaT imperiuli sazRvris iqeT
siria-mesopotamiis udabnosa da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT
nawilSi – hijazSi. Sesabamisad, SemoTavazebul naSromSi ZiriTadi
yuradReba gadatanili iqneba ekonomikur faqtorebze, raze dayrdnobiTac
wamoyenebuli iqneba idea, rom Talabidebis (kidev erTi dinastia
RasanidTa konfederaciidan) aRzeveba 502 wels, xolo jafnidebis ki –
528 wels, gamowveuli iyo romis aRmosavlur provinciebSi – arabeTsa da
palestina III – savaWro gzebis dacvis saWiroebiT. rac Seexeba
geografiul pirobebs, naCvenebi iqneba, rom is, rasac romaelebi
Seejaxnen siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi realurad iyo Ria sazRvari,
romelic xels uwyobda arabebis warmatebas romTan urTierTobaSi da,
amavdroulad, zRudavda kidevac maTi moqmedebis areals. daviwyeb
geografiuli pirobebis aRweriT, radgan siria-mesopotamiis landSaftma
umeteswilad gansazRvra romisa da arab tomebs Soris urTierTobebi.
geografiuli pirobebi
siria-mesopotamiis vake did da sakmaod mdidar teritorias
warmoadgenda, romlis bunebrivi pirobebi ganisazRvreba mTebiT,
romlebic mis garSemoa – palestinis, libanis, antilibanis da amanusis
mTebi dasavleTiT, tavris mTebi CrdiloeTiT da zagrosis –
106
aRmosavleTiT (geografiuli mimoxilvisTvis ix. isaaki, 1990: 9-14; foudeni,
1999: 1-4; doneri, 1981: 91-2; fiSeri, 2011: 26-9). Tumca, es mTebi ar
warmoadgenda gadaulaxav barierebs, radgan vaWrobiTa da mesaqonleobiT
siria da mesopotamia dakavSirebuli iyo udabnos landSaftTan (aq da
Semdeg ix. ruka 1). zagrosis mTebi gadaWimulia sparseTis yuridan
Tanamedrove qurTistanamde da acalkevebs siria-mesopotamiis vakes mZime
klimatis mqone iranuli platosgan. qurTistanis miRma zagrosi ebmis
somxur tavrs, romelic Tavis mxriv grZeldeba samxreT-dasavleT
anatoliasaken, sadac is tavris ZiriTad mTebs uerTdeba. siria-
misepotamiis vakeze amaRlebuli tavris mTebi iyo sakmaod mkveTri, rac
gadaulaxavi barieris STabeWdilebas tovebda, Tumca mTebSi arsebuli
sami gadasavleli martivad aZlevda saSualebas nebismier did Zalas
(iqneba es romi Tu irani), romelsac ekava regioni, daekavSirebina
aRmosavleT armenia mesopotamiis CrdiloeTTan da ufro CrdiloeTiT
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebTan (hovard-jonstoni, 2009: 436). siria-
mesopotamiis vakis ukidures CrdiloeT-dasavleTiT, mdinare orontesi
miedineba xmelTaSua zRvaSi, riTac garkveul zRudes qmnida udabnosa da
romaul palestinaSi mcxovreb adamianebs Soris. amrigad,
garSemortymuli mTebiT yvela mxridan garda samxreT sazRvrisa, siria-
mesopotamiis vake zRvis donidan ufro maRla mdebareobs (daaxl. 500 m.)
vidre xmelTaSuazRvispireTis sanapiro levantSi.
siria-mesopotamiis vakis umetesi nawili SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc
stepi, xeebis mcire raodenobiT, Tumca mdidari miwebiT garSemortymuli.
sezonuri wvimebi arsebuli landSaftis nawilobriv saxecvlas iwvevda,
kerZod ki buCqebis da balaxis droebiTi amosvliT, rac umeteswilad
gansazRvravda mesaqonleebis moZraobas. stepi potencialiT gansxvavdeba
udabnosgan, radgan potenciurad SesaZlebelia misi nawilobriv
damuSaveba.
siriis stepi aRmosavleTiT mesopotamias erwymis. magram Tavisi
zomisa da mravalferovnebis gamo, siria-mesopotamiis vake ver
kontroldeboda am teritoriaze macxovrebTa erTi romelime jgufis
mier. amis sanacvlod, momTabareni, miwaTmoqmedni, xelosnebi, vaWrebi,
sasuliero pirebi da jariskacebi, realurad, simbiozs qmnidnen. am vakis
107
aRmosavleT, CrdiloeT da dasavleT napirebi sakmaod mWidrod
dasaxlebuli iyo, xolo macxovreblebi, gansakuTrebiT ki aRmosavleT
nawilSi, sxvadasxva modgmis da religiuri mrwamsis xalxs
warmoadgendnen – cecxlTayvanismcemlebi, ebraelebi, nestorianuli
mimarTulebis qristianebi, qalkedonelebi, poliTeistebi da sxvebi
(foudeni, 1999: 4).
moZraoba stepebSi ramdenime formas iZenda: sezonuri migracia,
savaWro mogzauroba, omi da piligrimoba (momlocveloba) (doneri, 1981:
11-49). zemoT ganxilulma bunebrivma pirobebma ganapiroba is, rom
politikuri sazRvari romis imperiasa da sasanur irans Soris sxva
araferi iyo, Tu ara pirobiTi zoli da xSirad monacvleobda sakmaod
mniSvnelovani teritoriiT. arabebis unari martivad da swrafad
gadaelaxaT mTeli siria-mesopotamiis udabno, gadaaqcia isini Zlier
iaraRad imperiebs Soris warmoebul omebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom arabi
tomebisgan momdinare safrTxe mciremasStabiani, Tumca ekonomikisTvis
didi zianis momtani TavdasxmebiT Semoifargleboda, erTaderTi gza
aseTi Setevebis SeCerebisTvis iyo sawinaaRmdego arabuli dajgufebis
Seqmna.
rogorc es romis aRmosavluri sazRvris geografiuli mimoxilva
gviCvenebs romsa da irans warmoebuli omebis mTavari areali
mdebareobda CrdiloeT siriasa da mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilSi.
sazRvari udabnoSi provinciebSi palestina III arabeTi ar warmoadgenda
uSualo sazRvars iranTan, xolo udabno aRmosavleTiT gadaulaxavi iyo
orive didi saxelmwifosaTvis. sxva sityvebiT, strategiuli brZolis
veli or imperias Soris iyo provincia osroena da CrdiloeTi
mesopotamia, 363 wlis Semdeg qalaq nisibinis dasavleTiT mdebare
sazRvriT (blokli, 1992: 24-30).
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, unda aRiniSnos, rom qveynis
usafrxoebis TvalsazrisiT romis aRmosavlur sazRvars mniSvnelovani
strategiuli nakli gaaCnda. viwro teritoria, romelic gadioda sinais
naxevarkuZulidan tavris mTebamde iseTi qalaqebiT, rogoric aris
antioqia, ierusalimi da damasko, SeiZleboda martivad moqceuliyo
mZlavri arabul Tavdasxmis msxverpli samxreTidan, xolo CrdiloeTidan
108
ki – sasanianebisgan. sxva sityvebiT, imperiis sazRvris am monakveTze ar
arsebobda raime bunebrivi barieri, romelic palestinas da siriis
mdidar qalaqebs daicavda udabnodan mosuli mtrisagan. romis imperiul
jarebs arabuli ZalebisTvis unda gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba am
ukanasknelisTvis moxerxebul Ria velze. geografiuli pirobebi
imperiul jarebs xels ar uwyobda gamoeyenebinaT strategiuli
(teritoriuli) siRrme mtris mosagerieblad.62 erTaderTi gamosavali
konstantinopoliTvis iyo sakuTari arabuli klientelis63 Seqmna
daefinansebinaT..
bizantiis arabuli sazRvris Taviseburebani
CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan samxreTiT aqabas yuremde moyolebuli
romis sazRvris mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo arabi tomebisagan momdinare
mciremasStabiani Semosevebis safrTxe, romelic drodadro seriozul
xasiaTsac iRebda, Tumca egzistencialur safrTxes ar uyenebda romis
aRmosavluri provinciebs. sxva sityvebiT, konstantinopolis politikur
kontrols siria-palestinaSi, grZelvadian pespeqtivaSi, strategiuli
safrTxe ar emuqreboda (grafi, 1997: 6-7, 12-15, 341-356, sadac avtori
sakmarisad ar afasebs arabebisgan momdinare safrTxes; parkeri, 2006: 551-
552). miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom mciremasStabian Semosevebs
SeeZloT SesamCnevi ekonomikuri ziani mieyenebinaT siria-palestinisTvis.
geografiulma eqskursma gviCvena, rom arab meomrebs problemebi ar
hqondaT konstantinopolis kontrolirebad teritoriaze SesaRwevaT. es
kargad Cans wminda ieronimes monaTxrobSi, rodesac 414 wels is werda,
rom arabebi da aragenebi (dResdReisobiT saracinebaT wodebulni)
aRwevdnen qalaq ierusalimis kedlebs (ieronime, 1996: 129.20-23).
Teodoreti, siriis qalaq kirosSi 423 wlidan moRvawe sasuliero piri,
Tavis Historia Religiosa-Si, aRniSnavs, Tu rogor axerxeben erTmaneTisadmi
mtrulad ganwyobili arabi tomebi beroeasa (alepo) da antioqias Soris
62 strategiuli siRrmis kargi magaliTia bizantiis provincia Trakia balkaneTSi, romelic saSualebas aZlevda konstantinopols warmatebiT moegierebina guTebis da ufro mZlavri nomadi xalxebis hunebisa da avarebis Semosevebi. 63 klienti – damokidebuli. romis imperiaSi, ZiriTadad, patara mokavSire xalxebTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneboda.
109
mdebare wminda simeonis adgilsamyofelamde misvlas locvisaTvis
(Teodoreti, 1843: XXVI.11-16, 21). arab liderebs, agreTve, martivad
SeeZloT gamoecvalaT sakuTari imperiuli patroni da meore mxares
gadasuliyvnen, riTac areulobas iwvevdnen ori didi imperiis
sazRvrebze. ase, magaliTad, aspebetusma, romelic Tavdapirvelad iyo
sasanianebis arabi mokavSire, daaxloebiT ax. w. 420 wels gadawyvita
romaelTa mxareze gadasuliyo riTac moxda siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi
ZalTa balansis xelaxali gadanawileba (kirile skifopoleli, 1991: 14).
arabebisTvis gaweuli mxardaWera romis samxreT-aRmosavlur
sazRvarze ufro mkveTri gaxda VI saukunis dasawyisSi. es iyo pirdapiri
Sedegi 502 wels romsa da sasanianebs Soris didi Sesvenebis Semdeg
ganaxlebuli samxedro moqmedebebis Sedegi (greitreqsi, 1998: 73-118) da im
movlenebis, romlebic moxda romis arabul provinciaSi. Teofanes
qronografisgan Cven viciT, rom 497-502 wlebSi arabuli dajgufebebi
warmatebul Semosevebs axorcielebdnen romaul palestinasa da samxreT
siriaSi (Teofane bizantieli, 1997: AM 5995). es procesi dasrulda 502
wlis sazavo xelSekrulebiT, romelSic salihidebi Seicvalnen, rogorc
romis umTavresi mokavSire dajgufeba siria-mesopotamiis udabnosa da
stepSi (Teofane bizantieli, 1997: AM 5995). salihidebi am rols zemo
xsenebul xelSekrulebamde ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi asrulebdnen da
romaelebis mier aRiarebulebi iyvnen, rogorc romauli arabeTis
filarxebi (mmarTvelebi). unda aRiniSnos, rom isini sakmaod
warmatebulad axorcielebdnen palestina-samxreT siriis sazRvris
dacvas da mniSvnelovan imperiul savaWro gzebsac akontrolebdnen,
romlebic provincias kveTda. Tumca, VI saukunis dasawyisisTvis, xolo
amisTvis ki arsebobs saTanado cnobebi, salihidebis roli Sesustda da
isini efeqturad veRar axorcielebdnen romauli teritoriebis dacvas
(sartri, 1985: 155-162).
is, Tu ra SeTanxmebas miaRwies 502 wels, dRemde ar aris bolomde
garkveuli. ori varaudi arsebobs: 1. xelSekrulebam Caanacvla romis
salihidi mokavSireebi kinditebiTa da jafnidebiT (sxva arabi tomebiT
RasanianTa konfederaciidan) (sartri, 1985: 155-162; Sahidi, 1995: 3-12;
greitreqsi, 1998: 29; vati, trombli, 2000: 69; haareri, 2006: 34-6; parkeri, 2006:
110
567); 2. xelSekruleba daido mxolod TalabidTa liderTan al-hariTTan
(robeni, 2008: 178). miuxedavad imisa, rom Teofane aRniSnavs, rom 502 wlis
xelSekrulebis Semdeg mTeli palestina, arabeTi da finikia srul
usafrTxoebaSi imyofebodnen (Teofane bizantieli, 1997: AM 5995) da
yovelive es unda miuTiTebdes imaze, rom jafnidTa lideri jabala
(romelic romis provinciebs arbevda 497 wlidan) iZulebuli iyo romis
xelisuflebasTan kompromisisTvis mieRwia, amis bevri kontrargumenti
arsebobs. robeni, sakmaod kargi argumentaciiT, aRniSnavs, rom
Talabidebi da jafnidebi ar SeiZleba gaigivebul iqnas, radgan
wyaroebSi erTad ar arian naxsenebi (vitou, 1999: 212-213). agreTve, arsad
aris naxsenebi, rom jafnidebi CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT arabeTSi mcxovreb
mudaris toms ukavSirdebodnen robeni, 1996: 696-697). savaraudod, areta,
romelmac 502 wels xelSekruleba dado imperator anastasiusTan,
TalabidTa warmomadgeneli iyo, tomi Rasanidebis konfederaciidan
(robeni, 1996: 699).
yvela zemomoyvanili magaliTi mianiSnebs imaze, rom is rasac
romaelebi Seejaxnen siria-palestinis udabnos napirze, iyo Ria,
bunebrivi barierebis armqone sazRvari, rac moZraobis sakmaod maRali
koeficientiT gamoirCeoda da gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo iyo arabi
dajgufebebisTvis, rogorc ekonomikurad, aseve politikurad.
jafnidebi moqmedebaSi
528 wlis Semdeg da 531 wels kalinikumis samxedro kampaniis Catare-
bamde, imperator iustinianem (527-565 ww.) jafnid al-hariTs uboZa mefis
tituli. amis mizezi kargad aris axsnili iustinianes omebis aRmwer
istorikos prokopisTan, romelic aRniSnavs, rom al-hariTis aRzeveba iyo
pirdapiri reaqcia imisa, rom:
`...alamundaras (al-mundirma), romelsac mefis tituli hqonda da
marTavda saracins sparseTSi, Tavisi armiiT yovelTvis SeeZlo Tavs
dasxmoda romaul teritorias; arcerT romael mxedarTmTavars,
romelTac isini eZaxian mTavrebs (duces) da romaelebTan dakavSirebul
saracinTa arcerT liders, romelic iwodebobdnen filarxebaT, ar
111
SeeZloT alamundarasis SeCereba.~ (BP. 1.28.45-46)
al-mundiris Semosevebis warmateba mravalmxriv ganpirobebuli iyo
geografiuli pirobebiT. al-mundiri cnobili iyo swrafi Setevebis
ganxorcielebiT, saqaravno obieqtebis gaqurdviT da romaelebis
kontrSetevibisgan Tavis aridebiT. am uknasknelebs ki mkacri bunebrivi
pirobebi xel ar uwyobda siria-mesopotamiis udabnos SigniT
Sesuliyvnen. xolo Tu romaelebi amas ganaxorcielebdnen, es ZiriTadad
maTi marcxiT mTavrdeboda, rogorc, magaliTad VI saukunis dasawyisSi,
roca ori romaeli mxedarmTavari timostrate da ioane tyved Cauvardnen
sparselebTan Sekrul arabebs (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: 17.43-44). VI
saukunis dasawyisisTvis, wina ramdenime aTwleulTan mkveTri
gansxvavebiT, sakmaod naTeli gaxda Semdegi realoba: sasanianebTan
kavSirSi myof nasridebs, al-mundiris meTaurobiT, martivad SeeZloT
mTel siria-mesopotamiis udabnos gaswvriv Setevebis ganxorcieleba da
ufro metic, samxreT siriasac aRwevdnen (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP.
18.1-4). meore mniSvnelovani faqti is aris, rom al-mundiris mier
ganxorcielebuli Setevebi warmoadgenda ara tipiur mciremasStabian
omebs ori didi imperiis arab mokavSireebs Soris, aramed moicavda
bizantiis safortifikacio nagebobebis ganadgurebas, ekonomikisTvis
SesamCnevi zianis miyenebas da adamianTa didi raodenobis amoJletvas
(parkeri, 2006: 567). da bolos, aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom al-
mundirs martivad SeeZlo romis profesionali sajariso SenaerTebis
damarcxeba.
Sesabamisad, jafnidebis statusSi amaRleba da al-hariTisTvis mefis
wodebis gadacema pirdapiri reaqcia iyo sasanianebis mokavSire nas-
ridebisgan momdinare samxedro safrTxisagan.
arsebuli cnobebidan Cven SegviZlia gamovsaxoT is sami ZiriTadi
movaleoba, romelic ekisreboda jafnid filarxebs, rogorc romaeleTa
mokavSireebs (isaaki, 1990: 243):
1. romis imperiis sazRvris gaswvriv an gadaRma arsebuli
teritoriis dacva mtruli tomebisagan an sasanianebis mfarvelobaSi
myofi arabuli dajgufebebis Setevebis SeCereba.
112
2. drodadro daxmarebis gaweva adgilobrivi imperiuli
administraciisTvis provinciaSi, wesrigis dasamyareblad anda
SesanarCuneblad, rogorc es filarxma gauwia daxmareba romaelebs
samaritelTa ajanyebis CaxSobaSi (sartri, 1982: 168-170).
3. imperiis samxedro kampaniebSi monawileobis miReba. maTi
monawileoba SeiZleboda ramdenime saxis yofiliyo: arab mokavSireebs
romsa da sasanianTa imperias Soris omebisas SeeZloT palestina-siriis
teritoriebis dacva, an romis imperiul jarebTan erTad Tavisi wvlilis
Setana mesopotamiaSi brZolebisas (magaliTad 531 wels brZola
kalinikumTan) (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 1.28.30-37).
romaelebisTvis jafnidebis aRzeveba axal statusSi iyo mcdeloba
Tavisi siria-mesopotomiis sazRvris gaswvriv mcxovreb arabebSi
Zalauflebis axali ierarqia SeeqmnaT. agreTve, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
romidan arabi liderebisaTvis momdinare mxardaWera iqneba es titulebis
(mag. patrikiosi) gadacemiT, Tu finansuri mxardaWeriT, romelime
aRiarebuli arabi filarxisTvis ar gamoricxavda imperiasTan
dakavSirebuli erTdroulad ramdenime filarxis arsebobas. ase, al-
hariTisTvis mefis titulis gadacemiT, am arabi lideris mmarTvelobis
areali, ZiriTadad, romauli arabeTiT iyo Semofargluli. arc mas da
arc mis Svils al-mundirs (ar agverios sasanianebTan kavSirSi myof al-
mundirTan) ar gauvrcelebiaT Tavisi gavlena provincia palestina III-ze,
romelic romaelebTan dakavSirebul sxva filarxis abuqarabosis
(ixileT qvemoT) gavlenis qveS iyo (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 1.17.47).
mefis tituli avtomaturad ar niSnavda mTel provinciaze an sasazRvro
regionze arabi mmarTvelisTvis sruli kontrolis gadacemas. imperiis
provinciul mmarTvelebs Tu samxedro ierarqiis saTaveSi mdgom mTavrebs
(laTinuri duces) SeunarCundaT arsebuli uflebebi da arab klientebTan
erTad mmarTvelobiT simbiozs qmnidnen (robeni, 2008: 180).
aRmoCenili ramdenime warwera siria-mespotamiis udabnosa da
romauli levantis teritoriaze metyvelebs jafnidebis gavlenis
gavrcelebis ukidures wertilebze. kasr al-xair al-RarbiSi, patara
dasaxlebaSi damaskosa da emesas Soris, 559 wliT daTariRebuli
berZnuli warwera axsenebs jafnidi areTasis mmarTvelobas. meore
113
warwera, aRmoCenili al-bujSi, romelic mdebreobda romaul provincia
libanis finikiaSi (Phoenicia Libanensis), axsenebs patrikiuss da filarxs
flavius alamundaross. sergiopolisSi (Tanamedrove al-rusafa),
romelic mdebareobda siria da mesopotamiis sazRvarze, SenobaSi,
romelic aigo qalaqis SemogarenSi, napovni iqna Semdegi warwera: `dideba
al-mundirs~ (foudeni, 1999: 151). damaskosa da bosras Soris, erTerT
saxlze aRmoCenili da 578 wliT daTariRebuli warwera aseve
moixseniebs jafnidTa al-mundirs (hoilandi, 2009: 119). miuxedavad am
cnobebisa da arabi mmarTvelebis realuri Zalauflebisa romaul
arabeTsa da palestinaSi, mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi Zalaufleba ar
cdeboda e. w. strata Diocletiana-s (milari, 2009), – imperator diokletianes
mier arakontrolirebadi arabi tomebis winaaRmdeg agebul TavdacviT
xazs. SeiZleba romaelebis mier arabi filarxebis qmedebebis iseTi
mWidro kontroli gamowveuli iyo jafnidebis sisustiT, uunarobiT
SeeCerebinaT agresiuli nasridebis meTauri al-mundiri, Tumca es
metyvelebs imazec, rom romaelebi frTxilobdnen arabi liderebisaTvis
zedmeti uflebebis gadacemas, rac maT uzomod gadidebul Zalauflebas
arakontrolirebads gaxdida. romaul mkacr kontrolze metyvelebs is
faqtic, rom jafnidebi iSviaTad Tu figurirebdnen damoukideblad
samxedro laSqrobebis mowyobaSi. erTaderTi gamonaklisi mesopotamiaSi
541 wels samxedro kampaniis Catareba iyo, rodesac jafnidebmda
soflebis Zarcvas mihyves xeli (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 2.19.15-22).
saintereso magaliTia e. w. `kamaTi strata-s garSemo~. 540 wels xosro
anuSirvanma Tavisi mokavSire arabebis meTaurs al-mundirs sTxova, raime
saxis mizezi moepovebina 532 wels konstantinopolTan dadebuli zavis
dasarRvevad. al-mundirma al-hariTs brali wauyena siria-mesopotamiis
udabnoSi imperiebis arab mokavSireebs Soris gavlebuli sazRvrebis
darRvevaSi. es xazi – strata – samxreT siriidan samxreTiT palmiramde
gadioda. al-hariTi miiCnevda, rom radgan strata laTinuri sityvaa,
Sesabamisad, is Zveli droidan romaelebs miekuTvneboda, xolo al-
mundiri ki miiCnevda, rom am teritoriaze mcxovrebi arabi tomebi mas
gadasaxadebs ugzavnidnen (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 2.1.1-9).
114
sabolood, xosrom iustinianesTan omi sxva mizezebis gamo ganaaxla,
Tumca prokopisTan Semonaxuli es pasaJi sainteresoa ramdenime kuTxiT:
rogor inawileben ori imperiis mokavSire arabebi siria-mesopotamiis
udabnos; wyaros es nawyveti agreTve sainteresoa imis gasarkvevad, Tu
sad iyo bizantielebis mokavSireebis gavlenis gavrcelebis geografiuli
limiti. Tu al-mundiris sityvebs davijerebT, rom is gadasaxadebs
krefda strata-s gaswvriv mcxovrebi arabebisagan, maSin SegviZlia Semdegi
daskvna gavakeToT: sasanianebis mokavSire arabebi qalaq al-hiradan
(Tanamedrove saudis arabeTsa da erayis sazRvarze mdebare qalaqi)
efeqturad axerxebdnen kontrolis damyarebas TiTqmis mTel siria-
mesopotamiis sazRvarze, uSualod romis provinciul sazRvramde.
Sesabamisad, gabalasis Svilis, areTasis, aRzeveba romaelebis mier
unda ganvixiloT, rogorc (msgavsad robenis msjlobisa) erTerTi nabiji
samxedro sakiTxebSi da imperiis aRmosavluri provinciebisTvis
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. erTi mxriv, jafnidebi romaelebs
imperiis provinciebis dacvaSi gauwevdnen daxmarebas, meore mxriv ki,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, monawileobas miiRebdnen samxedro kampaniebSi,
rogorc sasanianebis mokavSire arabebis winaaRmdeg, agreTve sakuTriv
sasanuri imperiis jarebis winaaRmdegac romis damxmare jarebis saxiT
(robeni, 1996: 180). SeiZleba gamoiTqvas varaudi, rom jafnidebis wina
planze wamowevis Semdeg maTi gavlena efeqtianad ver axerxebda
sasanianebis klientebis nasridebis Setevebis SeCerebas, xolo romaelebi
mTlianad ar emyarebodnen jafnidebis samxedro Zalas siria-mesopotamiis
sazRvris gasakontroleblad. mxolod nasridi al-mundiris
mmarTvelobis bolos da gansakuTrebulad ki am ukanasknelis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, jafnidebma moaxerxes sakuTari gavlenis
gavrceleba siria-mesopotamiis udabnos siRrmeebSi.64
ekonomikuri faqtorebi
rogorc iyo naCvenebi, romaelebi nawilobriv warumatebelni iyvnen
siria-palestinis Ria sazRvarze usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi. rodesac
64 sainteresoa isic, rom jafnidebma nasridebis winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti Seteva mxolod 570 wels miitanes da maTi dedaqalaqi al-hirac gadawves (fiSeri, 2011: 95-9).
115
zemoxsenebuli amorkesosi gavida iranis gavlenidan da gadawyvita
romaelebis teritoriaze dasaxlebuliyo, mas realurad ar gaaCnda rame
saxis winaRoba 473 wels, aqabas yureSi vaWrobisTvis mniSvnelovan
kunZulis iotabes dapyrobaSi da iqidan romaeli sagadaxado sistemis
biurokratebis gandevnaSi. rodesac maSindelma imperatorma leom naxa,
rom mis xelT im momentisTvis ar arsebobda raime xerxi arabi lideris
SesaCereblad, gadawyvita misi imperiul klienturaSi Cabma da filarxis
tituli uboZa. imoeratorma leom es gaakeTa, miuxedavad imisa, rom
konstantinopols iranTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, imperiebs
uari unda eTqvaT romelime gaqceuli arabi lideris miRebaze Tavisi
imperiebis farglebSi. amorkesosis iZulebiT filarxad aRiareba
romaelTa TavdacviTi xazebis sisusteze metyvelebda (letciosi, 1987: 533).
iotabeze sakuTari Zalauflebis damyarebam saSualeba misca arab
filarxs kontroli daewesebina or mniSvnelovan savaWro gzaze,
romelic samxreT arabeTidan xmelTaSua zRmade midioda. pirveli,
garSemo arsebul miwebze, kerZod CrdiloeT hijazsa da palestina III-is
teritoriebze kontrolis dawesebiT, amorkesos martivad SeeZlo
gadaeketa sazRvao gzebi mewamuli or portamde - klismasa da ialamde
(haareri, 2006: 42-43); meore savaWro gza bosradan meqamde miemarTeboda
(sartri, 1985: 127-28, 132-135). mas SeeZlo ara mxolod gzebis blokireba,
aramed agreTve xelT igdo sagadasaxado postebi, riTac imperias
finansuri danakargic miayena (sartri, 1982: 154-155).
aRmosavluri vaWroba mniZvnelovani iyo romis imperiisTvis
(pigulevskaia, 1951: 55-80). xmelTaSua zRvis portebamde indoeTidan da
CineTidan uamravi saqoneli Cadioda. ori savaWro gza iyo yvelaze
mniSvnelovani: pirveli – saxmeleTo gadioda umeteswilad sasanuri
iranis teritoriis gavliT; xolo meore sazRvao, indoeTis okeanisa
(eritreis zRva, rogorc is iyo cnobili romaeli vaWrebisa da
mogzaurebisTvis) da mewamuli zRviT klismas portamde sinais
naxevarkunZulis gavliT (saidboTami, 2009: 329-352). meore gzis arCevis
SemTxvevaSi, romael vaWrebs uwevdaT agreTve tabrobanes (Tanamedrove
Sri-lanka) kunZulamde CaRwevac (pigulevskaia, 1951: 184-191). IV saukunidan
romaelebs Tavisufali mimosvla hqondaT eTiopiis portebSi da martivad
116
aRwevdnen arabeTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT napirs. aqedan ki saqoneli
indoeTidan aRwevda siriasa da palestinas mniSvnelovan qalaq petras
gavliT (pigulevskaia, 1951: 184-191). Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, romaelebi
mainc didi problemis winaSe idgnen, kerZod ki is, rom imperiis vaWrebi
gverds ver uvlidnen iranel mezRvaurebs, romelTa gemebi mTlianad
akontrolebdnen rogorc samxedro TvalsazrisiT, ise ekonomikurad,
sparseTis yures da indoeTTan misasvlel sazRvao gzebs (prokopi
kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. 1.20.11-13). Sesabamisad, indoeTTan vaWrobis
monopolia sasanianebis mier iwvevda fasebis mkveTr zrdas importul
nawarmze. alternatiuli gzis monaxva ki gamoiwvevda fasebis dacemas
(rubini, 1989: 393), radgan abreSumis SetanisTvis bizantia realurad ver
acdeboda sasanianebs, iqneboda es samxreT kavkasiis, Tu mesopotamiis
savaWro gzebiT, optimaluri gamosavali konstantinopolisTvis iyo
nawarmis yidva comites commerciorum-ebis daxmarebiT SedarebiT dabal fa-
sad (rubini, 1989: 393). sasanianebi aranakleb iyvnen dainteresebulebi arse-
buli ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT. monopolia Soreul aRmosavleTTan, an
samxreT aziasTan vaWrobaSi sasanian monarqebs saSualebas miscemda dama-
tebiTi gadasaxadebi aekrifaT xazinis Sesavsebad da ramdenime frontze
erTdroulad ewarmoebinaT omi, rac iyo yvelaze didi problema
sasanianebisTvis (SahanSah kavadis magaliTi am xriv TvalsaCinoa,
rodesac fulis naklebobis gamo mas mouwia 502 wels
konstantinopolTan didi xnis win dadebuli zavis darRveva da omis
dawyeba) (greitreqsi, 1998: 7-42). Sesabamisad, savsebiT logikuria
sasanianebis mcdelobebi, yvelanairi xerxiT SeeCerebinaT romelTa
gavlenis gavrceleba arabeTis naxevarkunZulze. konstantinopolis SiSi,
rom iranis savaWro monopolia sabolood arabeTze misi politikuri
gavlenis gavrcelebiT dasruldeboda, gamarTlda, rodesac SahanSah
xosro anuSirvanma sakuTari mmarTvelobis bolos, samxedro razmebi
gagzavna arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreTi nawilis iemenis dasapyrobad.
es samxedro wamowyeba warmatebiT dasrulda da samxreT arabeTi
muhamedis da arabebis laSqrobebamde sasanianTa imperiis farglebSi
Sedioda (gaJda, 2009: 152).
Sesabamisadn, 498 wels zemoxsenebuli iotabes kunZulis xelaxla
117
dakaveba romauli jarebiT, mxedarTmTavari romanusis mier, unda
ganixilos rogorc konstantinopolis xelaxali mzadyofna, daemyarebina
kontroli samxreT savaWro gzaze (Teofane bizantieli, 1997: AM 5990).
iotabes sxvis xelSi gadasvliT imperias didi Semosavali akldeboda da
Sesabamisad, unda vivaraudoT, rom 498 wels samxedro moqmedebebis
Catarebis gadawyvetileba miRebuli iqna ara lokalur, administraciul,
aramed umaRles, imperiul doneze. 498 wlis Semdeg, imperiuli ediqtiT
axali Tanamdebobac – commerciarius – gaCnda kunZul iotabeze (haareri,
2006: 45-46).
rac Seexeba arab filarxebs, romis sustad dacul sazRvarTan
yofnisas, maT SeeZlebodaT ara mxolod samxedro daxmarebis gaweva
imperiisTvis sasanianebTan omebis dros, aramed, agreTve, uzrunveleyoT
gadasaxadebis modineba savaWro gzebis dacviT. romaelebisTvis ar iyo
ucxo arabi tomebis beladebis gamoyeneba savWro gzebis dasacavad
imperiis sazRvrebs gareT. III saukunemde, magaliTad, savaWro gza ailadan
qalaq bosramde, realurad imperator traianes mier agebul gzaze
gadioda. nabateelebi exmarebodnen romaelebs saqaravno gzis, vaWrebis
da da sxva saWiro infrastruqturis dacvaSi (grafi, 1997: 3).
imave dros, rodesac imperatorma iustinianem zemoxsnebuli jafnidi
al-hariTi mefis rangSi aiyvana, man agreTve win wamowia vinme
aboqarabusi, warmoSobiT arabi da daniSna is palestinis sazRvarze
mcxovrebi arabebis meTaurad. prokopi kesarielis Tanaxmad:
“es sanapiro (arabeTis) romelic aris palestinis miRma, saracinebis
xelSia, romelnic dasaxldnen palmis tyeebSi (Phoinikon). es tyeebi Sida
regionSi mdebareoben da vrceldebian miwis did monakveTze, romelzec
palmebis garda araferi izrdeba. imperator iustinianem es palmis tyeebi
saracinebis mmarTvelisagan aboqaribosagan saCuqrad miiRo da
imperatoris mier daniSnul iqna palestinaSi saracinebis mbrZaneblad. da
es ukanaskneli yovelTvis icavda miwas Zarcvisgan...~ (prokopi kesarieli,
1914-1940: BP 1.19.8-14)
118
palmis tyeebi an Phoinikon, rogorc maT berZnulad uwodeben, unda
yofiliyo CrdiloeTi hijazi (arabeTis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeTi
nawili) (robeni, 1996: 180). palestina III-Si aboqarabosma Caanacvla
Talabidi al-hariTi, romelic 528 wels sasanianebis mokavSire arabi al-
mundiris mier moikla (robeni, 1996: 180). aboqarabosis Zalaufleba,
romaelTa sasazRvro teritoriis sxva tomebisgan Zarcvisgan dasacavad
vrceldeboda zustad im teritoriaze, sadac gvian antikurobaSi, orma
centralurma da erTma dasavlurma gzam siriasa da CrdiloeT hijazs
Soris gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba moipova. erTerTi
centraluri gza aerTianebda fajrs da kilvas al-jafrTan da bairTan;
meore gadioda tabukidan madavaras mimarTulebiT, xolo iqidan ki maanis,
udruhisa da isev bairTan (fiema, 2002: 232-233). ukiduresi dasavluri gza
momdinareobda CrdiloeT hijazidan, kerZod ki tabukidan, quraia,
mudavaras da ramis gavliT humeimas da saporto qalaq ailas
mimarTulebiT (fiema, 2002: 232-233). nawarmi amis Semdeg gadaizideboda
negevis gavliT Razas portamde (fiema, 2002: 232-233). qaravnebi, romlebic
samxreTidan modiodnen, Cerdebodnen Razasa da bosraSi, romelic
kontroldeboda romaeli moxeleebiT – comites commerciorum-ebis mier
(bozu, 1985: 157-158). Razadan da bosradan arabuli Tu induri nawarmi
aRwevda damaskosa da danarCen palestinas, xolo arabi vaWrebi ki
iRebdnen imperiul produqcias (bozu, 1985: 157-158). jafnid filarzebs
mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeeZloT bizantiuri nawarmis
usafrTxod gatarebaSi siria-palestinidan hijazis mimarTulebiT.
VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi teritoria mkvdari zRvis
aRmosavleTiT, kerZod ki kerakis plato, gamoirCeoda mosaxleobis
zrdiT da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebiT. am teritoriaze
dasaxlebuli punqtebis zrdis erTerTi mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo am
regionSi zemoxsenebuli savaWro gzebis gavla. marTlac, kerakis
platoze aRmoCenilia V saukunis dasawyisiT daTariRebuli arqefaqtebi,
romlebic pirdapir mianiSnebs did distanciebze gadaWimuli vaWrobaze.
ase, magaliTad, Cven vxvdebiT nivTebs afrikidan, egviptidan da
kviprosidan. agreTve mniSvnelovania qvisgan damzadebuli sxvadsxva
nivTi, romelic savaraudod, arabeTis nacevarkunZulidan iqna
119
Semotanili (fiema, 2002: 237).
romis arabuli provinciebis miRma ekonomikuri cxovrebis
ganviTarebis erTerTi mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo meRvineobis
ganviTarebac. adreuli islamuri wyaroebidan viciT, rom Rvino iyo
erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi produqti, romlis eqsportic xorcieldeboda
bosradan meqamde (sartri, 1985: 127-128, 132-135). igive teritoria, gvian
romaul periodSi iyo hijazisTvis xorblis mTavari mimwodebeli
(sartri, 1985: 127-128, 132-135; vilnovi, 1997: 121-126). miuxedavad imisa, rom
TiTqosda sakmarisi monacemi ar gagvaCnia jafnidebis aRzeveba regionSi
ekonomikur aRmavlobas davukavSiroT, erTi ram naTelia, farTo vaWrobam
xeli Seuwyo ara marto calkeuli qalaqebis ganviTarebas, aramed im
mTeli regionisa, romelic mdebareobda romis administraciuli
sazRvris miRma.
am TavSi naCvenebi iyo, rom romi siria-palestinis sakuTar
sazRvarze, ZiriTadad geografiuli pirobebis gamo, iZulebuli iyo
kavSiri daemyarebia arab dajgufebebTan. es gansakuTrebulad saWiro
gaxda VI saukunis pirvel or aTwleulSi, rodesac savaWro gzebi
ailadan da CrdiloeT hijazidan siria-palestinis mimarTulebiT isev
aqtiuri gaxda da agreTve imis da gamo, rom sasanianebis arab
mokavSireebs – nasridebs – SeeZloT gamanadgurebeli Setevebis
wamowyeba, siria-palestinis ekonomikisTvis SesamCnevi zianis miyeneba da
savaWro gzebis gaWra. zustad am garemoebebma gamoiwvia is, rom
nasridebTan SedarebiT, romaelebis arabi mokavSireni naklebad
erTvebodnen brZolebSi imperiuli sazRvris miRma. agreTve, jafnidebis
aRzeveba da amasTan erTad arabi tomebis statusis amaRleba
konstantinopolis aRmosavlur politikaSi ganxilul unda iqnas ara
mxolod siria-mesopotamiis udabnos konteqstSi, aramed saerTaSoriso
viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod ki konstantinopolis politikis
gaazrebiT mewamul zRvasTan mimarTebaSi da komerciuli kontaqtebiT
Soreul indoeTTan.
120
Tavi V
bizantiis imperiuli mowinaaRmdege: sasanuri irani
gviani antikuri periodis romis imperiis mkvlevarebi Tanxmdebian,
rom imperiis geografiuli adgilmdebareoba sakmaod arasaxarbielo iyo,
xolo misi sazRvrebi ki, bunebrivi zRudeebis (mTaTa sistemebi, didi
mdinareebi da a.S.) ararsebobis gamo, romelic gadaWimuli iyo ramodenime
aTas kilometrze, ar warmoadgenda sakmaris dabrkolebas/zRudes
CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTidan rogorc barbarosi tomebis, aseve
sasanuri iranis SesaCereblad (lutvaki, 2009: 3-6; hovard-jonstoni, 1996).
Tavdasxmebi am ori frontidan ki, xSir SemTxvevaSi, bizantiis imperiis
mTliani provinciebis srulmasStabian SemosevebSi gadadioda (lutvaki,
2009: 3-6). mtrebTan efeqtianad gamkvlavebisTvis romi ax. w. I-III sakuneebSi
sxvadasxva TavdacviT samxedro strategias mimarTavda,65 romelic
uSualod ergeboda ama Tu im sagareo mowinaaRmdeges da sazRvarze
arsebul geografiul pirobebs.
rainisa da dunais mdinareebi, romelic ax. w. 395 wlamde erTiani
imperiis CrdiloeT sazRvars warmoadgenda, did geografiul zRudes ar
qmnidnen barbarosi tomebisTvis permanentulad reidebi
ganexorcielebinaT galiis, panoniisa da romis sxva mdidari
sazRvrispira provinciebis qalaqebis simdidris xelSi Casagdebad (ix.
ruka 2) (kemeroni, 2001: 12-32). romaelebi uZulebuli iyvnen CrdiloeTis
mTeli sazRvris gayolebaze garnizonebi ganelagebinaT da TavdacviTi
kedelic – limes-i – aRemarTad (lutvaki, 1976: 154-170). IV saukunidan
65 romis imperiis samxedro strategiebis moyvarul mkvlevarebisTvis edvard lutvakis klasikuri naSromi jer kidev sakmaod popularuli aris (lutvaki, 1976: 7-49; 51-80; 154-
188).
121
moyolebuli da imperiis 395 wels dayofis Semdegac ki, romaelebi
CrdiloeTidan guTebis, alanebis, hunebis, avarebis, slavebis da sxva
germanuli Tu nomaduri xalxebisgan momdinare permanentuli safrTxis
qveS imyofebodnen.66 miuxedavad amisa, roms CrdiloeT sazRvarze gaaCnda
warmatebuli TavdacvisTvis saWiro teritoriuli (geografiuli) siRrme:
im SemTxvevaSi rodesac ver xorcieldeboda mtris SeCereba uSualod
sazRvarze, xdeboda misi qveynis SigniT Seyvana da iq arsebul cixe-
simagreebSi ganlagebuli jarebiT mtrisTvis alyis Semortyma da misi
ganadgureba. amas akeTebdnen romaeli imperatorebi hunebTan
mimarTebaSic, rodesac atilas jarebi TiTqmis dedaqalaqamde,
konstantinopolamde aRwevdnen, Tumca yovel jerze iZulebulni iyvnen
ukan dunais CrdiloeTiT daexiaT (lutvaki, 2009: 3-15).
romis samxreTi sazRvari mTeli afrikis kontinentis CrdiloeTis
gayolebaze erT bunebriv zonaSi – udabnoSi – gadioda (lutvaki, 2009: 3-
15). marokodan egviptes sazRvramde romis provinvciebi tripolitania,
bizacena, Tu numidia, afrikuli tomebis samiznes warmoadgenda. Tumca,
iqnebodnen es austorianelebi IV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, Tu prokopi
kesarielis mier aRwerili berberebi (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BV
III.IV.X.), imperiis afrikuli sazRvari saukuneebis manZilze ar uqmnida
mniSvnelovan problemebs centralur xelisuflebas (lutvaki, 2009: 3-15).
sxva sityvebiT, samxedro ganviTarebis dabal doneze mdgomi afrikuli
tomebisgan momdinare safrTxe mxolod mciremasStabiani TavdasxmebiT
ifargleboda, romelTa mogerieba advilad xdeboda umetesad wina-xazze-
TavdacviT, radgan ukana-xazze-TavdacviTi strategiisTvis ubralod
sakmarisi teritoriuli siRrme ar arsebobda (evansi, 2001: 78-96).
aRmosavleTiT roms III saukunis 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli
sasanuri iranis saxiT yvelaze didi mteri hyavda samezobloSi,
gansakuTrebulad ki Savi zRvidan CrdiloeT mesopatamiamde sazRvris
monakveTSi. ardaSir I (224-240 ww.) mier ganxorcielebuli revolucia –
parTieli arSakidebis Camogdeba – ar Semoifarglebda mxolod qveynis
Signid dinastiis CanacvlebiT. xelisuflebis Secvlam didi cvlilebebi
66 imperiis CrdiloeTi sazRvris kargi mimoxilva aris piter heverTan (heveri, 2006: 145-190; 300-348).
122
Seitana, agreTve, im dros maxlobel aRmosavleTSi arsebul
geopolitikur koniuqturaSi. 224 wlidan, ardaSiris Svilis Sapur I (240-
272 ww.) mmarTvelobis dasrulebamde, sasanianebma moaxerxes is rac
romaelebisTvis warmoudgeneli ram iyo parTiis imperiis dros, kerZod
ki CrdiloeT mesopatamiis dapyroba da siriis mniSvnelovani qalaqebis –
antioqiisa da edesas aReba (Tumca mcire xniT) (qristenseni, 1944: 206-225);
samxreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansis Secvla da romaelebis
mniSvnelovnad Seviwroeba; siriis udabnoSi axali arabuli
konfederaciis Camoyalibeba da permanentuli reidebis mowyoba
palestina-siriis mimarTulebiT (fiSeri, 2011: 72-95). Tu parTelebi romTan
mimarTebaSi ufro TavdacviT politikas atarebdnen da ar gadaulaxiaT
imperiebs Soris arsebuli pirobiTi sazRvari – evfratis mdinare
(edveli, 2008: 35-57), ardaSirma aiRo mesopotamiaSi samxedro da
ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis mqone qalaqebi: CrdiloeTiT – kara da
nizibisi, xolo samxreTiT – hatra (qristenseni, 1944: 206-225). Sapuris
mefobaSi ki, sparselebma moaxerxes antioqiis aReba (qristenseni, 1944: 206-
225), rac ideologiurad romisTvis did dartymas warmoadgenda –
amieridan imperiis aRmosavleTSi mdebare mniSvnelovani provinciebi aRar
iyo daculi sasanianTa Setevebisgan.
roms sasanianebTan mimarTebaSi gaaCnda teritoriuli siRrme mcire
aziis saxiT, Tumca CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan samxedro gzebi
umeteswilad mdidar da urbanizebul CrdiloeT siriisa da palestinis
mimarTulebiT midioda. Sesabamisad, Tavdacvisas, romaelebi ufro
sazRvarze ganlagebuli cixe-simagreebis gamagrebaze akeTebdnen aqcents,
rac, agreTve, iTvaliswinebda mtris qveynis SigniT mxolod mcire
manZiliT SeSvebas.
maRaldisciplinirebuli jari da mcire, Tumca efeqtiani, floti
sakmarisi iyo ZiriTadad xmelTaSua zRvis garSemo mcxovrebi imperiis
mosaxleobis dacvis garanti yofiliyo (lutvaki, 2009: 3-15). ra Tqma unda,
IV-VII saukuneebis romis jari ar warmoadgenda im jaris klasikur
magaliTs, romliTac keisari galias ipyrobda (lutvaki, 1976: 154-170) da
krasusi parTelebTan ibrZoda (plutarqe, 1975: krasusi, XX). klasikuri,
daaxloebiT 5,000-kaciani legionebi ufro mcire nawilebad iyvnen dayo-
123
filni, sazRvrebs limitanei-ebi icavdnen (lutvaki, 1976: 115-135), xolo maT
ukan imperiis sami ZiriTadi sazRvris rainis, dunais da evfratis ukan
ganlagebuli iyo, savaraudod, konstantine didis dros Camoyalibebuli
mobiluri savele jarebi – comitantenses. (kemeroni, 1993: 40-57) gviani romis
imperiis jaris raodenobaze mravali Teoria arseobobs. Tu ax. w. II
saukunis dasawyisSi imperias 30, 5,000-kaciani legioni icavda (anu daax-
loebiT 150,000 jariskaci) da daaxloebiT amave raodenobis damxmare
jarebi (auxiliae) (jamSi daaxloebiT 300,000 jariskaci), gviani imperiis
xanaSi jaris raodenoba sxvadasxva kvlevebis mixedviT meryeobs 400,000-
dan 600,000 jariskacamde (heveri, 2006: 15-16).
zemomoyvanili mimoxilva naTlad gviCvenebs, rom roms/bizantias
yovel sazRvarze sxvadasxva saxis mteri hyavda, romelTa SesakaveblaT
imperias esaWiroeboda sazRvrebis mTeli perimetris dacva jarebis
permenentuli ganlagebiT da samxedro strategiebis SemuSavebiT, iqneba
es wina-xazze Tu ukana-xazze-Tavdacva, Tu diplomatiuri da ekonomikuri
xerxebis gamoyeneba. romauli saxelmwifoebrivi, kerZod ki samxedro
genia zustad imaSi mdgomareobda, rom arsebuli da axali mtrebis
winaaRmdeg imperia saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi warmatebulad moaxerxa
saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba.
am azris aris romis imperiis mkvlevarTa nawili, magram antikuri
samyaros istoriuli Tu arqeologiuli kvlevebi, didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi savsea evrocentristuri tendenciebiT. pirveladi wyaroebi
dasavluri tendenciebiT aris Sedgenili (zaueri, 2013: 593-613), ramac
umeteswilad gamoiwvia sasanuri imperiis istoriisTvis da
arqeologiisTvis naklebi yuradRebis miqceva (zaueri, 2013: 593-613).
klasikosebisTvis sasanuri saxelmwifo bizantiuri samyaros
`periferiaze~ imyofeba, muhamedis Semdgomi arabuli imperiis
mkvlevarebisTvis sasanuri epoqa Zalian adreulia, xolo maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis Sua saukuneebis istoriis mkvlevarebisTvis ki Zalian
gviani. publikaciebi sasanuri iranis arqeologiasa da istoriaze
mxolod umcires nawils warmoadgens imisa, Tu samecniero naSromebis ra
raodenoba ibeWdeba romaul/bizantiur samyaroze gvian antikur periodSi,
kerZod ki romis aRmosavlur politikaze. garda imisa, rom Cven Zalian
124
cota viciT sasanuri imperiis Sesaxeb, romaeli avtorebis ritorikam
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli gvian antikurobaSi bizantiis sasanianebze
kulturuli da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, samxedro upiratesobis miTis
ganviTarebas. mkvlevarTa mTeli pleada Tvlis, rom sasanianebs
permanentuli jaric ki ar hyavdaT (zaueri, 2013: 593-613). jeims hovard-
jonstoni, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi mkvlevaria romelic fiqrobs, rom
sasanianebis jari, savaraudod, minimum, ar Camouvardeboda romis
samxedro manqanas, rogorc raodenobrivad aseve, teqnologiurad (hovard-
jonstoni, 2012: 109-115).
gvian antikur samyaroSi sazRvrebis Seswavla ukve TiTqmis
saukunovan istorias iTvlis, Tumca naSromebi mTlianad
romaul/bizantiur samyarozea koncentrirebuli (vitakeri, 1994).
diplomatiuri strategiebi rainisa da dunais CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb
germanikul xalxebTan urTierTobaSi, sazRvrebis dacvis meqanizmebi da
maTi etapobrivi ganviTareba sakmaod farTod da kargad aris Seswavlili
(Separdi, 1992; lutvaki, 2009), rac qmnis imis STabeWdilebas, rom mxolod
roms/bizantias gaaCnda sakuTari sazRvrebis swori aRqma. Tumca, rogorc
qvemod iqneba naCvenebi, sasanuri iranis CrdiloeTis sazRvarze (gurgansa
da kavkasiaSi) napovni axali arqeologiuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT
da samxreTiT arabi tomebis winaaRmdeg da aRmosavleTiT sxvadasxva
nomaduri tomis gasaCereblad aRmarTuli TavdacviTi kedlebi
romze/bizantiaze aranakleb samxedro teqnologiebis arsebobaze
mianiSnebda (ix. ruka 3). ufro metic, am kedlebis zomebi da maTi
adaptireba lokalur bunebriv pirobebze da metoqis Setevebis
specifikaze, naTlad mianiSnebda imaze, Tu ra kargad erkveodnen
sasanianebi maT sazRvrebis gareT arsebul viTarebaSi da rom maT
romaelebze aranaklebi `xedva~ (strategia) gaaCndaT sakuTari imperiis
TavdacviTi xazebis ganviTarebaSi da imperiis SenarCunebaSi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi.
Tavdapirvelad daviwyebT sasanuri imperiis geografiuli pirobebis
aRweriT. sasanuri irani kontinentur Zalas warmoadgenda. Warbi
mosaxleobis, Tumca rTuli klimatis mqone iranis zegani
garSemortymuli iyo ekonomikurad mdidari vakeebiT: mesopotamia da
125
xuzistaniT samxreTidan da samxreT-dasavleTidan, xolo xurasaniT da
adarbadaganiT CriloeTiT. faqtobrivad, mdidari vakeebidan amoRebuli
gadasaxadebiT xdeboda iranis zeganis mosaxlebidan Seqmnili jarebis
uzrunvelyofa (hovar-jonstoni, 2012: 95-115). es sistema muSaobda sanam
sasanuri dinastia axerxebda centralizebuli mmarTvelobis SenarCunebas
imperiis centridan – qtesifonidan. sxva sityvebiT, iranis ekonomikuri
siZlieris mamoZravebeli regionebi uSualod imperiis sazRvrispira
regionebi iyo, rac maT gare Zalebisgan permanentuli samxedro safrTxis
qveS ayenebda. Sesabamisad, sasanuri imperiis damaarseblidan, ardaSir I
moyolebuli, yvela SahanSahis umTavresi sagareo politikuri mizani iyo
qveyana ar gamxdariyo ramodenime frontidan wamosuli Setevebis
samizne,67 risTvisac nebismieri samxedro Tu diplomatiuri xerxiT unda
moexdina am regionebis sagareo safrTxisgan ganeitraleba. es ki, ufro
metad rTuli xdeboda sasanuri iranis geografiuli adgilmdebareobis
da yovel saszRvarze xvadasxva metoqis arsebobis gamo.
iranis zeganis samxreTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare
zagrosis mTebi aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT nel-nela markanisa da
sakastanis naxevrad udabnoSi gadadis (dRevandeli pakistanis CrdiloeT-
dasavleTi da avRaneTis samxreT-dasavleTi) (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 90-
111). sasanianebis mmarTvelobaSi am naxevarudabnoSi mZarcveli tomebis
Sekaveba iseTive rTuli iyo, rogoric dRes aris. Sesabamisad, am
regionidan momdinare safrTxe permanentul xasiaTs atarebda rac
sasanianebs stabilurobis damyarebisvis araxelsayrel pirobebs uqmnida.
sasanuri iranis SigniT oTxi mTavari saresurso teritoriis gamoyofa
SeiZleba:
1. midia udidesi saZovrebiT;
2. farsis provincia, saidanac sasaninebi iyvnen warmomavlobiT;
3. xorasani;
4. adarbadagani (klasikuri atropatene) (kembrijis iranis..., 1968: 5-
25).
67 karg magaliTs warmoadgens VI saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos eseTi safrTxis Seqmna iranisTvis, rodesac Turqebma centraluri aziidan elCebi gaagzavnes konstantinopolSi da politikuri kavSiri Seqmnes bizantielebTan, riTac irani or frontze warmoebuli omis safrTxis qveS dadga.
126
es iyo is centrebi sadac mosaxleobis da simdidris didi nawili
iyo koncentrirebuli, Tumca umdidres mxareebs mainc mesopotamia,
xurasani da nawilobriv tabaristani warmoadgendnen, sadac sasanianebis
dros mosaxleobis zrda da urbanizaciis procesi uprecendento zomebs
miaRwia (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 90-111).
makranisa da sakastanis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda mdidari baqtria
da sogdiana, romelic uSualod evraziul stepebs da centralur aziaSi
mdebare udabnoebs esazRvrebodnen. am sazRvridan momdinare nomaduri
safrTxe ufro seriozul problemas warmoadgenda sasanuri
saxelmwifosTvis radgan georgrafiuli barierebis ar arsebobis gamo
nomadebs martivad SeeZloT imperiis CrdiloeTiT mdebare sasanianebis
TavdacviTi centris mervis da mdinare helmunds Soris arsebuli
uzarmazari derefniT imperiis Suagulamde – iranis zeganamde – mieRwiaT
(kembrijis iranis.., 1968: 25-44).
IV saukunis Sua naxevridan hunebi Sida aziis aRmosavleT stepebidan
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gandevnes, riTac cnobili Volkerwanderung-i,
xalxTa didi gadasaxleba, daiwyo (heveri, 2009: 208-221). hunebis
gansaxlebis areali Savi da kaspiis zRvis CrdiloeTi gaxda, xolo 420
wlisTvis ki, evropis kontinentis Suaguls – ungreTis vakes miaRwies,
riTac kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleT da dasavleTidan uSualod iranTan
Sevidnen kontaqtSi (heveri, 2009: 208-221). nomadebisgan momdinare safrTxe
imiTac iyo gamZafrebuli, rom iranis CrdiloeT sazRvris gayolebaze ar
arsebobda romelime bunebrivi barieri razec SeiZleboda dayrdnoba
Tavdacvisas. hunebis Semdeg, Savi da kaspiis zRvebis CrdiloeTiT,
momdevno saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva nomadi xalxi Cndeboda
mZlavri saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebiT da axali samxedro SeiaraRebiT
(ix. ruka 2). mdgomareoba sasanuri iranisTvis damZimda maSinac, rodesac
jer hunebma, Semdeg heftalitebma da Turqebma kavSiri Sekres sogdiel
mdidar vaWarTa elitasTan (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 99-105).
sasanianebisTvis es mxolod erT rames niSnavda, rom imperia SeiZleba
erTdroulad ramodenime flangidan Setevis msxverpli gamxdariyo:
1. hirkaniis stepebidan (igive gurgani), kaspiis zRvis aRmosav-
leTiT;
127
2. dasavleT kaspiis sanapiros Soris da kavkasions Soris ar-
sebuli derefniT, cnobili rogorc `kaspiis kari~ (gajievi, 2007: 1-15;
kazanski, 2003: 95-99);
3. kavkasionze, umTavresad darialis gadasasvleliT.
atilas gardacvalebiT gamowveulma hunebis imperiis daSlam (heveri,
2006: 351-366) ar aRmofxvra sasanuri iranisTvis stepebidan momdinare
safrTxe. heftalitebi, avarebi, Turqebi sxva nomad xalxebisgan
gansxvavebiT ufro maRaldisciplinirebul samxedro imperiebs qmnidnen
(kembrijis Sida..., 1990: 206-228; 285-316). zemoT moyvanili sami teritoria
iyo sami mTavari punqti romlidanac sasanianebisTvis momdinareobda
safrTxe.
iranis samxreTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleTidan, siriis udabnodan da
arabeTis naxevarkunZulidan, arabTa tomebisgan momdinareobda
permanentuli, mciremasStabiani xasiaTis mqone safrTxe (fiSeri, 1964: 76-
111). miuxedavad imisa, rom islamamdel arab tomebs ar SeeZloT
srulmasStabiani Semosevebis ganxorcieleba, sazRvris monakveTi
sparseTis yuredan CrdiloeTiT mdebare qalaqebi palmirasa da
sergiopolisamde mTlianad daucveli iyo.
iranis zeganze koncentrirebul sasanuri imperiis geografiuli
adgilmdebareoba, dasavleTSi mesopotamiidan indoeTis subkontinentis
CrdiloeTamde, xolo CrdiloeTSi, Tanamedrove daRestani, TurqmeneTi,
avRaneTis nawili da uzbekeTi, xolo samxreTiT arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis nawili, SahanSahebs eqspansiis saSualebas aZlevda da
amavdroulad, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ramodenime mxridan Setevis samizned
xdida. Sesabamisad, sasaniani mmarTvelebis upirvelesi mizani iyo
uzrunvelyoT imperiis sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba. 400 weliwadze meti xnis,
III saukunidan VII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde, sasanianebi warmatebiT
axerxebdnen parTelebisgan datovebuli teritoriebis ara marto
SenarCunebas, aramed gafarToebasac. es ki, grZelvadiani samxedro Tu
diplomatiuri strategiebis SemuSavebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
TavdacviTi barierebi
sasanur imperiaSi arsebuli udidesi resursebi sakmaod did nawili
128
iqna mimarTuli sazRvrebze samxedro infrastruqturis Sesaqmnelad.
agebuli TavdacviTi kedlebi Tu cixesimagreebi gansxvavdeboda da
miesadageboda rogorc ama Tu im teritoriis klimatur da sxva bunebriv
pirobebs, aseve potenciuri mtris specifikas (alievi, 2002: 143-164). zog
sazRvarze an mis garkveul monakveTze Zalis koncentrireba iyo
aucilebeli, xolo sxva adgilebSi ki jarebis ganlageba patara
fortebSi mTeli TavdacviTi xazis gayolebaze. yvela SemTxvevaSi
kedlebi orientirebulia wina-xazze-Tavdacvaze, rac maT, mterze
potenciuri Setevis gansaxorcileblaT saWiro bazas (tramplins)
warmoadgenda. Tumca rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, sasanianebma moaxerxes isic,
rom wina-xazze-TavdacvisTvis gankuTvnili kedlebi zog SemTxvevaSi
ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis rolsac irgebdnen (gajievi, 2006: 78-88; paxomovi,
1933).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mdinare evfrati sasanianebis mflobelobaSi
arsebul mesopotamiis nawils udabnodan mTel gayolebaze icavda,
iranelebma, icodnen ra samxreTidan, Tanamedrove erayisa da quveiTis
teritoriidan, arabi tomebisgan momdinare safrTxe, TavdacviTi zoli
aages qalaq hiras CrdiloeTidan basramde (Tanamedrove erayis samxreTi
nawili), sparseTis yuremde (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 111-120). TavdacviTi
xazi mcire fortebisgan Sedgeboda, romelTagan mxolod sami aris
aRmoCenili: ruda – qerbalas tbis CrdiloeTiT; dabi – uxaidirTan
axlos; da qusairi – nasirias samxreT aRmosavleTiT. fortebis zomebi
meryeobs 35×35 metridan 42×46 metramde, xolo daculebi iyvnen rva
naxevrad wriuli koSkebiT. qerbalas tbis dasavleTiT mdebare
cixesimagre gamonakliss Seadgens da misi zomebi 150×150 metrs aRweven.
rac ufro mniSvnelovania, am TavdacviTi nagebobebis winidan wylis
arxebiT iyo gavlebuli (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 111-120), rac metyvelebs
arabebisgan momdinare safrTxis periodul seriozulobaze (ix. ruka 3).68
CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, romis sazRvarTan axlos forfostepis
68 paraleli rom gavavloT romis da mogviano periodSi, bizantielebis mier siria-mesopotamiis sazRvris dacvisTvis agebul infrastruqturasTan, davinaxavT, rom sasanianebis TavdacviTi xazebi arabebis winaaRmdeg ufro masStaburi iyo. bizantielebs,
III saukunis bolos diokletianes mier agebuli e.w. strata Diocletiana-s Semdeg faqtobrivad ar auSenebiaT axali msxvili kedlebi.
129
mTeli seria uzrunvelyofda nisibinidan tigrosamde arsebuli mdidari
samiwadmoqmedo teritoriis usafrTxoebas rogorc romaelebisgan, aseve
samxreTidan arabi Tavdamsxmelebis winaaRmdeg. msgavsi adgilobrivi
TavdacviTi xazebi aseve iyo aSenebuli tigrosis marjvena sanapiroze.
singaras cixe-simagre wina-xazze-Tavdacvis erTerT umTavres punqts
warmoadgenda, romlidanac martivad xdeboda mciremasStabiani xazebis
gakontroleba da mtris Semosevis SemTxvevaSi xazebis Sesabamisi
adamianuri resursebiT uzrunvelyofa. arsebuli TavdacviTi xazebis
garda, udabnodan sazRvris dacvisTvis iranelebma samxedro kavSiri
daamyares laxmidebis arabTa konfederaciis nasridebis dinastiasTan (ix.
ruka 3) (bosvorti, 1983: 605-612; fiSeri, 2011: 115-135). nasridebisTvis
samxedro da diplomatiurma daxmarebam siriis udabnoSi V saukunis
bolos da meeqvsis dasawyisSi ZalTa balansis mkveTri cvlileba
gamoiwvia sasanianebis sasargeblod (fiSeri, 2011: 115-135).69
sasanianebi safortifikacio nagebobebs sakuTari sazRvrebis
aRmosavleTiTac agebdnen. magaliTad, Tanamedrove avRaneT-iranis
sazRvarTan aRmoCenil iqna sasanuri epoqis orsarTuliani Senobebi
gankuTvnili imperiuli jarisTvis. mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom es
Senobebi gurganis velze agebuli kedlebis gagrZelebas unda
warmoadgendes (zaueri, 2013: 608-613).
CrdiloeTiT mxolod didi samxedro Zalis koncentrirebiT
xerxdeboda nomaduri safrTxis mogerieba. qalaqi mervi icavda
misasvlelebs xorasanis mdidar provinciaSi. es qalaqi warmoadgenda im
samxedro bazas, sadac didi saeqspedicio Zalebis Sekreba xdeboda
CrdiloeTSi, stepebSi, nomadebis winaaRmdeg an samxreT-aRmosavleTis
mimarTulebiT, indis teritoriaze, arsebuli tomebis winaaRmdeg
gasalaSqrad (zaueri, 2013: 608-613).
rodesac sasanianebi politikur sirTuleebs ganicdidnen
erTdroulad sxvadasxva frontze, sazRvrebze myofi jarebi TavdacviT
strategias irCevdnen, kerZod, msxvili sajariso SenaerTebi gamagrebul
adgilebSi nawildebodnen riTac mters winsvlis yvelanair perspeqtivas
uspobdnen. es sasanuri samxedro strategiis ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis
69 amaze dawvrilebiT saubari qvemod iqneba.
130
klasikuri magaliTia. mervTan axlos iyo meore gamagrebuli punqti –
niSapuri, romelic akontrolebda gasasvlels mTebsa da Sida udabnos
Soris. es gza xSirad nomadebis mier gamoiyeneboda Semosevebis
gansaxorcieblad (bivari, 1983: 199-203; hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 109).
dasavleTis sazRvarze, nizibini warmoadgenda bazas romis mcire
aziisa da siriis mdidrul provinciebze Tavdasxmebis sawarmoeblad da
amavdroulad amave teritoriebidan momdinare safrTxisgan efeqtiani
TavdacvisTvis (ix. ruka 3). miuxedavad msxvili sajariso SenaerTebis
arsebobisa, mimosvla romis imperiidan sasanianTa saxelmwifoSi ar iyo
SezRuduli. istoriuli wyaroebi mraval magaliTs iZlevian sazRvris am
monakveTze aqtiuri vaWrobis arsebobis Sesaxeb. nisibinis msgavs rols
CrdiloeTSi asrulebda qalaqi dvini, persarmeniis dedaqalaqi,
romliTac martivad xdeboda mdinare araqsis gaswvriv arsebuli
mniSvnelovani gzis Caketva (greitreqsi, 1998: 73-99).
samxreT-aRmosavleT tavris samxreTiT, arzananes provinciaSi
sasanianebma miwisqveSa nagebobebi aages sadac romTan omis SemTxvevaSi
adgilobriv mosaxleobas saSualeba hqonoda Tavi Seeferabina.
Teofilakte simokata aRwers fortificirebul qalaqTa da specialur
samxedro fortebis mTel serias, romelic ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis erT
regionalur sistemas warmoadgenda (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 109-111).
zemoT moyvanili davdacviTi sistemebis ganxilvam naTlad gviCvena,
rom sasanianebis sazRvari dasavleTSi, mdinare evfratis mTel
gayolebaze, sakmaod efeqtianad iyo daculi rogorc TavdacviTi
xazebiT, aseve Zlierad gamagrebuli qalaqebiT. Tumca iranelebma am
TavdacviTi sistemis ukan, teritoriis SigniT damatebiTi Sida
TavdacviTi xazebi aages. ase, magaliTad, yvelaze SigniT arsebuli xazi
iyo e.w. `samefo arxi~ (ix. ruka 3), romelic qtesifonis CrdiloeTiT
evfratidan tigrosamde miedineboda. aerTianebda ra or did mdinares,
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT arxi ara marto sairigacio daniSnulebis iyo,
aramed, erTgvarad, bolo punqts warmoadgenda sadamdec mtris jars
SeeZlo SemoeRwia (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 112-118). arxi – TavdacviTi xazi
– agreTve efeqtianad icavda imperiis umTavres punqts, dedalaqs –
qtesifons, romlis aRebac, rogorc ramodenime istoriulma magaliTma
131
gviCvena, imperiis samxedro kapitulacias moaswavebda. amasTan erTad,
arxi daculi iyo regularuli jaris nawilebiT, qalaqebi pisiraborasa
da veh-ardaSirSi iyvnen ganlagebuli (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 112-118).
es, daaxloebiT, 200 kilometris sigrZis mqone arxi sairigacio
daniSnulebis garda agreTve satransporto saSualebaT gamoiyeneboda
tvirTis gadasazidad. arxi, romlis CrdiloeTi nawili xosros saxels
atarebda, xolo samxreTi ki nahravanis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili,
qtesifons faqtobrivad gadaulaxavi davdacviTi barieri Seuqmna (hovard-
jonstoni, 2012: 112-118).
axla ki, imperiis CrdiloeTiT nomaduri safrTxis winaaRmdeg
arsebuli TavdacviTi sistemebi ganvixiloT. grZeli kedlebi iqna
aSenebuli kaspiis zRvis dasavleT sanapiroze, romlis sigane kavkasionis
mTebsa da kaspiis zRvas Soris 3.5 kilometrs aRwevs. darubandidan ori
kedeli miemarTeboda dasavleTiT. maTi sigane 4 metrs aRwevs, xolo
simaRle ki 18-20 metrs (ix. ruka 3). jamSi orive kedels CrdiloeTiT
mimarTuli 70 metris intervalze ganlagebuli 73 mrgvali da
marTkuTxedi formis koSki hqonda. amasTan erTad, kedlebs agreTve
gaaCndaT samxreT mimarTuli 170-200 metris intervalze ganlagebuli 27
mrgvali koSki. darubandis dasavleTiT kedeli, romelic iTvlida 40
forts, grZeldeboda 40 kilometris manZilze pirdapir kavkasionis
mTebSi. darubandis kedeli kaspiis karis Tavdacvis umTavres komponents
warmoadgenda. yvelaze saintereso ki is aris, rom darubandis kedlis
CrdiloeTiT kidev erTi kedeli iyo ganlagebuli, xolo mis samxreTiT
ki sami. rogorc Cans, safrTxe sazRvris am Tundac iseTi viwro
monakveTidan imdenad mZlavri iyo, rom erTi kedlis aSeneba ar iyo
sakmarisi efeqtiani TavdacvisTvis da Semosuli mtris mosagerieblad
iranelma samxedro arqitektorebma oTxi paraleluri kedlis aSenebiT
Seqmnes xelovnuri geografiuli siRrme riTac ufro martivad xdeboda
nomadebis alyaSi moqceva. dasavleTidan kavkasionis mTebi,
aRmosavleTidan kaspiis zRva, xolo CrdiloeTidan da samxreTidan
permanentuli jarebiT gamagrebuli kedlebidan xorcieldeboda Seteva
mitana da mtris sruli ganadgureba. sxva sityvebiT, iqmneboda oTxive
mxridan Caketili xelovnuri sivrceebi (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 112-118). es
132
ki, sasanuri samxedro strategiis elastiuri Tavdacvis saukeTeso
magaliTs warmoadgens, rac Tavisi masStabebiT ar Camouvardeboda
bizantiis imperiis mier Crdiloeli barbarosebisadmi gamoyenebul
strategiebs.
kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT grZeli TavdacviTi xazebis Seqmna ufro
rTuli iyo radgan gurganis mdinare, romelic moedineba kaspiis zRvamde
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT ar iyo imave zomebis rogorc evfrati da
tigrosi mesopotamiaSi. gurganis vakedan martivi iyo kaspiispireTis
mdidar samxreT teritoriebSi SeRweva da elbursis mTebSi
umniSvnelovanesi gadasasvlebis xelSi Cagdeba, saidanac martivad
moxerxdeboda iranis hinterlandSi SeRweva. amasTan erTad gurganis
mdinaris gayolebaze orive mxares arsebuli dasaxlebebi Tavisi
mowyobili sairigacio sistemebiT nomadebisgan permanentuli safrTxis
qveS imyofebodnen. savaraudod, hunebis mier evraziul stepebSi IV
saukunis Sua xanebSi dawyebuli revoluciiT gamowveuli gamZafrebuli
nomaduri safrTxis prevenciisTvisTvis, sasanianebma wamoiwyes msxvili
samxedro infrastruqturuli programa CrdiloeTSi (zaueri, 2013: 593-601).
kedeli nawilobriv vakeSi, nawilobriv ki piSkamaris kldeebze
gadioda da 36 fortiT da TxriliT iyo gamagrebuli. wyali TxrilSi
gurganis mdinaredan ivseboda. piSkamaris kldeebze moTavsebuli ori
forti kedlis damcvelebs zemodan karg xeds uqmnida velSi arsebuli
kedlis nawilze mtris mier ieriSis mitana/ar mitana ganexilaT.
dasavleT nawilSi arsebuli mTa qizlar qalehi gamoiyeneboda wina
xazze arsebuli sameTvalyureo posti. kedeli, rogorc ki dasavleTiT
kaspiis zRvas uaxlovdeboda samxreTisken icvlida mimarTulebas da,
savaraudod, misi nawilebi dRevandel kaspiis zRvaSi erT mZlavrad
gamagrebul navsayudelSi unda yofiliyo, andac unda gaerTinebuliyo
gurganis kedlis samxreTiT arsebul SedarebiT mcire masStabebis mqone
TamiSenis kedelTan.
TamiSenis kedeli 11 kilometris sigrZes iTvlida da elbursis
mTebSi Sedioda (ix. ruka 3). kedlis arqiteqturuli agebuloba da
mimarTuleba mianiSnebs imaze, rom is aRmarTuli iyo elbursis
mTianeTSi arsebuli sasanianebis mier arakontrolirebad dajgufebebis
133
da kaspiis zRvaSi mekobreebis winaaRmdeg (zaueri, 2013: 610-612). talaxsa
da qvisagan agebuli rvidan oTxi samxedro banaki farTobSi TiToeuli
iTvlida 40 heqtars. es samxedro banakebi mzadyofnaSi iyvnen savele
jaris mier (cxenosanTa SenaerTebis CaTvliT) droebiTi dakavebisTvis.
magaliTisTvis, erTerTi banakis, qalC xarabehis Sida dagegmarebis
mixedviT, sasanur banakebs siganeze ganlagebuli gzebi, orive mxares
dalagebuli karvebiT Tavisi Robeebi gaaCnda. es, Tavis mxriv, maRal
samxedro kulturaze metyvelebs. gurganis kedlis ZiriTadi nawili
Tavisi fortebiT erT samSeneblo fazaSi iqna agebuli. mSenebloba,
savaraudod, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT daiwyo. kedlis
wina mxris mTel gayolebaze arsebuli wylis savse Txrili ki wyals
miawodebda aguris gamosawvev Rumelebs da amavdroulad misi sifarTove
saSualebas aZlevda mSeneblebs, xolo samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdgom
ki ukve mis damcvelebs, barJebiT gadaezidaT saWiro masala kedlis
mTel gayolabaze.
es iyo msxvili samxedro infrastruqtura, romelic Tavisi
masStabebiT CineTis imperiuli reJimebis mier agebul kedlebs Tu
Seedreboda da mniSvnelovnad aWarbebda kidevac mediteranul samyaroSi
arsebul calkeuli TavdacviTi xazebis zomebs. savaraudod, gurganis da
TamiSenis kedlebi aSenda SahanSah perozis mmarTvelobisas 459-484
wlebSi, rodesac evraziul stepebSi sasanianebs mZlavri metoqe
gamouCndaT heftalitebis (TeTri hunebis) saxiT (zaueri, 2013: 610-612).
kedeli gamoiyeneboda, rogorc wina xazze arsebuli usafrTxo baza,
sadac xdeboda sasanianebis saeqspedicio Zalebis mobilizeba da
gawvrTna kedlis CrdiloeTiT arsebuli mtrisTvis prevenciuli
dartymis misayeneblad. meore faqtori perozisTvis kedlis aSenebis
mikuTvnebisa aris is, rom am masStabis safortifikacio nagebobis ageba
SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod im gamarjvebebis Semdeg, rac bahram V (420-438
ww.) moipova nomadebTan brZolaSi. Terminus post quem non unda miCneul
iqnas perozis warumatebeli laSqrobebi, romelSic SahanSahi TviTonve
daiRupa (zaueri, 2013: 601-619).
ase rom, imperiis sazRvrebidan yvelaze susti monakveTi msxvili
samxedro infrastruqturis agebiT da permanentuli sajariso
134
SenaerTebis dayenebiT gadaqceul iqna erTerT yvelaze gamagrebul
nawilad. kedlis masStabebic ki mters fsiqologiurad akavebda Setevis
ganxorcielebisgan. kedlebiT, amrigad, moxerxda iranis dacva
`Turanisgan~.70 amasTan erTad, kedels sxva rolic ekisra. iseve rogorc
romauli limes-i gurganis kedeli uzrunvelyofda adamianTa mimosvlis
usafrTxoebas imperiis CrdiloeT nawilSi. agreTve, kedeli efeqtian
rols asrulebda vaWrebidan gadasaxadebis akrefaSi da qveynis gareT
imperiis usafrTxoebisTvis mniSvnelovani sagnebis gatanis prevenciaSi.
magram, rogorc yvela kedels, romelic aRmarTuli iyo momxvduri
mtris winaaRmdeg, gurganis kedelsac gaaCnda erTi mTavari nakli:
SeuZlebeli iyo mtris masiuri Zalis Sekaveba didi xniT. Tumca, aqac,
romaelebis msgavsad, sasanianebma ukana-xazze-davdacvis klasikur
magaliTs mimarTes. gurganis vake, romlis umTavresi nawili kedlis
samxreTiT mdebareobda, iranelma strategosebma gamoiyenes xelovnur
arealad, romelic Caketili iyo yvela mxridan bunebrivi barierebiT da
rac mters ufro metad daucvels xdida (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 110-115).
gurganis vake gadaketili iyo kaspiis zRviT, TamiSenis kedliT,
elbursis mTebiT da mcire zomis arab daRis mTiT. paralelis gavleba
SeiZleba zemoT moyvanili aRwerilobiT dasavleT kaspiispireTidan,
sadac sasanianemba aseve gamoiyenes kedlebs Soris arsebuli sivrce
mtris Warbi Zalis Semosevis SemTxvevaSi. es ki, mianiSnebs imaze, rom
sasanianebis mier kedlebis aSeneba aRweril geografiul pirobebSi ar
iyo SemTxveviTi, aramed xorcieldeboda geografiuli barierebis
integrireba TavdacviTi xazebis mTlian sistemaSi. amasTan erTad,
sazRvrebs ukan mdebare mobiluri jarebis arseboba da maTi kombinireba
uSualod sazRvarze myofi garnizonebTan efeqtian Zalas warmoadgenda
mtris SesaCereblad (Tundac Tavdapirvelad am ukanasknelis SeSveba
qveynis teritoriaze gardauvali xdeboda).
amrigad, imperiis yvela sazRvarze xorcieldeboda TavdacviTi
zolis (geografiuli siRrmis) xelovnuri gafarToeba da bunebrivi
barierebis gaTvaliswinebiT xelovnuri sivrceebis Seqmna. Tumca, Tu
kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTiT iranelebi ramodenime
70 barbaricum-is sparsuli ekvivalenti.
135
kedels aSenebdnen, gurganis kedlis aRmosavleTiT teritoria isev
daucveli rCeboda nomaduri samyarodan momdinare safrTxisgan. aq
sasanianebi gamagrebul cixe-simagreebs agebdnen, romelic mtris
Tavdasxmisas mosaxleobisTvis TavSesafris, xolo savele jarisTvis
sayrdeni punqtis rols asrulebda. magaliTisaTvis, CrdiloeTiT
sasanianebma aages cixe-samagre niSapuri, romelic, im SemTxvevaSi Tu ki
mteri gadawyvetda kedlebis Semovlas, sayrden punqtad gamodioda
rogorc umniSvnelovanes qalaq mervisTvis, aseve gurganis kedlisTvis.
exla ki ganvixiloT, iranelebisTvis savaraudod yvelaze
mniSvnelovani sazRvris – bizantiasTan sazRvris – TavdacvisTvis ra
zomebi iqna miRebuli. Tavdapirvelad, saWiroa gavixsenoT aRmosvleTSi
romis/bizantiis TavdacviTi barierebis evolucia ax. w. I saukunidan
gviani antikurobis bolomde. romis/bizantiis aRmosavluri sazRvris
evoluciaSi oTxi ZiriTadi stadiis gamoyofa SeiZleba:
1. wina-xazze-Tavdacvis, axlad agebuli samxedro gzebiT
evfratidan mcire aziasa da siriaSi, ganviTareba flaviusTa dinastiis
periodSi (ax. w. 70-80-ian wlebSi) (isaaki, 1990: 55-69);
2. ax. w. 106 wels imprator traianes mier nabateelebis samefos
aneqsiis Semdeg wina-xazze-Tavdacvis gafarToeba CrdiloeT
mesopotamiidan samxreTiT, kerZod ki palestinidan wiTel zRvamde,
mniSvnelovan savaWro port ailamde (isaaki, 1990: 55-69);
3. diokletianes (284-305 ww.) mier wamowyebuli TavdacviTi
nagebobebis ganaxleba romis mTel aRmosavleT sazRvarze. mis mier
siriis udabnoSi arabi tomebis winaaRmdeg III saukunis bolos agebuli e.
w. strata Diocletiana (isaaki, 1990: 55-69);
4. grZelvadiani simSvidis (387-502 ww.) Semdeg imperator iustine I
(518-527 ww.) mier wamowyebuli safortifikacio programa, romelic 527
wlisTvis dasrulda (greitreqsi, 2007: 99-110).
romauli wyaroebi TiTqmis aranair informacias ar gvawvdian, Tu
rogor pasuxobdnen sasanianebi bizantiis mier sazRvris militarizacias.
SesaZlebelia, rom samuSaoebi konstantinopolisgan warTmeul nisibisze
uSualod 363 wlis Semdeg dawyebuliyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom mervi
kedlebiT Semofargluli iyo, rogorc aqemenianebis, aseve parTelebis
136
periodSi, sasanianebis dros qalaqSi isev Catarda safortifikacio
samuSaoebi. agreTve, varaudiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom stretegiulad
mniSvnelovani qalaq dvinis kedlebis gamagrebac am periodSi, kerZod ki
IV saukunis Sua xanebSi unda momxdariyo. amas mowmobs is garemoebac,
rom 387 wlis samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT bizantielebsa da sasanianebs
Soris, aikrZala raime saxis safortifikacio nagebobebis aRmarTva
imperiebs Soris CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi mdebare sazRvarTan
(greitreqsi, 2000: 35-48).
V saukuneSi bizantia daTanxmda sasanianebTan da adgilobriv
xalxebTan erTad monawileoba mieRo kavkasionis gadasasvlelebis
dacvaSi: mTeli yuradReba gadatanil iqna kaspiiszRvispireTis
aRmosavleT sazRvris dacvaze (blokli, 1992: 122-155).
kaspiis karis gamagreba, kerZod darubandis kedlis qviT gaSeneba,
pirvel rigSi, gamowveuli iyo im gaormagebuli safrTxiT, romelic
momdinareobda CrdiloeT kavkasionidan 503-504 wlebidan moyolebuli
(gajievi, 2008: 1-15). darubandis axlad gaSenebul kedelze napovni iqna
warwera ucnobi SahanSahis, romlis mefobis weli sruldeba 7-iT an 3-iT.
gamoTvlebiT es unda iyos an kavadis 27-e weli, rac emTxveva 514-515
wlebs, an xosro I anuSirvanis mmarTvelobis 3-e wels, rac emTxveva 533-
534 wlebs (gajievi, 2008: 1-15).
zemo aRwerili nahravanis arxi xosro anuSirvanis mefobaSi iyo
aSenebuli. ase rom, sasanurma TavdacviTma potencialma Tavis zenits VI
saukunis Sua xanebSi miaRwia, rodesac xosros mmarTvelobis bolos,
kerZod 570, Turqebma da bizantielebma aliansi Sekres da gadawyvites
saerTo ZalisxmeviT dasxmodnen Tavs irans (greitreqsi, 2006: 103-105).
exla mivadeqiT, savaraudod, yvelaze rTul kiTxvas sasanuri iranis
samxedro potencialis garkvevaSi: imperiuli jari, misi struqtura da
raodenoba. berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi sasanuri iranis jaris
raodenobis ramodenime monacemi arsebobs. Cven viciT, rom kavadma 503
wels amidas cixis aRebis Semdeg axlos mdebare singaras cixe-simagreSi
20,000 jariskaci Caayena. aseve mogvepoveba monacemebi 50,000-iani laSqris
arsebobis Sesaxebac, romelic xosro anuSirvanma gamoagzavna bizantieli
mxedarTmTavris belisariusis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelvad (hovard-
137
jonstoni, 2012: 86-92). Teoriulad, sxvadasxva gamoTvlebis mixedviT
sasanianebis imperiuli laSqari 320,000 adamians aRwevda, rac IV saukunis
bizantiis imperiis 500,000-ian jarze sagrZnoblad naklebi iyo, Tumca VI
saukunis aRmosavleT romis imperiis laSqris daaxloebiT Tanabar
raodenobas warmoadgenda.
gurganis kedelze axlad Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi karg
monacemebs gvaZlevs sasanuri jaris savaraudo raodenobis Sesaxeb
(zaueri, 2013: 613-616). kedlis meoTxe forts, romlis zomac 5,5 heqtariT
izomeboda, Tavisuflad SeeZlo 30,000-mde jaris dateva. Tu Cven,
pirobiTaT, imperiis sazRvrebis sxva eqvsi monakveTis dasacavad
gamoyofil saSualod 20,000-ian jars vivaraudebT, maSin miviRebT,
daaxloebiT, 150,000-ian jars, romelic permanentulad iyo dabanakebuli
TavdacviTi safortifikacio nagebobebis dasacavad imperiis yvela
sazRvarze. amas unda davumatoT is savaraudo 30,000-iani laSqari,
romelic imperiis Sida usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad iyo gamoyofili.
yovelive es sasanianTanmudmiv mzadyofnaSi arsebuli jarebis
raodenobas 180,000 adamianamde wevs (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 109-118).
gurganis kedlis ukan mdebare oTxi cixe-simagridan erTerTis,
saxelad qaleh xarabehi, Sida dagegmareba SesaZlebels xdis imas, rom
mxolod es cixe-simagre itevda 10,000 jariskacs. es gamravlebuli sam
danarCen cixe-simagreze gvaZlevs savele jaris (romauli comitatenses-is
ekvivalenti), daaxloebiT 40,000-45,000-ian raodenobas. Tu warmovidgenT,
rom igive raodenoba icavda rogorc kaspiis kars, aseve CrdiloeT
mesopotamiaSi bizantiasTan sazRvris monakveTs, maSin jamSi, daaxloebiT,
sasanianebis savele jaris, anu problematuri sazRvrebis ukan
ganlagebuli Zalebis raodenoba 140,000-150,000 jariskacs aRwevda. savele
jaris raodenoba (daax. 150,000 jariskaci) + sazRvrebze permanentulad
ganlagebuli SenaerTebis raodenoba (daax. 180,000 jariskaci) sasanianTa
imperiis laSqars 300,000-mde xdida (hovard-jonstoni, 2012: 109-118).
SeiaraReba gaicemoda saxelmwifos mier. Cven ar viciT hqondaT Tu
ara rigiTi samxedroebis ojaxebs rame saxis privilegiebi: urigdebodaT
Tu ara miwebi (rogorc es xdeboda romSi), an hqondaT Tu ara fiskaluri
saxis daTmobebi. Tumca, cnobilia, rom miwebi urigdebodaT maRali
138
samxedro Tanamdebobebis mqone pirebs warsulSi Cadenili gmirobebisTvis
da gadaxdili brZolebisaTvis.
amrigad, sasanuri iranis jari Sedgeboda Semdgomi ZiriTadi
komponentebisgan:
1. regularuli laSqari dayofili oTx regionul sammarTvelod;
2. sazRvrebze permanentulad dayenebuli SenaerTebi;
3. bolos ucxoeli daqiravebuli meomrebi.
sasanuri jaris strategiuli pozicia gansxvavdeboda aRmosavleTSi
dayenebuli bizantiuri jaris mkveTrad gamokveTili wina-xazze-Tavdacvis
strategiisgan da SeiZleba daxasiaTebul iqnas rogorc agresiuli
Tavdacva. ardaSirisa da Sapur I mefobebSi mopovebuli teritoriuli
Senamatebis efeqtianad dacvisTvis saWiro gaxda didi ekonomikuri
investiciebis Cadeba samxedro infrastruqturis asagebaT. magram,
amavdroulad, sul ufro naTeli xdeboda is garemoeba, rom imperiis
yvela sazRvarze momravlebuli mtrisTvis efeqtiani winaaRmdegobis
gaweva SeuZlebeli iyo jaris arsebuli unificirebuli mmarTvelobiT. V-
VI saukuneebis SahanSahebs naklebad SeeZlod mTeli samxedro Zalebis
mobilizeba erT frontze, radgan safrTxe CrdiloeTidan da
aRmosavleTidan aranakleb saxifaTo iyo, vidre magaliTad dasavleTSi
bizantiis imperiisgan. iezdigerdi, kavadi da sxvebi ukve naklebad
erTvebodnen erTpirovnulad samxedro kampaniaebis warmoebaSi. sxva
sityvebiT, ardaSiris da Sapur I epoqa warsuls Cabarda. xosro
anuSirvanis kampania kolxeTSi, egrisis omis msvlelobaSi albaT ufro
gamonakliss warmoadgenda vidre tendencias. Tumca, amisTvisac
garkveuli mizezebi arsebobs. kerZod, xosros mier sruliad saimperio
masStabis samxedro reforma: samxedro mmarTvelobis dayofa.
safiqrebelia, Tu ratom dasWirdaT sasanianebs daaxloebiT 250 weliwadi
amgvari reformis gansaxorcieblad. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom es ufro
dinastiis centralizebuli mmarTvelobis xasiaTidan gamomdinare
xdeboda, anu SahanSahi sakuTar prerogativad miiCnevda ZiriTad samxedro
kampaniebSi xelmZRvaneloba da sxva strategiuli sakiTxebis zedam-
xedveloba. Tumca, ufro vemxrobi im azrs, rom VI saukunis dasawyisamde
amgvari reformis Catarebis aucilebloba ubralod ar idga. iransa da
139
bizantias Soris mTeli V saukunis ganmavlobaSi absoluturi simSvide
sufevda (ori mcire omis miuxedavad, romelTac ar SeucvliaT imperiebis
strategiuli mdgomareoba), xolo 502 wlidan, rodesac SahanSah kavadma
omi gamoucxada konstantinopols, orive imperia antagonisturad iyo
ganwyobili erTmaneTisadmi 628 wels herakles qtesifonSi Sesvlamde.
samxedro qmedebebi drodadro icvleboda agresiuli diplomatiiT, rac
sasanianebs CrdiloeTidan da aRmosavleTidan nomadebisgan momdinare
gaormagebuli safrTxesTan erTad ubiZga ganexorcielebinaT
fundamenturi reformebi. didi varaudiT, xosrom ZiriTadi reformebi 545
wlisTvis ganaxorciela (rubini, 1995: 275-293).
imperiis administraciuli mowyoba
xosros reformebis Sedegad71 sasanianebis 300,000-iani laSqari emor-
Cileboda oTx regionalur sardals – spahbeds (spahbed) – da Svid ufros
71 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom xosro anuSirvanis reformebs imperiisTvis da misi
memkvidreebisTvis ramodenime uaryofiTi Sedegi gamouwvia. erTerTi mizezi arabebis
swrafi warmatebisa sasanuri iranis winaaRmdeg iyo is samxedro politika, romelic
xosro anuSirvanma gaatara Tavisi mmarTvelobis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebulad ki,
imperiis administraciuli da samxedro reformebis Semdeg. zustad xosros mefobaSi
moxda is gardatexa, romelic romis imperiaSi daaxloebiT 395 wlidan daiwyo, rodesac,
magaliTad, konstantinopolSi msxdobi imperatorebi aRar gadiodnen jarTan erTad
brZolis velze. amieridan, isini sakuTari mefobis umetes nawils imperiis
dedaqalaqidan marTvaSi atarebdnen. xosros mmarTvelobaSi, jer kidev vxedavT imas,
rom SahanSahi TviTon monawileobda saomar moqmedebebSi. ase, xosrom ilaSqra siriaSi,
rodesac 540 wels antioqia aiRo. agreTve, is piradad uZRveboda iranul jarebs
lazikaSi egrisis omis (542-562 ww.) periodSi. magram, misive mmarTvelobaSi naTeli
gaxda, rom imperias permanentulad uwevda erTdroulad ramodenime frontze saomari
moqmdebebis warmoeba. Sesabamisad, SahanSahisTvis mniSvnelovani gaxda axali samxedro
sistemis Camoyalibeba, romlis meSveobiTac is naklebad iqneboda Careuli samxedro
kampaniebSi, romelis xSir SemTxvevebSi minimum ramodenime Tveze iweleboda. garda
amisa, SahanSahis samxedro kampaniebSi monawileoba did safrTxeebTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. yvelaze TvalsaCino perozis magaliTia, romelic tyved Cauvarda
heftalitebs (TeTr hunebs) gorganis kedlis CrdiloeTiT. dedaqalaqSi mjdomi
SahanSahi ufro martivad moaxerxebda sxvadasxva frontze samxedro Tudiplomatiuri
saqmianobis koordinirebas.
es yvelaferi calsaxad dadebiTi iyo, Tumca dedaqalaqidan Sors arsebul
sazvRrebis efeqtianad dasacavad xosro pirveli, amavdroulad, iZulebuli iyo
provinciebis mmarTvelebisTvis – spahbedebisTvis – meti Zalaufleba gadaenawilebina.
Sesabamisad, xosros mefobis bolos, xolo gansakuTrebulad ki misi gardacvalebis
Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom provinciebis mmarTvelebi sakuTari Zalauflebis qveS
arsebul teritoriebs sul ufro metad ganixilavdnen rogorc memkvidreobiT erTeuls
(ქristenseni, 1944: 500).
140
meTaurs – framadars (framadar) (qristenseni, 1944: 125-140). xosro
anuSirvanamde iranSi unificirebuli samxedro sardloba arsebobda.
zustad mas ekuTvnis samxedro administraciis oTx regionalur nawilad
dayofa spahbed-ebis meTaurobiT. Spahbed-ebis ricxvi cnobilia
SemorCenili sasanianTa beWdebidan. es aris oTxi spahbedi: hvarasa –
aRmosavleTi; nemruzi – samxreTi; hvaravani – dasavleTi; da adarbadagani
– CrdiloeTi (qristenseni, 1944: 33-58). Cvenamde mxolod rva spahbedis
saxeli aris moRweuli TerTmet SemorCenil beWedze. uSualod spahbeds
emorCileboda marzpani. spahbedebis garda sasanianTa administraciuli
kibis qveda safexurze kidev iyvnen marzpanebi. marzpanebi ufro metad
samxedro sakiTxebiT iyvnen dakaveblni vidre adminisitraciliT.
magaliTad, saomari mdgomareobisas, marzpanebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
rogorc mxedarTmTavrebi spahbedebis zedamxedvelobis qveS moqmedebdnen.
rac Seexeba marzpanTa warmomavlobas, isini, ZiriTadad
Tavadaznaurobidan gamodiodnen. marzpanTa warmomavloba imperiis zeda
politikuri eSelonidan xels uwyobda samefo xelisuflebis stabilu-
robas. Tumca, rogorc sxvagan iqneba naCvenebi, marzpanebisTvis micemulma
didma Zalauflebam ukureaqcia gamoiwvia, rodesac bevri mcdeloba iyo
samxedro Zalis meSveobiT samefo taxti CaegdoT xelT (imperiis
administraciuli mowyobis zogadids mimoxilvisTvis ix. lukonini, 113-155:
1987).
daqvemdebarebul samxedro olqebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, umsxvilesi
samxedro mxare iyo aRmosavleTi (hvarasa), romelSic 26 olqi Sedioda
da midiidan gurganis vakis da mervis CaTvliT centralur aziamde iyo
gadaWimuli. meore adgilze iyo samxreTis (nemruzi) samxedro mxare,
romelic moicavda istoriul persidas da indis vakemde arsebul
teritorias. am teritoriis spahbeds upirveles yovlisa evaleboda
sasanianTa kontroli uzrunvelyo dRevandel sparseTis yureSi.
umciresi, Tumca yvelaze gadatvirTuli samxedro mxare dasavleTi
(hvaravani) iyo, mxolod 8 olqiT. CrdiloeTi (adarbadagani) moicavda
istoriul azerbaijans, samxreT kavkasiasa da darubands (hovard-
jonstoni, 2012: 111-120).
spahbedis mmarTvelobis qveS arsebul gansazRvrul teritorias
141
gaaCnda Tavisi bunebrivi da adamianuri resursebiT savse miwa da is
strategiuli miznebi romelTa gansaxorcielebac mniSvnelovani iyo im
regionis usafrTxoebisTvis da kargad ergeboda saerTo imperiul
strategias. samxreTSi, spahbeds evaleboda sasanianebis gavlenis
gavrceleba arabeTis naxevarkunZulze da sparseTis yureSi. igive miznebi
hqondaT danarCen spahbedebsac (vizhoferi, 2001: 165-182).
jars aseve evaleboda imperiis Sida usafrTxoebaze ezruna. xosros
samxedro reformas ar gadauwevia SahanSahi meore planze omis
warmoebaSi. mas isev SeeZlo Tavi daeyenebina, rogorc umaRlesi
mTavarsardali an Tavisi survilisda mixedviT daeyenebina romelime
sardali.72
72 saintereso iyo imperiis Sida struqturac. aRiniSniSnavia, rom sasanianTa imperiis
struqtura – xelisufleba – Svidi ojaxis Zalauflebaze iyo dafuZnebuli. am Svidi
ojaxidan sasanianebi erTs warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisad mmarTveli dinastiis
warmoamadgenlebs yovelTvis unda gamoeCinaT sakmarisi mmarTvelobiTi niWi ar
daeCagraT danarCeni eqvsi ojaxidan romelime da ar momxdariyo araproporciuli Zalis
mobilizeba romelime ojaxis xelSi. TiToeul ojaxs gaaCnda ambicia imperiis saTaveSi
mosuliyo. potenciurad, es sakmaod did safrTxes uqmnida imperiis Sida usafrTxoebas.
xolo imperiis sisuste SigniT avtomaturad mmatebda safrTxeebs sagareo intervenciisa.
pirvel rigSi ki, safrTe bizantiis imperiidan momdinareobda. TvalsaCino
magaliTs warmoadgens VI saukunis ambavi, rodesac konstantinopolma gamoiyena
sasanianTa imperiis susti Sida mdgomareoba sakuTari sagareo politikuri miznebis
Sesabamisad. ase, sasanianTa imperiis erTerTi gamorCeuli mxedarTmTavari bahram Cobini
iyo. VI saukunis dasasruls Cobini bizantielebTan omSi ramodenime marcxi ganicada
ramac imdroindeli SahanSahis hormizd meoTxis (579-590 წწ.) mier misi gadayeneba
gamoiwvia. Tumca, Cobinma ar isurva Tanamdebobis martivad daTmoba da samxedro
ajanyebis saTaveSi Cadga (qristenseni, 1944: 444-448).
imperiis feodalebi gansakuTrebulad Zlierdebian hormizd meoTxis mefobidan.
mravldeba mcdelobebi Secvalon mefeebi da sakuTari kandidaturebi daayenon. Cobinis
gamosvla am tendenciis karg magaliTs warmoadgens. ufro metic, Cobinis magaliTs misi
marcxis Semdeg sxvebis mihyvnen, magaliTad vinme vistami, an herakle keisris mier
damarcxebuli xosro meoris Semdeg TviTneburad gamefebuli kidev erTi mxedarTmTavai
Sahvarazi (qristenseni, 1944: 449).
martivi iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom Cobinis ajanyeba mxolod hormizd IV
uTanxmoebiT iyo gamowveuli. yvelaze saintiereso am istoriaSi ki is aris, rom
hormizdis daRupvis Semdeg da taxtze axali SahanSahis – xosro meoris – asvlisTanave
Cobinma gaagrZela samxedro ajanyeba. mniSvnelovani am ajanyebaSi ki is aris, rom Cobini
mihranTa ojaxis warmomadgeneli iyo. sakuTriv mihranTa ojaxi ki, romelic iranis Svid
ojaxTa Soris erTerTs warmoadgenda, arSakidTa ojaxis STamomavlad miiCneoda.
Sesabamisad, aq saqme gvaqvs Cobinis mxridan ara mxolod pirad wyenasTan, aramed ufro
farTomasStabian moZraobasTan, romelic miznad isaxavda sasanianTa dinastiis Secvlas.
amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom Cobini triumfalurad Sevida qtesifonSi, gvirgvinic
daidga da monetebic moWra sakuTari gamosaxulebiT.
xosro iZulebuli iyo gaqceuliyo bizantiaSi da daxmareba eTxova imperator
142
teritoriulad oTxive spahbedis teritoria ikveTeboda midiis
dasavleTiT, romlis teritoriac mdidari iyo rogorc bunebrivi, aseve
adamianuri resursebiT. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi midiis teritoriis
gavliT xdeboda erTi mxridan meoreSi jaris gadatana. zustad amis
Sedegi iyo is, rom 573 wlis krizisis dros, rodesac irans safrTxe
emuqreboda erTdroulad ramodenime frontidan, xosrom ara marto
moaxerxa axlad Seqmnili bizantiur-Turquli koaliciis daSla, aramed
Setevazec ki gadavida da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilic ki
daipyro (qristenseni, 1944: 380-396).
calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu ara grZelvadiani politikis
dagegmareba, sasanian SahanSahebs gauWirdebodaT amdeni saukunis
ganmavlobaSi imperiuli sazRvrebis dacva. bizantiis imperiasTan
SedarebiT uares geografiul pirobebSi mdebare sasanur imperias
sazRvrebis dasacavad esaWiroeboda rogorc sazRvrebze mZlavri
samxedro infrastruqturis Seqmna, aseve imperiis SigniT arsebuli
ekonomikuri Tu adamianuri resursebis swori gadanawileba. sasanianebi
aSenebdnen mZlavr kedlebs imperiis yvela sazRvarze, qmnidnen did
jarebs, gaaCndaT ideologia, romelsac iyenebdnen sagareo politikaSi
(amaze saubari qvemoT iqneba), iyenebdnen cecxlTayvanismcemlobas,
rogorc xexrs imperiis periferiaze mcxovrebi xalxebis sakuTar
politikur orbitaSi SesanarCuneblad da awarmoebdnen ucxo xalxebis
gansaxlebas sakuTar teritoriaze (ix. qvemoT). ufro metic, sasaniani
Sahebi gansxvavebul politikas usadagebdnen imperiis TiToeul mters.
agebuli kedeli da cixesimagre, diplomatiuri xerxebi da jaris
raodenoba pirdapir proporciuli iyo imisa Tu rogori mZlavri iyo esa
Tu is mteri. sxva sityvebiT, sasanianebs, iseve rogorc bizantielebs
gaaCndaT strategiuli xedva sakuTari samezoblosadmi.
iranuli strategiis pirveli magaliTi. sasanianTa ideologia: ra
politikuri miznebi amoZravebda sasanianebs?
mavrikesTvis. am ukanasknelis Carevam aiZula Cobini centralur aziaSi TurqebTan
gaqceuliyo, sadac daiRupa kidevac. Cobinis cxovreba udevs safuZvlad firdousis
popularul romans Sahnames.
143
ra sagareo politikuri miznebi amoZravebda sasanianebs? (iarSateri,
1971: 519; dariae, 2006: 387-393) Tu romis imeriis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarebis
umetesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom imperias hqonda gansazRvruli ideologia
– imperium sine fine – sagareo politikaSi (dignasi, 2007: 53-62), SeiZleba
Tu ara igives Tqma sasnianebze, romelnic, Tu pirveli SahanSahebis
sagareo politikur qmedebebs gaviTvaliswinebT, aseve miiltvoden
msoflioSi warmmarTveli poziciis dakavebisken. sxva sityvebiT:
upirispirebda Tu ara qtesifoni romis imperium sine fine-s ideologias
msoflios mowyobis sakuTar midgomas? parTelebTan SedarebiT
sasanianebma sagareo politika daafuZnes erT mniSvnelovan ideologiur
aspeqtze: axalma dinastiam Tavi aqemenidi mefeebis STamomavlad
gamoacxada da pretenziebi wamoayena aqemenidebisdroindel imperiul
sazRvrebze. herodiane Tavis istoriaSi, romelic mimoixilavs movlenebs
ax. w. 180 wlidan 238 wlamde periods, aRniSnavs ardaSiris werils
severus aleqsandresadmi (herodiane, 1991: VI.2.4-5). werilSi ardaSiri
gadaWriT moiTxovs romisgan dauTmos sasanianebs siria da mcire azia.
ardaSirma laSqrobebis mTeli seria wamoiwyo da 240 wlisTvis moaxerxa
hatras aReba CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi (dignasi, 2007: 9-18). sasanianebis
teritoriul pretenziebze agreTve iuwyeba kasius dio, romelic Tavis
istorias asrulebs 229 wliT (dignasi, 2007: 9-18). rogorc Cans, iranelebi
am ideologiur iaraRs momdevno saukuneebSic iyenebdnen. ase magaliTad,
IV saukunis istorikosTan amiane marcelinesTanac gvxdeba cnobebi
sasanianebis mier wina saukuneebSi wamoyenebul msgavs teritoriul
ambiciebze. Sapur II romis imperator konstancius II-sadmi miweril
werilSi moiTxovs aqemenidebisdroindeli teritoriebis dabrunebas
(amiane marceline, XVII 5.3-8).73 ufro metic, igive cnobebi gvaqvs
Semonaxuli IX-X saukuneebis arab istorikos tabarisTan.74 amis garda,
rodesac Sapurma I daamarcxa romis imperatoris valerianes 70,000-iani
laSqari, xolo sakuTriv imperatori ki tyved Cauvarda, SahanSahma Tavisi
73 Res Gestae-s sxva monakveTebSi amiane axsenebs imasac, rom sasanianebi mTel mcire azias moiTxovdnen biTviniis provinciasa da marmarilos zRvamde. 74 tabari uSualod miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom ardaSirma wamoiwyo ajanyeba arSakidebis winaaRmdeg, rom Suri eZia darios III sisxlisTvis, anu daebrunebina iranisTvis warTmeuli teritoriebi.
144
triumfi aRbeWda naqSi rustamSi, cecxlTayvaniscemelTa taZris kedelze
datanil warweraSi,75 sxva sityvebiT, uSualod im adgilas sadac
damarxuli iyvnen aqemeniani mmarTvelebi. savaraudod, 224 wels axali
dinastiis CamoyalibebisTanave, ardaSirma wamoayena teritoriuli
pretenziebi romis imperiis mimarT. pirvel rigSi, saubari midioda
uwindel aqemenidur samflobeloebis – CrdiloeT mesopotamiis, siriis,
mcire aziisa da egviptis – dabrunebaze (driversi, 2008: 445-448).
ardaSir pirvelis mier daarsebulma axalma dinastiam didi
cvlilebebi Seitana iran-romis urTierTobebSi. ra surdaT sasanianebs?
ra miznebi amoZravebdaT maT? iyo maT mier III-IV sakuneebSi wamowyebuli
omebi romis imperiis winaaRmdeg tipiuri dapyrobiTi laSqrobebi, riTac
yovel SahanSahs surda damatebiTi nadavli moepovebina da sakuTari
mmarTveloba gaemyarebina imperiis SigniT, Tu arsebobda is strategiuli
miznebi, romelTa ganxorcielebac aucilebeli iyo axladSeqmnili
imperiis dasavluri sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad (kanepa,
2009; 53-78)?
omi CrdiloeT mesopotamiis cixe-simagreebisTvis gagrZelda.
romaelebi ver eguebodnen im strategiul Soks rac gamowveuli iyo
sasanianebis swrafi warmatebiT am regionSi. orive imperiisTvis
CrdiloeT mesopotamia sakvanZo punqts warmoadgenda radgan nisibinis,
hatrasa da karis gakontrolebiT romalebi saukuneebis ganmavobaSi
axerxebdnen parTelTa hinterlandze gavlenis moxdenas da dedaqalaq
qtesifonisTvis safrTxis Seqmna. es ukanaskneli faqtori ki Zalzed
mniSvnelovani iyo radgad dedaqalaqis dakaveba realurad omis
dawrulebas niSnavda. Sesabamisad, arSakidebis mizani iyo romaelebis
CrdiloeT mespotamiidan gagdeba, Tumca Sida sisustisa da romis
imperiis imperiis Zlierebis xanis periodSi (I-II ss.) parTelebi
warumateblebi iyvnen da rogorc romis jarebis warmatebebi mowmobs
CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi III saukunis dasawyisSi, roms martivad SeeZlo
mtris dedaqalaqis dakaveba.
75 Saburis warwera, sadac is sauTar Tavs iranuli da arairanuli miwebis mbrZaneblad (kidev erTi niSani sasaniani Sahebis globalur ambiciabze romis imperiis winaaRmdeg) acxadebs Tavs datanilia erTerT qvaze, romelic religiuri daniSnulebis iyo, xolo aSenda ki mefe darios I mmarTvelobaSi.
145
sasanianebis aRzevebiT principulad araferi Secvlila. ardaSirma
dedaqalaqi isev qtesifoni gamoacxada, xolo mesopotamiaSi da iranis
platoze dinastiis Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiro iyo
romaelebisgan CrdiloeT mesopotamiis cixe-simagreebis gaTavisufleba.
romis mier erTi warmatebuli Seteva qtesifonze SeiZleba
gamanadgulrebul Sedegebamde mieyvana axali dinastia. zustad amitomac,
sasanianebi mTavari Seteva CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT daiwyes da
mniSvnelovan warmatebebsac miaRwies. ardaSirma nisibinisa da karis
aRebis garda, moaxerxa sparseTis yuredan da CrdiloeT mesopotamiamde
savaWro gzebis xelSi Cagdebac. misi Svilis Sapur I mefobaSi omi
grZeldeba. imperatori gordiane III (238-244 ww.) brZolaSi iRupeba, mis
Semcvlel filipe arabs (244-249 ww.) uwevs somxeTze da aRmosavleT
saqarTveloze gavlenis gavrcelebaze uaris Tqma. SapurTan brZolaSi
meore romaeli imperatoric aRwevs savalalo Sedegs. 260 wels edesasTan
imperatori valeriane da sxva romaeli mralCinosnebi tyveT Cauvardnen
Sapurs, xolo misi jari ki mTlianad ganadgurda. amis Semdeg
romisTvis Tavidanve naTeli gaxda, rom sasanianTa warmatebebi ar
Semoifargleboda mxolod yofili parTiis imperiis teritoriiT.
pirveli rac gaakeTa ardaSirma imperiis SigniT mdgomareobis gamtkicbis
Semdeg iyo werilis gagzavna romis imperator severus aleqsandresTan
(222-235 ww.), sadac SahanSahi aqemenidebisdroindel samflobeloebze
acxadebda pretenziebs, kerZod ki, mTel siriasa da mcire aziaze
(herodiane, 1991: VI.2.4-5).
sainteresoa agreTve isic, iyinebdnen Tu ara sasanianebi
aqemenianianTa dinastiis memkvidreobas rogorc oficialur sagareo
poitikur kurss – daebrunebinaT darios III dros dakarguli miwebi? Tu
es gancxadebebi gamoiyeneboda mxolod ideologiuri miznebisTvis –
qveynis SigniT sasaniani liderebis prestiJis
asamaRleblad/SesanarCuneblad mudmivi sagareo mtris arsebobaze
aqcentis gadataniT. romaul/bizantiur-sasanuri urTierTobebis dinamika
III saukunidan gviani antikurobis dasrulebamde miuTiTebs imaze, rom
SahanSahebi aqtiurad mizdevdnen aqemeniani mmarTvelebis ideologias
konstantinopolTan urTierTobebSi, magram daaxloebiT imave
146
miznebisTvis, rogorc amas akeTebdnen bizantielebi Tavisi imperium sine
fine-s ideologiiT. am Tavis erTerTi mniSvnelovani daskvna is aris, rom
romsa/bizantiasa da irans Soris warmoebuli omebis mizezi yovelTvis
sasanianebi ar yofilan. ufro metic, bevr SemTxvevaSi iraneli
mmarTvelebis qmedebebi ufro TavdacviTi, xolo bizantielebis ki ufro
agresiuli iyo. orive imperia miiltvoda `msoflio batonobis~ sakuTari
versiisaken. ekonomika, ideologia, samxedro saqme, diplomatia da reli-
gia did rols asrulebdnen am pretenziebis ganxorcielebaSi. zustad am
sapirispiro ideologiebma ganapirobes is, rom or imperias Soris ver
moinaxa is saerTo interesi, romelic xels Seuwyobda Savi zRvidan
arabeTis naxevarkunZulamde arsebul sazRvarze grZelvadiani simSvidis
damyarebas.
sasanuri strategiis meore magaliTi. arabebi imperiis sazRvrebTan
iranelebisa da siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi mcxovrebi arabi
tomebis urTierTobebis dasawyisi aqemenenidebis periodiT (Zv. w. 550-331
ww.) TariRdeba, rodesac kambisem egvipteSi laSqrobisas arabeTis
teritoria, kerZod ki misi CrdiloeTi nawili – hijazi – gaiara
(bosvorti, 1983: 593-598). siria-mesopotamiis udabnos nawilebi drodadro
gadadioda erTi Zalis xelidan meoreSi. selevkidebisa da parTelebis
mier Seqmnili saxelmwifoebi agreTve iyvnen dainteresebulebi maT
samxreTidan momdinare arakontrolirebadi arabi tomebis SekavebaSi.
erayis ukiduresi samxreTi nawili iyo is wertili sadac udabnodan
mosuli arabebi saxldebodnen mesopotamiaSi da uSualo kontaqtSi
Sediodnen SuamdinareTSi arsebul ama Tu im imperiasTan. sasanianebis
periodSi igive mdgomareoba arsebobda.
arabebis Zala parTelebis dros koncentrirebulli iyo qalaq hat-
raSi, romelic centralur eraySi mdebareobda. Tumca, 224-226 wlebSi
ardaSiris xelisuflebaSi mosvliT, sasanianebma hatra daipyres da mis
nacvlad wina planze wamowies axali qalaqi hira, romelic, uSualod,
siria-mesopomaiisa da SuamdinareTis sazRvarze mdebareobda (edveli,
2008: 133-155). sasanianebma mokavSireebaT laxmidTa konfederacia airCies
(Semdeg amis sapirwoneT romaelebma RasanianTa konfederacia Seqmnes
147
Tavisi palestinis provinciis sazRvris gaswvriv). hiras daarseba
sasanianTa dinastiis pirveli warmomadgenlis ardaSir I mier, metyvelebs
imaze Tu ra saxis geopolitikuri cvlileba moxda maxlobel
aRmosavleTSi kavkasiidan moyolebuli arabeTis naxevarkunZulis
aRmosavleT sanapiromde. sasanianebi, iseve rogorc romaelebi (Semdeg
bizantielebi) Tavis mokavSire arabebis liderebs mefis tituls
aniWebdnen. ase, magaliTad, sasanianebis erTerTi yvelaze cnobili arabi
mokavSire iyo imru al-qaiSi, romelic III saukunis bolosa da meoTxis
dasawyisSi qalaq hiradan siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi avrcelebda Tavis
(Sesabamisad, iribad iranis) politikur gavlenas, rac xels uwyobda
iranis mesopotamiuri sazRvris dacvas arabeTis naxevarkunZulis Sida
regionidan mosuli arabi molaSqreebis winaaRmdeg (bosvorti, 1983: 598-
605). misi oficialuri titulatura iTvlida `yvela arabTa mefis~
titulsac (foudeni, 1999: 149-160). nasridebis gavlena hijazamde vrcelde-
boda, rac metyvelebs imaze, rom sasanianTa arab mokavSireebs ufro didi
gavlena gaaCndaT vidre konstantinopolis arab mokavSireebs.
nasridebis Zalaufleba mTlianad fuZndeboda qtesifonidan
momdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri mxardaWeraze. arsebobs cnobebi,
rom SahanSahebi arab mokavSireebs miwis nakveTebs da iqidan
gadasaxadebis Taviseburad akrefis uflebasac aZlevdnen (bosvorti, 1983:
600-612). nasridebis laSqari Sedgeboda maTi mokavSire arabebis
Zalebisgan, rac kidev erTxel metyvelebs imaze, Tu raoden farTo iyo
maTi moqmedebis areali, bizantiis arab mokavSireebTan SedarebiT. arabi
istorikosebi (maT Soris al-tabari) axseneben agreTve imasac, rom
sasaniani SahanSahebi nasridebs 1,000-kacian razms ugzavnidnen, romelic
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi arabi mmarTvelis Zalauflebas eqvemdebareboda
da rotaciulad yovel wels inacvleboda iranidan mosuli axali
razmiT (bosvorti, 1983: 598-605). wyaroebidan agreTve Cans isic, rom es
sasanuri sajariso razmi nasridebis damrtymeli Zalis birTvs
warmoadgenda. rogorc romaelTa mokavSire arabebi, nasridebic icavdnen
savaWro gzebs sasanuri iranis mesopotamiuri sazRvris gaswvriv. xosro
anuSirvanis mier daniSnuli arabi mmarTveli al-mundiri, magaliTad,
Tavis gavlenas avrcelebda hijazamde (arabeTis naxevarkunZulis
148
CrdiloeT-aRmosavleTi), xolo Tu es ukanaskneli varaudi simarTles
Seesabameboda, maSin, sasanianebs iribi gavlenis moxdena SeeZloT meqasa
da iaTribamde (medina) mimaval savaWro gzebzec. mogviano periodis
arabuli wyaroebi ixsenieben, rom SahanSah kavadis mmarTvelobaSi,
rodesac am ukanasknelma xeli Seuwyo mazdakis moZraobis (qristenseni,
1994: 316-340) gavrcelebas imperiaSi, arabma tomebma igive gaakeTes hijazSi
da TiTqos mazdakitebis msxvili dajgufeba arsebobda meqaSi muhamedis
aRzevebis Semdegac ki (bosvorti, 1983: 598-612).
kavSiri hirasa da iaTribs Soris arabi beduini tomebis mimarT
nasridTa politikis erTerT komponents warmoadgenda. xelSekrulebebi
ideboda adgilobriv arab mmarTvelebTan, rom am ukanasknelebs mcire
samxedro SenaerTebi miewodebina nasridebis mTavari samxedro ZalisTvis.
konstantinopolis arab mokavSireebTan SedarebiT, sasanianebi nasridebs
uflebas aZlevdnen Tavis daqvemedebarebul arab tomebSi gadasaxadebi
aekrifaT. axlo mokavSireebs nasridi liderebi miwis nakveTebsac
Cuqnidnen (pigulevskaia, 1964: 127-155; bosvorti, 1983: 598-612).
arabi mokavSireebis daxmarebiT sasanianTa mier agebuli ZalTa
balansi siria-mesopotamiis udabnosa da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis Crdi-
loeT nawilSi ryeva daiwyo mas Semdeg rac VI saukunis dasawyisSi
konstantinopolma gaaZliera jafnidebisTvis (RasanianTa konfederaciis
erTerTi tomi) samxedro da ekonomikuri mxardaWera, xolo maT liders
ki mefis titulic ki uboZa. amis paralelurad, arabeTis naxevarkunZulis
CrdiloeTiT kidev erTi arabTa tomebis konfederacia aRzevda
saxelwodebiT kinda. maT moaxerxes 525 wels droebiT nasridebis
dedaqalaqis hiras aRebac ki, xolo SahanSahi kavadi iZulebuli iyo
evfratis samxreTi nawili arabul tomebTan sazRvraT aReiarebina. 529
wels xosro anuSirvanis aRzevebiT nasridebma daibrunes dedaqalaqi
hira, gaanadgures kindas konfederaciis wevrebi da isev Seudgnen Tavisi
gavlenis gavrcelebas siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi.
zemoT moyvanili arabi tomebis mimarT sasaniuri politikis
mimoxilva ar warmoadgens srul suraTs im rTuli procesebis, romelic
siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi or imperias Soris mimdinareobda. magram,
ganxiluli calkeuli magaliTebi saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT is Tu
149
rogori iyo sasanuri klienti samefos modeli. Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom imperias gaaCnda:
1. grZelvadiani xedva yveynis am sazRvris mimarT iq mcxovrebi ara-
bi tomebis samxedro, ekonomikuri da kulturuli Tvisebebis gaTvalis-
winebiT;
2. konstantinopolis mokavSire arabi tomebisgan mkveTri gansxvave-
biT, sasanianebis mokavSire nasridebs moqmedebis ufro farTo areali
gaaCndaT;
3. gavlenis arealTan erTad, nasridebs gaaCndaT meti ekonomikuri
damoukidebloba gadasaxadebis akrefisa da miwis nakveTebis darigebis
saxiT;
4. nasridebs, konstantinopolis arab mokavSireebTan SedarebiT,
ufro mZlavri samxedro Zalac gaaCndaT.
yovelive es ki miuTeTbs iranis survilze arabeTis naxevarkunZulze
sakuTari interesebi daicvas, risTvisac msxvil politikur investicias
axorcielebda adgilobriv arabul dajgufebebSi. III saukunis Sua
xanidan arabeTisadmi sasanuri iranis mier gatarebuli politika
miuTiTebs imaze, rom imperiul mmarTvelebs kargad hqondaT
gacnobierebuli Tu raoden mniSvnelovania arabeTis roli ara mxolod
evfratis gaswvriv politikuri usafrTxoebisTvis, aramed bizantiaze
ekonomikuri upiratesobis misaRwevaT. Tu parTiis imperiis arsebobisas
vaWroba indoeTsa da romis imperias Soris umeteswilad xmeleTiT,
iranis teritoriis gavliT mimdinareobda, sasanianebis aRzevebis Semdeg
viTareba kardinalurad icvleba: SahanSahebi romael da Semdeg
bizantiel vaWrebs damatebiT gadasaxadebs uwesebdnen (pigulevskaia, 1964:
120-163; rubini, 1989: 400-419), riTac vaWroba indoeTTan da CineTTan
mkveTrad aramomgebiani gaxda mediteranuli ekonomikisTvis. bizantiam
axali savaWro gzebis Zebna daiwyo indoeTTan savaWroT da es gza unda
yofiliyo wiTeli zRvis gavliT da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis SemovliT
(rubini, 1989: 400-419).
sasanianebs kargad esmodaT es safrTxe da amitomac saWiro iyo
arabi mokavSireebisTvis mZlavri ekonomikuri Tu politikuri daxmarebiT
Tavisi gavlena gaevrcelebinaT arabeTis naxevarkunZulis dasavleT da
150
aRmosavleT nawilSi – Tanamedrove sparseTis yuris arealSi samxedro
banakebis SeqmniT – da VI saukunis bolos ukve samxreT arabeTSic,
kerZod ki iemenSi (qristenseni, 1944: 380-405). sasanianebis arabuli
politika ramodenime aTas kilometrze iyo gadaWimuli. mis arab
mokavSireebs erTdroulad SeeZloT samxedro operaciebis gatareba
ramodenime frontze. amasTan erTad SahanSahebi warmatebiT iyenebdnen
imperiul prestiJs, magaliTad iemenSi adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi
arsebul ukmayofilebas eTiopielebis mier dawyebuli sadamsjelo
operaciebis gamo. yovelive es ki, metyvelebs imaze, rom irans sakmaod
kargi saxelmwifoebrivi dazverviTi aparati hqonda, riTac martivad
axorcielebda grZelvadiani politikis sawarmoeblad saWiro
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. yovelive es ki, Tavis mxriv,
miuTiTebs iranelebSi iseve, rogorc bizantielebSi arabeTis mimarT
sakuTari politikuri da ekonomikuri strategiis arsebobaze.
sasanianTa strategiis mesame magaliTi: e. w. receptio76 sistema?
bunebrivia `sasanuri cixe-samagre~, romelsac SahanSahebi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi aSenebdnen da aZlierebdnen, ver SeZlebda yovelTvis
ramodenime frontidan Semosuli mtris mogerieba. amitomac sasanianebi
ar ambobdnen uars nomadebis miRebaze qveynis SigniT. ufro metic,
rogorc qvemoT iqneba naCvenebi, imperias qveynis SigniT ucxo Zalebis
miRebis mTeli sistema hqonda Camoyalibebuli.
gviani antikuri xanis romis imperiis mkvlevarebs saTanado
yuradReba aqvT miZRvnili imperiis SigniT germanuli Tu nomaduri
tomebis SeSvebis sakiTxisadmi. istokisoTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom
roms Camoyalibebuli politika gaaCnda, Tu rogor unda SemouSvan,
dayon, gaanawilon da sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze miaban Semosuli ucxo
dajgufebebi (Stikleri, 2007: 495-514). istorikosTa nawili am politikas
receptio sistemas uwodebs (bernsi, 1994: 247-279). mkvlevarTa meore nawili
ki miiCnevs, rom imperatorebs ar gaaCndaT winaswar Camoyalibebuli
politika. Cven aq mkvlevarTa pirvel jgufs mivemxrobiT da SevecdebiT
76 laTinuri sityva „miReba“.
151
vaCvenoT hqonda Tu ara sasanur irans receptio strategia ucxo tomebis
mimarT? ganvixiloT saintereso pasaJi X-XI saukuneebis sparseli
istorikosis ibn misqvaihis wyarodan `xalxTa gamocdileba~ (ibn
misqvaihi, 1999: 199-201):
`Semdeg, Cveni mefobis 37-e wels (rac daaxloebiT 568-69 wlebs unda
emTxveodes) oTxma Turqulma tomma xazarTa regionidan, romelTaganac
TiToeuls Tavisi mefe gaaCnda, werili mogveweres sadac aRwerdnen im
sirTuleebs rac maT Tavs gadaxdaT; sakuTar siRaribes da monobas
acxadebdnen Cvendami. maT gvTxoves davesaxlebineT rogorc mokavSireebi
da rom Cven Suri ar gveZia imaze, rac Cvenma samefom maT xelSi
gadaitana. samagierod, isini gviCvenebdnen, iqneba es brZolaSi, Tu sxva
rameSi, yvela is upiratesoba rac maT gaaCniaT. CemTvis naTeli gaxda,
rom bevr sargebels vnaxavdi maTi SeSvebiT. amavdroulad, meSinia imisic,
rom Tavisi siRaribis da gamo romaelTa imperatoris mokavSireebi ar
gaxdnen, romelic (e. i. romis imperatori) amiT Cvenze Zlieri gaxdeba.
ramodime jer ukve momxdara, rodesac imperatori (e. i. romis imperiis)
daiqirava eseni (barbarosebi) CvenTan saomrad. is ramac aiZula am mefeebs
(romael imperatorebs) ukan daexiaT iyo Turqebis simamace...
Sesabamisad, me mivwere maT, rom miviRebdi imaT vinc CvenTan
movidoda... me, agreTve, mivwere `karis~77 marzpans da vubrZane isini
(Turqebi) nelnela SemoeSva. man Sematyobina, rom 50,000 adamiani mivida
masTan, Tavis meuRleebTan, SvilebTan da ojaxis sxva wevrebTan. maTi
3,000-mde beladi mivida masTan (marzpanTan) Tavisi saojaxo meurneobiT,
colebiT, SvilebiT, ojaxis sxva wevrebiT.
rodesac yovelive es Sematyobines me visurve isini axlos momeyvana,
rom meCvenebina Cemi guluxvoba maTdami da is pativi da dideba, romelic
mindoda maTvis gadameca raTa maTi rwmena gamezarda Cvens
mxedarTmTavrebSi, TiTqosda Cven gvindoda maTi gaSveba romelime am
mxedarTmTavris sardlobis qveS, xolo yvela maTgani yofiliyo
erTguli. me TviTon Cavedi adarbaihanSi (azerbaijanSi) da miveci ufleba
Semosuliyvnen qveyanaSi. 77 savaraudoT, aq saubaria darubandze.
152
me mivedi 53,000 TurqTan da vubrZane samxedro wyobaSi
Camdgariyvnen daTvalierebisTvis...
Sesabamisad, me madloba gadavuxade RmerTs da vbrZane, rom es
Turqebi Svid jgufad dayofiliyvnen ojaxis wevrebTan erTad. maTgan
amovirCie ramodenime adamiani da maT zedamxedvelebaT davniSne. amaT me
davurige miwis nakveTebi, xolo maT Tanamavlebs saxelmwifo
Tanamdebobebi. me vuzrunvelyve maTvis sakvebis daweseba da vbrZane maTi
wyliT uxv miwebze gansaxleba. maTi nawili ganvasaxle Cemi erTerTi
generlis zedamxedvelobis qveS margianaSi (mervSi), sxva nawili – lanSi,
xolo mesame nawili ki adarbaihanSi. me ganvasaxle isini iq sadac iyo
amis saWiroeba, marzpanis zedamxedvelobis qveS. amiS Semdeg, me
yovelTvis vxedavdi rogori erTgulebi da Sromismoyvare iyvnen isini
yovel saqmeSi. aman ki didi bedniereba mogvitana yvela qalaqSi,
sasazRvro zonaSi da cixesimagreSi.~
wyaros am monakveTSi bevri saintereso faqtia Semonaxuli rac saWi-
roebs detalur axsnas. rogorc vxedavT, sasaniani mmarTvelebi winaswar
zrunavdnen imaze, rom barbarosi tomebis gansaxleba samiwadmoqmedo
teritoriaze unda momxdariyo. es ki, erTaderTi garantia iyo imisa, rom
nomadebi cxovrebis axal wesze gadasuliyvnen, riTac iZulebuli
iqnebodnen mietovebinaT cxeni rogorc samxedro iaraRi. amavdroulad,
maTi gansaxleba ar unda momxdariyo erT teritoriaze, aramed
ramodenime Sori-Sor mdebare punqtSi, rac ajanyebis SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebels xdida amboxebulebis martivad damarcxebas. Amavdroulad,
ucxo Zalis miReba aZlierebda sasanianebis samxedro potencials (igive
xdeboda romis imperiaSi). Turqebis iranSi gansaxlebis zemo mocemuli
TariRi emTxveva zustad im periods, rodesac bizantia cdilobda
Turqul hakanatTan sasanianebis winaaRmdeg saerTo kavSiris gabmas.
daskvna:
gvian antikur epoqaSi ori didi saxelmwifo bizantiis da sasanuri
imperiebi metnaklebad Tanabar Zalebs warmoadgendnen. ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, am periodis istoriuli naSromebis gafar-
153
ToebasTan erTad, tradiciulad meti yuradReba eTmoboda romis/adreuli
bizantiis imperiis vidre sasanuri iranis politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu
samxedro sakiTxebis Seswavlas. amisTvis bevri mizezi arsebobda. maT
Soris sasanuri periodis werilobiTi wyaroebis TiTqmis ar arseboba.
magram, yvelaze samwuxaro Sedegi am mimdinareobis ki albaT is iyo, rom
sasanuri irani ganixileboda rogorc sakmaod susti imperia, romelsac
permanentuli jaric ki ar hyavda, xolo saubari rame saxis `did
strategiaze~ sazRvrebis koordinirebul Tavdacvaze ki, zedmeti iyo.
zemo moyvanil diskusiaSi Sevecade meCvenebina, rom sasanianebs,
iseve rogorc romaelebs/bizantielebs gaaCndaT grZelvadiani xedvebi
imperiis sazRvrebis dasacavad. sasanianebma, rogorc vnaxeT, ufro
masStabur safortifikacio nagebobebis aSenebas mihyves xeli, vidre
romaelebma.78
magaliTad, Tu gadavxedavT sasanianTa imperiis rukas xosro anuSir-
vanis mmarTvelobis periodSi (531-579 ww.), naTeli gaxdeba, rom iranelebma
sakuTari imperia erT did cixe-simagred aqcies yvela sazRvarze
kedlebisa da cixe-simagreebis agebiT. amis gakeTeba ver moxerxdeboda,
rom imperiis dedaqalaqSi ar hqonodaT gaazrebuli imperiis zogadi
strategiuli mdgomareoba mTlianad maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. amaSi
igulisxmeboda iseTi sakiTxebis ganxilva, rogoric iyo Tu rogor
daecvaT TiToeuli sazRvari ama Tu im mtris winaaRmdeg; rogor
gamoeyenebinaT geografiuli barierebi pirveli miznis misaRwevaT; rogor
esmodaT sasanianebs Tu sad unda damTavrebuliyo maTi imperiis
sazRvrebi – sadamde unda gagrZelebuliyo imperiis eqspansia.
sasanianTa sagareo politikur miznebze saubrisas naTeli gaxda,
rom imperia ar cdilobda usazRvrod teritoriebis gafarToebas.
ardaSir I mmarTvelobidanve (224 w.) kagrad Cans, Tu rogor traeqtorias
daiWers imperiis samxedro politika momdevno aTwleulebSi.79 III
78 Tundac, rainsa da dunais gaswvriv agebuli kedlebi rom ganvixiloT, sasanianebis samxedro ambiciebi metad aRemateboda romalebisas. Tumca, kedlebis sidide mxolod samxedro ambiciebze ar unda metyvelebdes, aramed arsebuli mtris siZliereze. 79 Tumca, mogvianebiT, IV-VI saukuneebSic ki, sasanianTa samxedro kampaniebis mimarTulebebis ganxilvisas, SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom aqcenti ZiriTadad mtris Setevebis prevenciisTvis xorcieldeboda. es exeba sasanianTa urTirTobebs romaelebTanac. metic, romaelebi agresoris rolSi ufro Sirad gamodiodnen vidre
154
saukunis 20-iani wlebis rukaze erTi SexedviT naTeli xdeba, rom
ardaSiris iseve, rogorc yvela momdevno SahanSahis mizani iyo CrdiloeT
mesopotamiis gaTavisufleba. es saWiro iyo imperiis dedaqalaqis da
Sesabamisad mTlianad imperiis usafrTxoebisTvis,80 radgan CrdiloeT
mesopotamiidan geografiuli landSaftis da gamo sakmaod martivi iyo
samxreTiT qtesifonamde miRweva. samxedro kampaniebis mimarTulebebi
adasturebs, rom romaelebisTvis mTavar samiznes umetes SemTxvevebSi
qtesifonis aReba iyo, xolo sasanianebisTvis romaelebis CrdiloeT
mesopotamiaSi ar SeSveba. sagulisxmoa, Tu ra kargad esmoda es orive
mxares ramodenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva radikalurad
gansxvavebuli mmarTvelis moRvaweobisas.
zemoT vilaparakeT sasanianTa teritoriul eqspansiaze.
sainteresoa, agreTve, is faqtic, rom CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi 360-380
wlebSi mniSvnelovani romauli cixesimagreebis SemoerTebis Semdeg,
sasanianebi ar cdilobdnen damatebiTi teritoriebi SemoeerTebinaT.
Sapur I da xosro anuSirvanis magaliTebi sakmaod TvalsaCino iyo am
mxriv. Cven, aseve, visaubreT Tu ramdenad realuri iyo sasanianTa
mmarTvelebis moTxovnebi romael imperatorebisTvis aqemenianTa
teritoriebi daebrunebinaT iranisTvis. yuradsaRebia is, rom es
moTxovnebi realobasTan ar iyo kavSirSi da ufro ritorikul xasiaTs
atarebda. es ki amtkicebs imas, rom sasaniani mmarTvelebis niWze
ritorika realuri strategiuli interesebisgan gaemijnaT.
safortifikacio nagebobebisTvis geografiulad saWiro adgilebis
SerCeva sakmaod rTul saqmes warmoadgenda. es iTvaliswinebda, ara
marto georafiis karg codnas, aramed masStaburi geologiuri
samuSaoebis gatarebasac. amasTan erTad, iranelebis mier TavdacviTi
nagebobis aRmarTva metyvelebs imperiaSi xangrZlivi samxedro
tradiciebis arsebobaze. romis imperiaSi saukoneobrivi samxedro
tradicia Semonaxulia mraval samxedro traqtatSi. samwuxarod, igives
sasanianebi. 80 dedaqalaqis – qtesifonis – mniSvneloba Tundac mtkicdeba im magaliTebiT, rodesac xerxdeboda misi aReba romaelebis mier. bizantiis imperatoris herakle keisris laSqroba 620-iani wlebis bolos amis dasturia. qtesifonis dacema saomari moqmedebebis dasrulebas niSnavda.
155
ver vityviT sasanur iranze. werilobiTi saxiT romaelebis mier Seqmnili
traqtatebis msgavsi dokumentebi ar gvxdeba. magram, sasanuri iranis
TavdacviTi kedlebisa da cixesimagreebis adgilmdebareoba da maTi
gamoyeneba omSi metyvelebda imaze Tu raoden kargi xedva gaaCndaT
iranelebs sakuTari sazRvrebis da maT irgvliv mcxovreb xalxebze.
ktesifonSi mjdom SahanSahs esmoda Tu saidan momdinareobda
imperiisTvis umTavresi da meorexarisxovani safrTxe. imperiisTvis Crdi-
loeT sazRvari prioritets warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom
iranelebs, romaelebis msgavsad, ar gaaCndaT zusti geografiuli rukebi,
maT mier aRmarTuli kedlebi samxreT kavkasiisa da centraluri aziis
samxreTi nawilis dasacavad, metyvelebs geografiis codnis maRal
doneze.
wminda samxedro strategiis TvalsazrisiT, naCvenebi iyo, rom
sasanianebi arafriT Camouvardebodnen romaelebs/bizantielebs.
TavdacviTi kedlebis ganlageba, magaliTad, kaspiis zRvis dasavleT
mxares, darubandis cixesimagris CrdiloeTiTa da samxreTiT, metyvelebs
iranelebSi rogorc wina-xazze-Tavdacvis, aseve ukana-xazze-Tavdacvis
strategiebis erTdroul gamoyenebaze. TvalsaCinoa isic, rom romaelebis
msgavsad sasanianebi kedlebis masStabebi gansxvavdeboda ama Tu im
sazRvarze arsebuli metoqis specifikidan. islamamdeli arabebis
Tavdasxmebi, ZiriTadad, sazRvrispira daucvel dasaxlebebze
xorcieldeboda. Sesabamisad, isini sasanianTa imperias saxelmwifoebriv
safrTxes ar uqmnidnen. Tumca, ekonomikuri zarali SeiZleba sakmaod
maRalic yofiliyo. aqedan gamomdinare, iranelebis mier agebuli kedeli
mesopatamiis samxreTiT ar warmoadgenda masStabur nagebobas. SahanSahebs
didi kedeli ubralod ar esaWiroebodad. sakmarisi iyo mcire kedlis
ageba vaWarTa mimosvlis gasakontroleblad da arabebis mcire
dajgufebebis SesaCereblad. imperiuli jaris msxvili SenaerTebis
dayenaba sakmaod rTul reliefze (naxevrad udabno; udabno) nomadi
arabebis mobiluri dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg samxedro kuTxiT ar
iqneboda momgebiani. Sesabamisad, mcire sajariso SenaerTebi da dip-
lomatiuri strategiebis (ix. qvemod) SemuSaveba iyo erTaderTi
gamosavali.
156
arabebTan SedarebiT evraziis stepebSi mcxovrebi nomadebi ufro
masStabur problemas warmoadgendnen. maT mier ganxorcielebuli
Tavdasxmebis areali STambeWdavi iyo da gadaiWimeboda Tanamedrove
pakistan-avRaneTis teritoriidan, TurqmeneT-iranis sazRvridan
centralur aziaSi CrdiloeT kavkasionamde. garda geografiuli
arealisa, nomadebs gansakuTrebuli upiratesoba gaaCndaT omis
warmoebaSi – cxeni. Sesabamisad, maTi Setevebis SesaCereblad sasanianebma
gadawyvites msxvili safortifikacio nagebobebi gaeSenebinaT imperiis
mTel CrdiloeT sazRvrze sadac bunebrivi barierebis nakleboba iyo.
Tumca, Zlier kedlebs agreTve msxvili sajariso SenaerTebis arseboba
esaWiroeboda.
iranelebis yvelaze didi metoqe konstantinopoli iyo, magram
sazRvari or imperias Soris sakmaod patara monakveTze ikveTeboda –
CrdiloeT mesopotamiasa da somxeTSi. geografiuli pirobebidan
(umetesad mTiani reliefi) gamomdinare iranelebs kargad esmodaT, rom
romalebis SesaCereblad yvelaze efeqtiani cixe-simagreebis jaWvebis
ageba iqneboda. Sesabamisad, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, Tu rogor kargad
iyvnen gacnobierebulebi iraneli mesveurebi imperiis strategiuli
saWiroebebis Sesaxeb.
magram, romis imperiasTan iranelebis warmatebuli konkurencia
mxolod samxedro kuTxiT ar Semoifargleboda. Cven visaubreT imaze Tu
rogor Seqmnes sasanianebma romaelebis sapasasuxod sakuTari klientela
Tavisi sazRvrebis gaswvriv. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans sasanianebis
politikaSi winaislamuri xanis arabebTan mimarTebaSi. imaves Tqma
SeiZleba samxreT kavkasiis xalxebzec. sxva sityvebiT, sasanianebi
iyenebdnen fuls, titulebs, miwebis darigeba da sxva xerxebs ama Tu im
patara xalxis lideris/mxedarTmTavris morCilebis mosapoveblad. am
komponentSic sakmaod kargad Cans, rom iranelebi ara marto Tanabar
konkurencias uwevdnen bizantielebis mier Seqmnil msgavs aliansebs,
aramed xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac iranelTa mokavSireebi samxedro
kuTxiT upiratesabac flobdnen.
naSromis am nawilis erTerTi mTavari daskvna aris, rom sasanian
mmarTvelebs SeeZloT strategiulad emsjelad. sxva sityvebiT, TiToeul
157
SahanSahs kargad hqonda gaazrebuli Tu ra interesebi amoZravebda
imperias. mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebamde ki, savaraudod, didi
yuradReba eTmoboda ekonomikur, socialur, Tu religiur sakiTxebs. amis
kargi magaliTia zemoT ganxiluli monakveTi prokopi kesarielis
naSromidan, rodesac iustinianes karze iRebdnen gadawyvetilebas
daewyoT Tu ara omi vandalebTan. magram, amave suraTis warmodgena
SegviZlia sasanianTa SahanSahebis karzec. didi albaTobaa imisa, rom
xosro anuSirvani egrisis omis dros kolxeTSi laSqrobis mosawyobaT
yvela zemo xsenebuli faqtori gaiTvaliswina. prokopi kesarielis mier
aRwerili lazebis elCebis sityva SahanSahis karze amis nawilobrivi
dadastureba.81
81 romaelebis msgavsad, sasanianebs SeeZloT Soreul teritoriebze samxedro Zalebis
gadasxma, rogorc es maT 570-iani wlebis bolos arabeTis naxevarkunZulis samxreTiT
ganaxorcieles.
158
Tavi VI
bizantiis `qristianobis geopolitika~
qarTlis gaqristianeba IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sakmaod rTuli
ekonomikuri da socialuri procesebis Tanmdevi movlena iyo. ufro
metic, axalma religiurma mrwamsma mniSvnelovani kvali datova qarTlis
sagareo politikazec. qristianobam qarTli romTan, Semdeg bizantiur
samyarosTan, kidev ufro metad daaaxlova, xolo sasanuri iranis
religiuri, Tu politikuri Seteva regionisadmi ki, gaamZafra. sakmaod
bevri daiwera saqarTveloSi, Tu dasavleTSi qarTlSi qristianobis
gavrcelebasa da mis oficialur religiad gamocxadebaze (haasi, 2008).
TiToeul naSromSi yuradReba uSualod saqarTveloSi mimdinare
religiur, Tu ekonomikur procesebze aris gamaxvilebuli, xolo naklebi
iTqmis imdroindel romaul samyaroSi mimdinare religiur procesebze,
kerZod ki, qarTlis paralelurad IV-V saukuneebSi, kidev romel
qveynebSi mimdinareobda gaqristianeba. SegviZlia Tu ara davinaxoT
saerTo maxasiaTeblebi, magaliTad, guTebis, eTiopielebis da
qarTvelebis gaqristianebaSi? ramdenad didi iyo konstantinopolis
roli imperiis samezobloSi mcxovrebi xalxebis gaqristianebaSi? Seg-
viZlia vilaparakoT bizantieli imperatorebis erTgvar `strategiaze~
qristianobis gamiznul gatanaSi imperiis sazRvrebs gareT? sxva
sityvebiT, cdilobdnen Tu ara, imperiis mesveurebi xeli SeewyoT pirvel
rigSi im xalxebis da teritoriebis gaqristianebisTvis, romelic mniSv-
nelovani iyo konstantinopolisTvis, rogorc ekonomikuri da po-
litikuri, aseve sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis kuTxiT.
qvemoT moyvanil statiaSi ganxiluli iqneba romis imperiis
periferiaze mcxovrebi ramodenime xalxis gaqristianebis procesi.
159
moyvanili iqneba eTiopielebis, islamamdeli arabebis, guTebisa da
somxebis magaliTi. xolo amis Semdeg, gadavalT qarTlis gaqristianebis
sakiTxze. naCvenebi iqneba, rom imperatorebi, zog SemTxvevaSi,
qristianobis gavrcelebis pirdapiri iniciatorebi iyvnen, zog
SemTxvevaSi ki, axali religiis gavrceleba imperiisgan damoukideblad
mimdinareobda. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom meore SemTxvevaSic ki,
rodesac imperiis mesveurebi mogvianebiT gebulobdnen ama Tu im
mezobeli xalxis (mag. qarTvelebi Tu eTiopielebi) gaqristianebis
Sesaxeb, finansuri da politikuri mxardaWeris gamoyofa
kontantinopolidan rogorc wesi ar igvianebda.
qristianobis gavrceleba romis imperiaSi axali welTaaRricxvidan
daiwyo (svencickaia, 1987: 76-89; 161-174), Tumca axali religiis insti-
tucionalizacia, an yovel SemTxvevaSi amis mcdeloba, IV saukunis da-
sawyisidan gvxdeba. konstantine didis mier, 324 wels, liciniusze, Tavis
aRmosavlel imperiul kolegaze, gamarjvebis mopovebisa da romauli
samyaros erTpirovnul mmarTvelad gaxdomis miuxedavad (barnsi, 1985: 126-
130; istoria, 2013: 45-65; kemeroni, 1993: 57-65), qristianoba ar
gamocxadebula imperiis oficialur religiad. arc 313 wlis oqtomberSi
gamocemuli `milanis ediqti~, arc 325 wels konstantinopolis
mopirdapire sanapiroze mowveuli nikeis kreba, an, Tundac, imperatoris
monaTvla 337 wels misi sicocxlis bolo dReebSi, ar SeiZleba
ganixilos rogorc imperiis gaqristianebis calsaxa niSnebi (rameli, 2013:
65-70). erTerTi damatebiTi argumenti amisa iqneba isic, rom milanis
ediqtis Semdegac, kerZod 322 wlamde, konstantinem gaagrZela Tavis
monetebze warmarTuli RmerTebis – marsisa da iupiteris gamosaxva
(haasi, 2008: 101).
Tumca, qristianobam myari safuZveli zustad konstantines mmar-
Tvelobis dros moipova. 324 wels liciniusze gamarjvebis Semdeg, man
cvlilebebi Seitana kanonmdeblobaSi da sazogadoebriv azrs amzadebda
momavalSi qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebisTvis (barnsi,
1985: 126-130). Semdgom ki, konstantinem imperiis moxeleebs aukrZala
warmarTuli religiuri ritualebi gamarTva. agreTve, aikrZala
warmarTuli kerpebis aRmarTva da orakulebisTvis mimarTva.
160
konstantines mmarTvelobaSi qristianobis wina planze wamowevam
gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina imperiis sagareo politikaze. ase,
magaliTad, 332 wels guTebze, xolo 334 wels ki, sarmatebze mopovebuli
gamarjvebebis Semdeg dadebul xelSekrulebebSi, calke Tavebi iyo
Setanili (heveri, 2009: 81-90) am or damarcxebul xalxSi qristianebis
xelSeuxeblobaze. konstantine Tavis Tavs, ara marto qristianobis
damcvelad, aramed imperiis mezobel warmarT xalxebSi qristianobis
damcveladac miiCnevda. konstantines ambiciebze metyvelebs misi bar-
barosebTan dadebuli zemoxsenebuli xelSekrulebebi da mis mier sasani-
ani SahanSahis, Sapur II-sadmi, miwerili werilic (daaxloebiT 324 weli)
(barnsi, 1985: 126-130). gzavnilSi, imperatori iribad acxadebs pretenzias
iyos qristianebis damcveli ara marto Tavisi imperiis SigniT, aramed im-
periis gareTac, kerZod, mesopotamiaSi. es ar iyo ubralo ritorika.
konstantinem kargad hqonda gaazrebuli, Tu ra globalur ZalasTan u-
wevda konstantinopols metoqeoba Savi zRvidan arabeTamde batonobis
mosapoveblad.
Saburs yvela mizezi hqonda imisaTvis, rom eWvis TvaliT Seexeda
romis imperiaSi axali saxelmwifo religiisTvis. sasanianebi Tavidanve
mixvdnen, rom qristianoba konstantinopolis mier gamoiyeneboda, rogorc
damatebiTi xerxi sagareo politikaSi mezoblebze gavlenis
mosapoveblad. iranis strategiuli mdgomareoba gauaresda, rodesac mis
CrdiloeTiT arsebul samxreT kavkasiis samefoebSi, qarTlsa da
somxeTSi, IV saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos, qristianoba saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadda (haasi, 2008: 101-123). Saburs kargad esmoda, rom
mesopotamiaSi arsebuli msxvili qristianuli dasaxlebebi SeiZleboda
konstantines sagareo politikis samomavlo mizani gamxdariyo. amitomac,
336 wels, SahanSahma prevenciuli Tavdasxva ganaxorciela somxeTze da
iranisTvis misaRebi kandidatura aiyvana taxtze. konstantinem es ambavi
sababad gamoiyena da aRmosavluri kampaniisTvis mzadeba daewyo.
wyaroebidan viciT, rom masTan erTad aRmosavleTSi bevri sasuliero
piri unda wasuliyo, TviTon ki, mesopotamiaSi Sesvlamde, mdinare
iordaneSi unda monaTluliyo. cnobebis mixedviT, mas surda sasanianTa
taxtze Tavisi naTesavis, hanibalianes dayeneba. konstantinem winaswar
161
axali monetebic moWra, sadac hanibaliane rex-ad, `mefed~, iyo wodebuli
(barnsi, 1985: 9). magram, konstantines mTeli wamowyeba, 337 wlis 22 maiss,
qalaq nikomediaSi, misi gardacvalebiT dasrulda (barnsi, 1985: 9).
bizantiis imperiaSi qristianobis statusis amaRlebam da sagareo
urTierTobebSi, mezoblebze gavlenis mosapoveblad misma gamoyenebam,
gamoiwvia sasanianTa sawinaaRmdego reaqcia. qristianebi mesopotamiaSi
konstantines romaul samyaroSi erTpirovnul mmarTvelad
gamocxadebamdec cxovrobdnen, Tumca axali religiis politikur
faqtorad gadaqceva zustad konstantinem moaxdina. man Saburs igive
ultimatumi wauyena iranSi qristianebTan mimarTebaSi, rac 312 wels
maqsentiuss, xolo 324-Si – liciniuss. is, Tu rogor uyurebda
konstantine qristianobas da rogor esmoda axali religiis roli romis
sagareo ambiciebTan mimarTebaSi, kargad Cans evsevi kesarielis Vita
Constantini-Si. avtori bevr faqts gadmogvcems imperatoris
qristianobisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, erTerT pasaJSi imasac
vkiTxulobT, rom konstantines sakuTari Tavi, pirvel rigSi, aRqmuli
hqonda imperiis sazRvrebs gareT qristianobis gamavrceleblad (evsevi
kesarieli, 1975: IV: 24).
qristianobis gavrceleba neli tempebiT mimdinareobda. Tu imperiis
SigniT gaqristianebis procesi, ZiriTadad, Semoifargleboda xmelTaSua
zRvaze arsebuli msxvili saporto qalaqebiT, imperiis Sida regionebSi
mcxovrebi mosaxleoba umetesad warmarTuli rCeboda. sainteresod mim-
dinareobs IV-V saukuneebSi qristianobis gavrceleba qveynis sazRvrebs
gareT. e. w. `qristianobis eqsporti~ emTxveva im periods, rodesac
imperias misi sazRvrebs gareT Zlieri mtrebisgan Semdgari rkali
ekvreba.
IV saukuneSi viTareba icvleba uSualod imperiis CrdiloeT
sazRvarze, sadac dunais da rainis mdinareebis gaRma Cndebian germanuli
tomebis Zlieri konfederaciebi. guTebs, alemanebsa da frankebs martivad
SeeZloT Zlieri samxedro koaliciebis Sekvra romis jaris winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad. imperiuli jari discipliniTa da samxedro SeiaraRebiT
kvlavindeburad ufro maRla idga barbarosTa jarebze. Tumca, wina
saukuneebTan SedarebiT, masSi erTi fundamenturi cvlileba moxda.
162
amieridan iqneba es konstantine didis Tu iuliane gandegilis jarebi,
imperias aRar SeeZlo barbarosuli konfederaciebis sruli daSla. amas
unda daematos isic, rom IV saukunis 70-iani wlebidan evraziis Sida
regionebidan momdinare hunebis samxedro Zalam sruliad Tavdayira
daayena arsebuli romaul-germanuli politikuri ZalTa balansi. hunebi –
nomadebi – germanuli tomebisgan gansxvavebuli samxedro kulturis
matarebelni iyvnen. brZolebSi cxenisa da e. w. `Sedgenili~ mSvildis
gamoyenebiT hunebma STambeWdav Sedegebs miaRwies guTebTan brZolaSi da
376 wlisTvis moaxerxes maTi ZiriTadi Zalebis damarcxeba (heveri, 2006:
145-158), rac kargad aris asaxuli amiane marcelines monaTxrobSi guTebis
mcdelobis Sesaxeb, 376 wels, mdinare dunai gadaelaxaT da imperiis
balkanur provinciebSi dasaxlebuliyvnen (heveri, 2006: 158-167).
Sesabamisad, IV saukunis bolos CrdiloeT sazRvris gaswvriv romis
imperia mniSvnelovani strategiuli dilemis winaSe dadga. hunebis
gansxvavebuli samxedro taqtikis garda, romaelTa problemas isic
amZimebda, rom hunebma moaxerxes dunaispireTis, Savi zRvisa da
kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoriebze darCenili guTebis,
skirebisa da sxva germanuli tomebis gaerTianeba, erTgvari
konfederaciis Seqmna da bizantiisTvis, rogorc Savi zRvis dasavleT,
aseve aRmosavleT mxridan samxedro safrTxis Seqmna (heveri, 2009: 227-238).
III saukunis bolosa da IV-is dasawyisSi, miuxedavad diokletinesa
da maqsimianesgan gancdili marcxebisa, sasanianTa imperias uari ar
uTqvams Tavis ambiciebze (yovel SemTxvevaSi ritorikulad) romis
imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebis mimarT. 299 wlis nizibinis zavis
Semdegac, sasanianebi agrZelebdnen Setevebs CrdiloeT mesopotamiasa da
somxeTze (dignasi, 2007: 84-88). sasanianebi, agreTve, gavlenas avrceleben
samxreT kavkasiis aRmosavleT teritoriazec – politikuri Tu
religiuri wnexi qarTlsa da albaneTze ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre
parTiis imperiis arsebobis periodSi.
marTalia, romis imperiisTvis palestinis saRzvari, sxva
sazRvrebTan SedarebiT, nakleb safrTxes warmoadgenda. Tumca, rogorc
naCvenebi iyo bizantiasa da arab tomebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis
ganviTarebiT, V saukunis bolosa da VI-is dasawyisSi, viTareba
163
palestinis sazRvarze imperiis sawinaaRmdegod icvleba (fiSeri, 2011: 35-
49). sasanianebis mokavSire arabi tomebi – nasridebi – mniSvnelovan
ekonomikur zians ayenebebdnen romis aRmosavlur provinciebs da, ufro
metic, martivad SeeZloT CaeWraT iustines, anastasiusisa da iustinianes
mier ganaxlebuli savaWro gzebi wiTeli zRviT indoeTamde (fiSeri, 2011:
144-153).
aseTi rkali ikvreba gviani bizantiis sazRvrebis gaswvriv IV
saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Cven ukve visaubreT imaze, Tu ra samxedro
strategiebs mimarTavdnen romalebi/bizantielebi imperiis sazRvrispira
provinciebis dasacavad. agreTve, yuradReba gavamaxvileT imperiuli
prestiJis (wodebebi, fuli) gamoyenebaze arab tomebTan, Tu dunais
gadaRma mcxovreb barbarosebTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca, araferi gviTqvams
imaze, Tu ra rols asrulebda qristianoba romis imperiis sagareo
politikaSi. SegviZlia Tu ara, davinaxoT imperiis mezobel qveynebSi
qristianuli religiis gavrceleba, rogorc gamiznuli sagareo
politikuri kursi arsebuli rTuli geopolitikuri mdgomareobis
gamosasworeblad?
Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom sakmaod bevri magaliTi gagvaCnia imis
dasamtkiceblad, rom bizantielma imperatorebma qristianobis
gavrcelebaSi sakuTari imperiis sazRvrebis dacvis erTerTi saSualeba
dainaxes. sxva sityvebiT, IV saukuneSi, jer kidev maSin, rodesac imperiis
SigniT qristianobis gamarjveba sulac ar iyo garantirebuli, xolo
taxtze ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi warmarTuli religiis mimdevari
iuliane gandegilic (361-363 ww.) ki ijda, imperiis mmarTvelebi
gamiznulad awarmoebdnen axali religiis mezobel xalxebSi
gavrcelebas. amavdroulad, qristianobis gavrceleba, ZiriTadad,
iwarmoeboda im mimarTulebebiT, romelic bizantiis imperiisTvis
samxedro, Tu ekonomikuri kuTxiT mniSvnelovan punqtebs warmoadgenda.
am mxriv, saintereso magaliTebia eTiopiis (aqsumis samefos saxeliT
cnobili) da himiaris samefos (iemeni) urTierTobebi bizantiis
imperiasTan.
saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens bizantiis gvian antikurobaSi,
Tanamedrove eTiopiisa da eritreis teritoriaze arsebuli, aqsumis
164
samefos gaqristianebis istoria. aqsumis siZliereze metyvelebs is faqti,
rom eTiopielebi Wridnen oqros monetebs, riTac gviani antikurobaSi,
msgavsi warmatebis mqone, oTx imperiaTa Soris erTerTs warmoadgendnen
(haasi, 2008: 102). qveynis mmarTveli mefeTa mefed – eTiopurad „negusa
nagast“ – iwodeboda. IV saukunis dasawyisSi aqsumSi mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi xdeba, romelic momdevno saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi samefos
kulturul da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, sagareo politikur
orientirze fundamenturi gavlena moaxdina.
daaxloebiT imave wels, rodesac konstantinem liciniusze
gamarjveba moipova, eTiopiis mefe ezana I mniSvnelovani cvlileba
Seitana sakuTar monetebze. Tu aqamde, eTiopieli mefeebi monetebze
gamoisaxebodnen diademaSi mTvarisa da mzis elementebTad erTad,82
ezanam es Caanacvla tradiciuli qristianuli ikonografiiT – jvriT.
monetebze jvris gamosaxva win uswrebda romis imperiaSi msgavsi
tradiciis Camoyalibebas da eTiopiaSi VII saukunemde gvxvdeba.83
yvelaferi ki, qalaq tivrosidan wamosuli da eTiopiis napirebTan,
sazRvao ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad, ori axalgazrda qristianis
edesiusisa da frumentiusis moRvaweobiT daiwyo (haasi, 2008: 102).
Tavdapirvelad, isini tyved Cavardnen Semdeg ki, monebad gayides, Tumca
maTma ganaTlebulobam da berZnuli enis codnam aqsumis mefis
(savaraudod, ela amida) yuradReba miipyro. or axalgazrdas ufleba
mieca qristianoba gaevrcelebinaT mTeli samefos masStabiT, xolo
bizantiel vaWrebs ki, Tavisuflad evaWraT eTiopiis wiTeli zRvis
portebSi. radgan edesiusi da frumentiusi axlos iyvnen aleqsandriis
mRvdel aTanasiusTan, SegviZlia gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom maTi
moRvaweoba iribaT bizantiis imperiis sagareo politikur interesebs
emsax
ureboda.
Sainteresoa, Tu riTi iyo ganpirobebuli aqsumis samefosa da
bizantias Soris arsebuli axlo kontaqtebi. amis gasarkvevaT saWiroa IV
saukunidan VI saukunis dasawyisSi gadavideT, sadac kargad Cans, Tu
82 xSirad, mTvarisa da mzis nacvlad monetebze datanili iyo mebrZoli RmerTi mahremi, romelsac eTiopieli mefeebi Tavis damcvelad aRiqvamdnen. 83 ezanas memkvidreebma, IV saukunis mogviano periodSi, monetebze gamosaxuli jvari ufro gaadides, ramac monetebis zurgis mTeli nawili daikava.
165
rogor cdilobda konstantinopoli qristianobis gamoyenebas sakuTari
geopolitikuri miznebis gansaxorcieblad. VI saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki iustinianes mmarTvelobaSi, eTiopiasa da
konstantinopols Soris urTierTobam strategiul dones miaRwia.
iustinianes dros eTiopia bizantiuri qristianuli `samegobros~ wevri
gaxda. Tanamedrove rukebis ararsebobis gamo, iustinianes sjeroda, rom
eTiopia uSualod indoeTs emezobleboda, rac am ukanasknelTan
pirdapiri savaWro gzis Seqmnas gaadvilebda sasanuri iranis saxmeleTo,
Tu sazRvao punqtebis gverdis avlisTvis. faqti, rom eTiopiaSi
monofizitoba (romelic sastikad idevneboda iustinianes xelisuflebis
mier) iyo gavrcelebuli, xels ar uSlida konstantinopols aqtiuri
molaparakebebi ewarmoebina aqsumTan da es ukanaskneli axlo
mokavSireebSi Seeyvana. bizantielebma eTiopiis gaqristianeba jer kidev
IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, konstantine didis memkvidris
konstanciusis dros moaxeres. Tu konstantinopolis pozicia aqsumTan
aliansis Sesaxeb gasagebi iyo, monofiziti eTiopielebis ltolva Tavis
`mTavar religiur mterTan~ diofizit imperatorTan SeekraT politikuri
kavSiri Tavdapirvelad gakvirvebas iwvevs. Tumca, aqsumelebisTvis, iseve
rogorc bizantiis sazRvrebs gareT mcxovreb sxva monofizit
xalxebisTvis, konstantinopolSi mjdomi imperatori RvTis mier
daniSnul erTaderT mmarTvels warmoadgenda. eTiopielebs kargad
esmodaT isic, rom bizantielebis samxedro mxardaWeris gareSe, samxreT
arabeTze kontrolis damyareba ver moxerxdeboda.84 garda amisa,
aqsumelebs kargad esmodac isic, rom erTis mxriv, samxreT arabeTsa da
maT Soris, xolo meores mxriv ki bizantielebis da indoelebis vaWrobis
SezRudvaze agreTve sasanianebic fiqrobdnen. Sesabamisad, qristianuli
religiis sxvadasxva mimdinareobis miuxedavad bizantielebi da
eTiopielebi Tavisi qveynebis strategiul interesebs ufro maRal
done
ze ayenebdnen.
384-502 wlebSi, wina saukuneebisgan mkveTri gansxvavebiT, maxlobel
aRmosavleTSi, kavkasionidan arabeTis naxevarkunZulamde simSvidem
84 es yovelive miuxedavad imisa, rom IV-V saukuneebSi eTiopia ukve warmatebiT awarmoebda vaWrobas indoeTis portebTan.
166
daisadgura. omi romsa da irans Soris faqtobrivad ar mimdinareobda,
garda ori mokle konfliqtisa (421-422 da 440 ww.). imperiebi ZiriTadad
CrdiloeTidan momdinare nomaduri safrTxis mogeriebiT iyvnen daka-
vebulebi (blokli, 1992: 58-88). vaWroba bizantiasa da Soreul
aRmosavleTs Soris, ZiriTadad, sasanuri iranis teritoriis, kerZod ki
mesopotamiis mdinareebis meSveobiT mimdinreobda. amrigad, tvirTi am
savaWro gzaze gavlisas, umetes nawils wyalze gadioda, rac
mniSvnelovnad amartivebda transportirebas. bizantielebi agreTve
molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen stepebSi mcxovreb nomad xalxebTan
CrdiloeT savaWro gzis gaaqtiurebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, unda
aRiniSnos, rom tvirTis brunvis masStabebidan gamomdinare, samxreTis
savaW
Si Cagdeba (ix. am naSromis nawili bizantia-
arab
istinebi. daaxloebiT
ro gza VI saukuneSi ufro mniSvnelovani iyo.
yvelaferi Seicvala 502 wels SahanSah kavadis mier bizantiis wi-
naaRmdeg omis dawyebiT da bizantia-indoeTs Soris savaWro gzis ga-
miznuli blokirebiTa, Tu masze damatebiTi gadasaxadebis dawesebiT. vi-
Tareba gansakuTrebulad gauaresda 531 wels taxtze xosro anuSirvanis
asvlis Semdeg. 525 wels bizantielebma daibrunes iotabes kunZuli –
pirveli punqti wiTeli zRvis gasakontroleblad. Semdegi nabiji iyo
qristian eTiopielebTan dakavSireba da maTi meSveobiT samxreT arabeTis
dakavebac, raTa momavalSi irans ver moexerxebina am strategiulad
mniSvnelovani punqtis xel
ebis urTierTobebze).
bizantielebma ostaturad gamoiyenes saerTo qristianuli mrwamsi da
eTiopielebi iemenze gasalaSqreblad waaqezes. eTiopielebma iemenze pir-
veli Tavdasxma 507 wels ganaxorcieles. Tavdapirveli warmatebebis miu-
xedavad – rac aisaxa kidec regionSi qristianobis farTod gavrcelebaSi
– aqsumelebis pirdapiri mmarTveloba iemenze ar iyo xangrZlivi.
daaxloebiT 524 wels, vinme iusufi, erovnebiiT ebraeli, aujanyda
eTiopielebis mier daniSnul mefes da Tavi iemenis mbrZanelblad
gamoacxada. amis Semdeg, iusufma daiwyo qristianebis devna sanam maT
iudevelobaze moaqcevda. iusufma gaanadgura eTiopielebis samxedro
Semadgenloba, romelic qalaq zafarSi mdebareobda, xolo Semdeg ki,
CrdiloeTiT, qalaq naJranSi masobrivad gaJlita qr
167
2,000
bolomde, rodesac samxreT
arab
kons
qristiani cocxlad dawves erTerT eklesiaSi.
amis sapasuxod, imdroindeli eTiopiis mefe kalebi daukavSirda
bizantiis imperators iustine I misTvis samxedro daxmarebis TxovniT.
konstantinopolma Tanxmoba ganacxada da 524-525 wlebis zamTarSi
bizantiel vaWarTa flotma Tavi moiyara eTiopiis umTavres saporto
qalaq adulisSi, saidanac ori samxedro kampaniis mowyobiT moxerxda
iusufis damxoba. kalebi Seudga dakarguli Zalauflebis gaZlierebas,
pirvel rigSi, qristianobis aRdgeniT. Tumca, sabolood, mis jarebs
iemenSi erTerTi yofili eTiopieli vaWari saxelad abraha aujanyda.
miuxedavad abrahas ajanyebis warmatebisa, iemeni darCa eTiopiel
mmarTvelTa gavlenis qveS, xolo abrahaze viciT, rom xarksac uxdida
aqsums. viTareba ar Secvlila 570-iani wlebis
eTi xosro anuSirvanis jarebma daikaves.
qristianobis bizantiisTvis strategiulad mniSvnelovan regionebSi
gavrcelebis meore saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens ambavi ulfilaze85
da mis moRvaweobaze guTebSi. ulfila daibada III saukunis dasawyisSi
dunais CrdiloeTSi da warmoSobiT iyo im romaelTa tyveebis Svili,
romelic guTebma mcire aziidan86 III saukunis bolo meToxedSi
ganxorcielebuli laSqrobebisas aiyvanes. ulfilas guTuri saxeli
metyvelebs imaze, rom guTebSi mcxovrebi romaelebi minimum
lingvisturad miesadagnen axal garemos, romelSic tyveobis Semdeg
mouwiaT cxovreba. Sesabamisad, rogorc tyveobaSi myofi meore Taobis
romaeli, ulfila Tavisuflad saubrobda laTinurad, berZnulad da
guTurad. didi albaTobiT, guTebSi mcxovrebi romaeli tyveebi IV
saukunis dasawyisisTvis ukve qristianebi iyvnen, radgan religia iyo
erTerTi saSualeba sakuTari Tavi guTebisagan eTnikurad gaemijnaT. Cven
mogvepoveba cnobebi, rom ulfilam ukve axalgazrdobaSi daiwyo
eklesiaSi moRvaweoba, romelic meore Taobis romaeli tyveebis mier iyo
agebuli. ulfila gaagrZelebda Tavis moRvaweobas dunais CrdiloeTiT
da ar iqneboda iseTi cnobili, rogoric gaxda SemdgomSi misi personiT
tantinopolis dainteresebis gamo.
85 misi saxeli guTurad „patara mgels“ niSnavs. 86 ulfilas ojaxi tyveT Cavardnamde cxovrobda mcire aziis qalaq farnasosSi (kapadokia).
168
340 wlebis dasawyisSi konstantine didis memkvidrem, Rrmad morwmune
imperatorma konstancius II (337-361 ww.), gadawyvita, rom kontantine didis
dros guTebze mopovebuli politikuri gavlena sakmarisi ar iyo dunais
CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi mZlavri guTuri saxelwifoebrivi erTeulis
SekavebisaTvis. guTebSi mcxovrebi qristiani romaeli tyveebis mxar-
dasaWerad man 341 wels ulfila konstantinopolSi moipatiJa da guTebSi
`qristianebis berad~ daniSna. amis Semdeg ulfila gagzavnes guTebSi
sadac, rogorc Cans momdevno Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT
axorcielebda qristianobis gavrcelebas ara marto romael tyveebSi,
aramed uSualod guTebSi. savaraudod, zustad aman gamoiwvia guTebis
ukmayofileba, radgan qristianobis gavrcelebiT roms samxedro
saSualebis garda kidev erTi aranakleb Zlieri xerxi gamouCndeboda
dunais gaRma sakuTari gavlenis gasavrceleblad. Sedegad, 347 wels
guTebma ulfila, Tavis qristian momxreebTan erTad, aiZules daetovebina
qveyana. imaze, Tu rogori strategiuli mniSvnelobis iyo guTebis
gaqristianeba, metyvelebs isic, rom konstanciusi TviTon Cavida
duna
rmanikul enaze Sesrulebul pirvel werilobiT wyaros
warm
isTan ulfilas dasaxvedraT da mas `axali mosec~ ki uwoda.
ulfilas gandevniT, TiTqosda, yvelaferi unda dasrulebuliyo,
magram imperiis mesveurebs xeli ar auRiaT guTebSi qristianobis
farTod gavrcelebaze. ulfila da misi momxreebi qalaq nikopolisSi
dunaisTan axlos daasaxles ise, rom mas kavSiri mTlianad ar gaewyvita
mdinaris CrdiloeTiT darCenil qristianebTan. zustad nikopolisSi
cxovrebisas, ulfilam moaxdina bibliis Targmna guTur enaze, rac
romelime ge
oadgens.
gadavinacvloT bizantiis siria-palestinis sazRvarze. geogra-
fiulad bizantiis es sazRvari daucveli iyo radgan siria-mesopotamiis
udabnosa da palestinas dasaxlebul punqtebs Soris realurad ar
arsebobda geografiuli barieri. sxva sityvebiT, sazRvris es monakveTi
daucveli iyo arabi molaSqreebisagan. 224 wels sasaniuri iranis
Camoyalibebam da amiT mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gamowveulma ZalTa
balansis Secvlam Tavisi kvali datova arabebTan urTierTobazec.
Tavdapirvelad bizantielebi cdilobdnen samxedro gziT moepovebinaT
169
upiratesoba, rac kargad aisaxa III saukunis dasasruls imperator
iokletianes mier udabnos mxridan siriis dasacavad e. w. strata
Diocletiana-s agebiT. magram, III saukunis dasawyisSi, bizantiaSi
qristianobis gavrcelebiT, xolo amave saukunis bolos, ukve
qristianobisTvis legaluri bazis SeqmniT, bizantielebsa da arabebs
Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi axali mniSvnelovani faqtori Cndeba –
religia. amrigad, IV saukunis bolodan konstantinopoli sul ufro
metad cdilobs gavlena moaxdinos arab tomebze, ara mxolod
saxelmwifoebriv
d
i titulebis, Tu fulis darigebiT, aramed maTi
gaqr
mosis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb mis momxreebTan erTad (fiSeri, 2011: 75-
99).
jarSi) Cabma, rac
ufr
istianebiT.
arabebSi qristianoba vrceldeboda palestina-siriis teritoriaze
arsebuli ber-monazonTa mraval centrSi mcxovreb religiuri pirebis
mier. radgan safrTxe sazRvris am monakveTidan ar iyo imave donis,
rogorc dunaispireTidan, xolo konstantinopoli arabebis meSveobiT ar
gegmavda sxva xalxebis gakontrolebas ise, rogorc es eTiopielebis
SemTxvevaSi iqna ganxorcielebuli. bizantia miznad ar isaxavda arabebis
swraf gaqristianebas. procesi SedarebiT neli nabijebiT mimdinareobda.
V saukuneSi mcxovrebi sasuliero piris kirile skiTopoliselis
naSromSi wminda evTimes Sesaxeb, mravlad mogvepoveba cnoba imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor modiodnen evTimesTan arabi beduinebi udabnodan qristianobis
misaRebaT. evTimes magaliTi mxolod erTerTia. magaliTad, istorikos
sozomenTan gvxvdeba cnobebi erTerTi arabi dajgufebis lideris
zoko
gaqristianebiT arabebs saSualeba eZleodaT ufro meti sargebeli
enaxaT im simdidreSi, romelic imperiidan momdinareobda. konstan-
tinopolel imperatorebs ufro martivad SeeZloT gaqristianebuli ara-
bebis saimperio struqturebSi (administraciaSi Tu
o metad sargebliani iyo arabi dajgufebisaTvis.
istoriuli somxeTis geografiuli adgilmdebareoba is
strategiulad mniSvnelovan teritoriad mas Semdeg gadaaqcia, rac
maxlobeli aRmosavleTSi Zv. w. II saukuneSi romi da parTia gamovidnen,
xolo ax. w. 224 wlidan ki parTiis imperia sasanurma iranma Caanacvla.
170
somxeTi, romlis CrdiloeTidac kolxeTi da iberia, xolo aRmosavleTiT
albaneTi mdebareobdnen, wnexs sasanuri iranis da bizantiisgan
ganicdida. samxreTiT somxeTi uSualod CrdiloeT mesopotamias
esazRvreboda da gadasvla erTi teritoriidan meoreSi da piriqiT
SezRuduli ar iyo romelime mniSvnelovani geografiuli barieriT.
xolo CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi moxvedrisas am regionis landSafti
Zalian karg SesaZleblobebs iZleoda, jarebisTvis Tu savaWro
qaravnebisTvis, martivad gamoeyenebinaT mdinareebi da samxreTis
mimarTulebiT gaegrZelebinaT svla. iseve rogorc parTelebs, ardaSir I
224 wels axladCamoyalibebuli imperiis dedaqalaqad isev qtesifoni
airCia. Sesabamisad, sasanianebisTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani iyo
romaelebi/bizantielebi CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi ar SeeSvaT. magram,
rogorc vTqviT, radgan CrdiloeT mesopotamia organulad iyo
dakavSirebuli somxeTis samxreT nawilTan, pirveli sasaniani Sahebis
sagareo politikuri prioriteti am regionis romaelebisagan gawmenda
iyo. ardaSiris da misi memkvidris Sabur I-is omebi amis naTeli
magal
evfr
iTebia.
bizantiis imperiasa da somxeTs Soris mdebareobda mniSvnelovani
geografiuli barieri – tavris mTebi, romelSic iyo sami sakvanZo
gadasasvleli. im SemTxvevaSi Tu iranelebi moaxerxebdnen am gada-
sasvlelebis xelSi Cagdebas bizantiis aRmosavleTis provinciebis siria-
palestinisa da mcire aziis usafrTxoebas safrTxe daumoqreboda. ra
Tqma unda, somxeTi ar iyo erTaderTi teritoria saidanac
xorcieldeboda jarebis gadayvana iranidan siriaSi, an piriqiT. xSiri
iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac iranelebi, an maTi arabi mokavSireebi mdinare
atis gaswvriv gadadiodnen siriasa da mcire aziis samxreT nawilSi.
somxeTis mniSvneloba imiTac ganisazRvreboda, rom am teritoriis
dakavebiT kavSiri ibmeoda CrdiloeTiT mdebare iberiasTan,
aRmosavleTiT albaneTTan. garda amisa somxeTze gadioda mniSvnelovani
savaWro gzebi centraluri aziidan mcire aziisa da siria-palestinis
mimarTulebiT. zemomoyvanili geografiuli analizi ar niSnavs imas, rom
bizantielebi an sasanianebi somxeTis teritoriis uSualod dakavebaze
fiqrobdnen (dignasi, 2007: 173-188). xSiri iyo jarebis Seyvana orive
171
imperiis mier, magram orive mowinaaRmdeges erCivna sakvanZo
gadasasvlelebis da cixe-simagreebis dakaveba da iribaT Careuliyvnen
somxeTis Sida saqmeebSi. am geografiulma adgilmdebareobam ganapiroba
somxeTis strategiuli mniSvneloba da amavdroulad sisustec ori
imper
konstantinopolSi am
movl
obda sakuTari sazRvrebi daecva mowinaaRmdege
sasa
isTvis.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis ganxilvis Semdeg naTeli xdeba, rom
qristianobis gavrceleba romis imperiis samezobloSi sulac ar iyo
SemTxveviTi, xolo qarTlis da Semdeg lazikis gaqristianeba ki, im
saerTo religiuri politikis nawils warmoadgens, romelsac
konstantinopoli atarebda sakuTari sazRvrebis dasacavad. wminda ninos
moRvaweobis detalebis umravlesoba ucnobia, Tumca calsaxaa, rom misi
qarTlSi Camosvla ar iyo konstantinopolidan inspirirebuli. guT
ulfilasgan gansxvavebiT, wminda ninos imperiuli sanqcia ar gaaCnda.
Tumca, mxardaWera romelic modioda konstantinopolidan, Tundac mefe
mirianis gaqristinebisTanave saeklesio pirebis gamogzavniT, pirdapir
metyvelebs imaze, Tu ra swrafad gaiazres
enis mniSvneloba regionuli politikisTvis.
qarTlisa da lazikis mniSvneloba imperiisTvis pirvel rigSi
gamowveuli iyo samxedro mizezebiT. kavkasionis gadasasvlelebisa da
Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi sanapiros gakontroleba absoluturad
mniSvnelovani iyo bizantielebisTvis sakuTari imperiuli dedaqalaqis
dasacavad. prokopi kesarielis mier aRwerili lazebis elCoba iranSi
xosros karze erTerTi naTeli magaliTia imisa Tu raoden did
strategiul mniSvnelobas aniWebda konstantinopoli lazikasa da
qarTls (prokopi kesarieli, 1914-1940: BP. II.15). Sesabamisad, istoriuli
saqarTvelo im teritoriul rkalSi xvdeboda, romliTac
konstantinopoli cdil
nuri imperiisagan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bizantiis periferiaze mcxovreb xalxebSi
umeteswilad qristianobis `araorTodoqsaluri~ variantis gavrceleba
xels ar uSlida konstantinopols pirdapiri diplomatiuri da zog
SemTxvevaSi strategiuli urTierToba hqonoda am xalxebTan. bizantiel
imperatorebisTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo imperiis periferiis
172
nebismieri formiT gaqristianeba, radgan amiT xerxdeboda sakvanZo
teritoriul erTeulebze iribi politikuri gavlenis mopoveba. ase,
magaliTad, iustinianes ar anaRvlebda aqsumelebi, Tu numidielebi
rogor qristianul mimdevrobas misdevdnen. ufro mniSvnelvani iyo maTi
bizantiur politikur orbitaSi moqceva, riTac moxerxdeboda sasanuri
iranis gavlenis Semcireba. imave iustinianes magaliTi, rom moviyvanoT,
monofizit, magram qristian eTiopielebis meSveobiT imperatori
warmatebiT (yovel SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli drois manZilze) axerxebda
samxreT arabeTis dacvas indoeTTan vaWrobisTvis da regionSi
sasanianebis gavlenis SesaCereblad (pigulevskaia, 1964: 57-81; 156-161).
173
daskvna
rogorc SesavalSi iyo naxsenebi, qarTuli istoriografia mdidaria
gviani antikuri periodis saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevebiT. qristianobis
gavrceleba, didi omianoba egrisSi (542-562 ww.), kavkasionis
gadasasvlelebis mniSvneloba da bevri sxva, es aris Seswavlili
sakiTxebis mxolod mokle sia. Tumca, tendencia, romelic gamoikveTa
bolo ramodenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi iyo naklebi yuradRebis
miqceva gviani antikuri periodis (IV-VII ss.) iseTi mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebisadmi, rogorebicaa iranisa da bizantiis imperiebis samxedro,
Tu diplomatiuri urTierTobebi, nomadi xalxebis mier evraziul
stepebSi Seqmnili imperiebi, bizantiisa da sasanuri iranis samxedro da
ekonomikuri potenciali, ori imperiis mmarTveli klasis gansxvavebuli
xedvebi msoflios mowyobis Taobaze. amasTan erTad, faqtobrivad,
Seuswavlelia bizantielebisa da sasanianebis mier maTze damokidebuli
patara xalxebis87 marTvis strategiebi da maTi xedvebi, Tu rogor
daecvaT sakuTari imperiebis sazRvrebi.
naSromSi, `romi da bizantia barbarosTa migraciis winaaRmdeg:
dunais da pontos sazRvrebis SedarebiTi analizi (IV-VII ss.)~, Sevecade
swored am xarvezis gamosworeba. samxreT kavkasiis regioni, zustad, rom
unda ganxilul iqnas im saerTo politikur, samxedro, ekonomikur da
religiur konteqstSi, romelic IV-VII saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi,
bizantiasa da sasanur irans Soris arsebobda. amavdroulad, erTmaneTs
Sevadare bizantiis ramodenime sazRvari, riTac, pirvel rigSi, mindoda
damenaxa ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo TiToeuli mezobeli
konstantinopolis sagareo politikaSi.
87 klientebis.
174
yvela es argumenti mniSvnelovania da rogorc dasawyisSi vTqvi,
relevanturia qarTuli istoriografiisTvis, radgan mkiTxvels
daexmareba Seuqmnas im geopolitikuri TamaSis suraTi, romlis erTerTi
nawili samxreT kavkasia iyo. Tumca, me agreTve Sevecade, rom qarTuli
istoriografiis garda es naSromi mniSvnelovani yofiliyo dasavleTSi
gviani antikuri periodis Seswavlis sxvadasva mimdinareobebisTvis.
dasavleTSi bizantiis istoriis adreuli periodis (IV-VII ss.)
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom konstantinopolSi msxdom
imperatorebs ar SeeZloT sakuTari samezoblos mimarT grZelvadiani
politikis Camoyalibeba. sxva sityvebiT, bizantielebs ar gaaCndaT
rogorc rame saxis `didi strategia~ imperiis samarTavad, aseve imperiaze
erTdroulad ramodenime frontidan momdinare safrTxis mogeriebis
gegma (isaaki, 1990: 19-53, 372-418). argumentebi, romelsac iyenebs mkvlevarTa
umravleosoba, aris am periodis bizantiaSi, realobasTan miaxloebuli
geografiuli rukebis ararseboba da rom romaelebis msgavsad,
bizantielebma ar icodnen, Tu sad mdebareobda imperiis sazRvrebi da
iwyeboda barbarosTa teritoria (vitakeri, 2004: 28-49, 63-87). naSromSi
bizantiisa da mis ZiriTad mezoblebs Soris urTierTobebis ganxilvisas,
uamravi magaliTi iyo moyvanili, Tu rogor zrunavda konstantinopoli
imperiis TiToeul mimarTulebaze kargad gamokveTili xelovnuri, Tu
fizikuri sazRvari hqonoda. vitakeris mtkicebebis sawinaaRmdegod,
bizantielebi sakuTari imperiis sazRvris gasatareblad xSirad
geografiul barierebs iyenebdnen. am mxriv, yvelaze karg magaliTs
warmoadgenda mdinare dunai. guTebTan valensis pirveli omi (367-369 ww.)
da misi Sedegebi naTlad miuniSnebs imaze, rom imperatorisTvis iseve,
rogorc guTebisTvis, mdinare dunai or mxares Soris sazRvars
warmoadgenda. Temistiusis da amiane marcelines mier moyvanili cnobebi
omze pirdapir amaze metyvelebs. zavze xelis moweris ceremonialic ki –
Sua dunaiSi – amtkicebda, rom es mdinare ara marto bunabriv da
fsiqologiur bariers warmoadgenda, aramed realur politikur
sazRvars imperiasa da barbarosebs Soris.
msgavsi viTareba imperiis sxva sazRvrebzec gvxvdeba. ase,
aRmosavleTSi, bizantiasa da sasanur irans Soris sazRvari CrdiloeT
175
mesopotamiaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mdinare evfratze gadioda. or
imperias Soris dadebuli TiTqmis yvela sazavo xelSekruleba ara
mxolod didi teritoriebis erTmaneTisTvis gadacemas exeboda, aramed
saxelmwifoebs Soris axali sademarkacio xazis gatarebebsac.
magaliTad, 298 wlis nizibisis zavis mixedviT, imperiebs Soris sazRvari
vaWrobisTvis mTlianad Caiketa, garda ramodenime qalaqisa. 387 wels,
somxeTis danawilebisas, sazavo molaparakebis dros, imperiebis
mesveurebi saubrobdnen calke xazebis gatarebaze imisaTvis, rom
scodnodaT sad mTavrdeboda da iwyeboda maTi teritoriebi (greitreqsi,
2006: 103-151). aseve, gagvaCnia mravali cnoba, rodesac adamianebs CrdiloeT
mesopotamiaSi surdaT Tavisuflad gadasuliyvnen erTi imperiidan
meoreSi88 da rogor xdeboda maTi dakaveba sazRvarze bizantielebis, Tu
sasaniani garnizonebis mier. winaislamuri xanis arabebTan
urTierTobaSic kargad Cans, rogor aniWeben bizantielebi arab nomadebs
siria-palestinis provinciebis sazRvrebis dacvas. aqac, orive mxarem
kargad icoda, Tu sad mTavrdeboda imperiis administraciuli sazRvrebi.
es mxolod magaliTebis patara CamonaTvalia, magram TiToeuli kargad
aCvenebs erT rames – bizantielebs awuxebdaT kiTxva: sad gadis maTi
imperiis sazRvari? aman, Tavis mxriv, migviyvana am naSromis meore
sakvanZo sakiTxamde. Tu imperias gaaCnda kargad gawerili sazRvrebi, am
SemTxvevaSi imperatorebi permanentuli dilemis winaSe idgnen: rogor
daecvaT es sazRvrebi erTdroulad ramodenime mtrisgan?
samxedro infrastruqturis (TavdacviTi kedlebis, cixesimagreebis
da sxva) ageba dunaispireTSi, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, CrdiloeT
afrikasa da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, karg magaliTs warmoadgens
imisa, rom bizantielebi, romaelebis msgavsad, zrunavdnen imperiis
sazRvrebis usafrTxoebaze. magram, mxolod samxedro infrastruqtura
gamosavals ar warmoadgenda erTdroulad ramodenime frontidan
arsebuli safrTxis ganeitralebisTvis. marTlac, 395 wels, imperiis
dayofam or nawilad rTul strategiul mdgomareobaSi Caayena
aRmosavleT romis imperia. amieridan, konstantinopolis mier erTiani
imperiis dros arsebuli samxedro da ekonomikuri resursebis gamoyeneba
88 eseni, xSir SemTxvevaSi, piligrimebi iyvnen.
176
ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. es yvelaferi xdeboda im gauaresebul sagareo
politikur fonze, romelic imperiis garSemo iqmneboda IV saukunis
meore naxevarSi. 370-ian wlebSi, Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT hunebis gamoCenam
`xalxTa did gadasaxlebas~ daudo safuZveli, ris Sedegadac, bizantias
or sazRvarze dunaispireTSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi nomadebi
daumezobldnen. amis paralelurad, aRmosavleTSi, sasanuri irani
konstantinopols warmatebiT uwevda samxedro da politikur
konkurencias samxreT kavkasiidan arabeTis naxevarkunZulamde arsebul
sazRvarze. bizantias, agreTve, problemebi gaaCnda siria-palestinis
provinciebSi, sadac arakontrolirebadi arabi nomadebi Tavs esxmodnen
imperiis palestinis provincias. am sam mTavar safrTxes imperiisTvis
arastandartuli safrTxec unda daematos – vandalebis samxedro
floti, romelmac V saukunis meore naxevarSi, ramodenimejer safrTxe
Seuqmna balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls.
gauaresebul samxedro mdgomareobas unda daematos aRmosavleT
romis imperiis arasaxarbielo geografiuli adgilmdebareobac. imperiis
sazRvrebi ar iyo daculi mZlavri geografiuli barierebiT. mdinare
dunaic ki, ar warmoadgenda gadaulaxav zRudes.89 CrdiloeT afrikaSi
sazRvari udabnoSi gadioda, sadac grZeli safortifikacio nagebobis
aRmarTva TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. marTalia aRmosavleTSi, sazRvari
sasanur iranTan gauval mTian somxeTsa da CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi
gadioda, CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan iranelebs SedarebiT martivad
SeeZloT siriis qalaqebi daepyroT, bizantiis teritoriis mcire
geografiuli siRrmis gamo. erTaderTi, SedarebiT daculi provincia
teritoriuli siRrmis mxriv, mcire azia iyo.
Sesabamisad, bizantiis mesveurebs, 395 wlidan moyolebuli, unda
efiqraT, Tu rogor daecvaT imperia sagrZnoblad Semcirebuli samxedro
da ekonomikuri resursebis da gauaresebuli sagareo politikuri
mdgomareobis fonze. bizantielebma imperiis dacvis sakuTari strategia
SeimuSaves. vaWroba, mcire, magram efeqtiani sajariso SenaerTebi,
moqnili diplomatia, Zlieri sadazvervo aparati, qristianobis gav-
89 V saukunis pirvel naxevarSi hunebis da Semdeg, VII saukunis dasawyisSi, avarebis warmatebuli laSqrobebi amis naTeli magaliTebia.
177
rceleba, titulebisa da miwebis darigeba da sxva, es iyo bizantieli
imperatorebis mTavari xerxebi sagareo politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
magram, Tu bizantielebamde da maT Semdegac, es elementebi xSirad
TamaSobdnen mniSvnelovan rols ama Tu im imperiebis sagareo
politikaSi, bizantielebma moaxerxes am yvela komponentis Serwyma da
efeqtianad gamoyeneba maSin, rodesac geografiuli, ekonomikuri da
samxedro statistika maT sapirispirod iyo. bizantielebma icodnen, Tu
rogor unda ebrZolaT TiToeul mezobelTan, ra iyo maTi susti da
Zlieri mxareebi. amas mowmobs bizantiaSi arsebuli samxedro
traqtatebis mdidari tradicia. bizantiis `strategiaze~ metyvelebs isic,
rom V saukuneSi didi struqturuli cvlilebebi daiwyo imperiis jarSi,
raTa imperias efeqtianad moegeriebina nomadebisa da sasanianebis
erToblivi safrTxe.
garda amisa, Sevecade meCvenebina ramdenad politizirebuli iyo
qristianobis gavrceleba imperiis samezobloSi IV-V saukuneebSi.
marTlac, bizantiis samezobloSi axali religiis imperiuli sanqciiT
gavrcelebis ramodenime cnoba arsebobs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
qristianobis gavrcelebis geografiul areals, davinaxavT, rom
konstantinopoli, gansakuTrebulad, cdilobda imperiisTvis
strategiulad mniSvnelovan teritoriebze mcxovrebi xalxebis
`moqcevas~: qarTvelebis, guTebis, somxebis, eTiopielebis, arabebis da a.S.
agreTve, Sevecade damenaxa, Tu rogor azrovnebdnen bizantieli
imperatorebi Tanamderove rukebis ararsebobisas da rogor iRebdnen
strategiuli mniSvnleobis mqone gadawyvetilebebs. iustinianes
magaliTma naTlad dagvanaxa, rom bizantieli mmarTveli gadawyvetilebis
miRebamde, aucileblad iTvaliswinebda ekonomikur, samxedro, zogad
politikur da religiur faqtorebs. prokopi kesarielis mier aRwerili
scena vandalebze omis gamocxadebamde, gviCvenebs, rom raoden
avtorkatuli ar unda yofiliyo iustinianes reJimi, imperatori
iZulebuli iyo gaeTvaliswinebina ioane kapadokielis kritika samxedro
kampaniis ekonomikur mxaresTan mimarTebaSi da Tu ra zarals moutanda
es imperiis biujets.
178
Sesabamisad, gviani antikuri periodis bizantiaze saubrisas, Cven
win aris imperia, romelic miesadaga im rTul ekonomikur, samxedro da
geografiul mdgomareobas, romelSic is aRmoCnda, 395 wels, imperiis
daSlis Semdeg.
arabebTan mimarTebaSi, naCvenebi, Tu rogor muSaobda bizantiuri
diplomatia lokalur doneze. rogor xdeboda arabi meTaurebis gad-
mobireba, maTi dafinanseba da Semdeg gamoyeneba sasanuri iranis da
siria-palestinis sazRvarze bizantiis mier sxva arakontrolirebadi
arabi tomebis winaaRmdeg. meore migneba iyo arabi mokavSireebis
gamoyeneba ara marto sasanianebisa da maTi mokavSire arabebis
winaaRmdeg, aramed siria-mesopotamiis da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis
CrdiloeTiT arsebuli bizantiuri savaWro gzebis dacvisTvis. es ki
jdeboda iustinianes dros wiTeli zRviT indoeTisken mimaval savaWro
gzis aRorZinebis gegmas. gzis dasacavad imperatorma scada mis gaswvriv
mokavSireebi moepovebina. imperatoris xedviT, arabebs siria-palestinis
da sinais naxevarkunZulis, xolo eTiopielebs ki, Tanamderove bab-el-
mandebis srutis dacva daevala. sabolood, es yvelaferi mimarTuli iyo
sasanuri iranis winaaRmdeg.
sasanuri irani bizantiis samezobloSi gamonaklis warmoadgenda.
is, gvian antikurobaSi, bizantiasTan Tanabari Zalis mqone erTaderTi
saxelmwifo iyo. miuxedavad amisa, am imperiis Seswavlas naklebi
yuradReba eTmoba dasavleTSi da, samwuxarod, saerTod ar aris
Seswavlili saqarTveloSi. am kvlevis erTerTi centraluri sakiTxi iyo
sasanuri iranis Zalis xelaxali Sefaseba. Tu aqamde istorikosTa
umravlesoba Tvlida, rom romis da Semdeg bizantiis imperia sasanur
iranze Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo, me Sevecade meCvenebina, rom or imperias
Soris oTxsaukunovani urTierTobebis manZilze, sasanuri irani
bizantiis ara marto Tanabar Zalas warmoadgenda, aramed, bevr
komponentSi, masze maRlac idga. Sesabamisad, am debulebas mivyavarT
logikur kiTvamde: Tu bizantias SeeZlo Tavisi samezoblos samarTavad
sakuTari `didi strategia~ SeemuSavebina, SeeZlo Tu ara igives gakeTeba
sasanur irans?
179
Tavdapirvelad, saWiro iyo SahanSahebis samxedro potencialis
gansazRvra. Tumca, romaul/bizantiur samyarosgan gansxvavebiT, sasaniani
istorikosebis naSromebi Cvenamde ar moRweula. yvela cnoba, romelic
gagvaCnia, uSualod iranis mowinaaRmdege berZnul-romauli, qarTuli da
somxuri istorikosebis wyaroebidan modis. Sesabamisad, sasanuri jarebis
yvela raodenoba, naxsenebi iqneba es prokopi kesarielTan, Tu amiane
marcelinesTan, saWiroebs detalur Seswavlas, radgan istorikosebs
martivad SeeZloT gamiznulad gaedidebinaT, an SeemcirebinaT mtris
ricxvi. magram, Cven nawilobriv gvexmareba arqelogia da is uzarmazari
safortifikacio nagebobebi, romelic bolo wlebSi gaTxrebis Sedegad
aRmoCnda. forpostebisa da cixesimagreebis sididis mixedviT, me
vivaraude, sasanian Sahebs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, xosro anuSirvanis
mmarTvelobidan moyolebuli) jamSi hyavdaT 300,000-iani jari, saidanac,
daaxloebiT, naxevari permanentulad iyo ganawilebuli imperiis
sazRvrebis gaswvriv. Tumca, mxolod Zlieri jaris yola ar niSnavda
imperiuli strategiis arsebobas. rogorc bizantielebze saubrisas iyo
naTqvami, jaris garda mravali sxva argumenti unda arsebuliyo.
erTerTi maTgani iyo uzarmazari kedlebis aSeneba imperiis saz-
Rvrebis garSemo. bizantielebis msgavsad sasaniani mmarTvelebi
xedavdnen, rom imperias arasaxarbielo geografiuli adgilmdebareoba
gaaCnda. ufro metic, bizantiasTan SedarebiT sasanuri iranis sazRvrebis
4/5 daucveli iyo90 rame saxis geografiuli barieriT. mdgomareobas
arTulebda isic, rom imperias dasavleTidan Zlieri romis/bizantiis
imperia emezobleboda da pretenzias acxadebda CrdiloeT mesopotamiaze,
somxeTze, samxreT kavkasiasa da siria-palestinis udabnoze. magram, Tu
bizantia nomadur safrTxes mxolod IV saukunis bolos Seejaxa, iranis
adgilmdebareoba sasanianebs nomadebis pirvel samizned aqcevda,
erTdroulad, Tanamedrove centraluri aziisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis
mimarTulebebidan. amas daemateba isic, rom arabeTis naxevarkunZulis
CrdiloeTSi da siria-mesopotamiis udabnoSi, sasanianebs problemebs
uqmnidnen winaislamuri xanis arabi tomebi.91
90 erTaderTi daculi sazRvari iyo samxreTiT, sparseTis yurisa da indoeTis okeanis sanapiros gaswvriv. 91 Tumca, bizantiisa da nomadi tomebisgan gansxvavebiT, arabebisagan momdinare
180
sxva sityvebiT, ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli Tu vityviT, rom imperia
mudam egzistencialuri safrTxis qveS iyo. miuxedavad amisa, 224-226
wlebSi, parTiis samefos nangrevebze aRmocenebuli axali imperiis
mmarTvelebma moaxerxes saxelmwifos ara marto SenarCuneba, aramed
teritoriis sagrZnoblad gazrda. Sedegad, imperiam oTx aswleulze met
xans, VII saukunis 40-ian wlebamde gastana.
bizantielebis msgavsad, sasanianebis mier amdeni saukunis
ganmavlobaSi imperiis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara
sakuTari `didi TavdacviTi gegmis~ Camoyalibeba. pirveli nabiji iyo
romauli da Semdgom bizantiuri jarebisgan CrdiloeT mesopotamiis
mniSvnelovani cixesimagreebis gaTavisufleba, raTa mters, omis
SemTxvevaSi, ver moexerxebina evfratis da tigrosiT gaswvriv sasanianTa
dedaqalaq qtesifonamde miRweva. meore nabiji iyo arasaxarbielo
geografiuli mdebareobis nawilobriv gamosworeba. imperiis mTlianad, an
nawilobriv daucvel sazRvrebze aSenda samxedro infrastruqtura,
kedlebisa da cixesimagreebis saxiT. kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleTiT aSenda
ori didi, erTmaneTis paraleluri, gurganis da TamiSenis kedlebi;
dasavleTiT _ darubandis cixesimagre da ramodenime kedeli mis
CrdiloeTsa da samxreTiT. CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, bizantiis imperiis
winaaRmdeg, Sendeboda uamravi cixesimagre, xolo evfratis qvemo welze
ki – wylis arxebi.92 mcire zomebis kedlebi aSenda mesopotamiis samxreT
nawilSi, sparseTis yuresTan axlos, arabi nomadebis Sesakaveblad.
kedlebisa da cixesimagreebis adgilmdebareoba,93 metyvelebda
sasanianebSi maRali samxedro arqiteqturuli tradiciis arsebobaze.
TiToeuli nageboba miesadageboda adgilobriv geografiul pirobebs da
ergeboda imperiis sxvadasxva mowinaaRmdegis samxedro xelovnebas.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom iranelebis mier agebuli kedlebi, Tu
safrTxes sasanianebi sakmaod martivad umklavdebodnen. problema iqmneboda mxolod maSin, rodesac sasanianebs, erTdroulad, ramodenime frontze uwevdaT omis warmoeba. 92 wylis arxebis gamoyeneba sakmaod efeqtiani iyo. ase, magaliTad, iuliane gandegilis iranuli laSqrobis warumateblobis erTerTi mizezi qtesifonis garSemo arsebuli wylis arxebi iyo. 93 zog SemTxvevaSi, aSenebisTvis sakmaod miudgomel teritoriaze: magaliTad darubandis dasavleTiT, kedeli ramodenime kilometriT pirdapir kavkasionis qedze gadioda.
181
cixesimagreebi mravaljer aRemateboda zomebiT romaul/bizantiur
konstruqciebs dunaisa da rainispireTSi.
bizantielebis msgavsad, sasanianebs aseve esmodaT, rom sazRvrebis
gaswvriv permanentuli sajariso erTeulebis ganlagebiT imperiis
usafrTxoebis srulad uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebeli iqneboda. aqtiuri
diplomatia, fulis da titulebis darigeba, religia, vaWroba da mZlavri
samxedro koaliciebis Seqmna bizantiis sawinaaRmdegoT – es aris
sasanianTa sagareo politikis mokle Sinaarsi. praqtikuli nabijebis
garda, sasanianebi romaelebis/bizantielebis imperium sine fine-s
ideologias daupirispires maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sakuTari xedva –
aqemenianTa imperiis teritoriebze pretenziebis gamocxadeba. sasanianTa
`strategiis~ ramodenime magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs rogor muSaobda
saxelmwifo aparati da rogor ganixilavdnen SahanSahebi imperiis
sazRvrebs. imperiis strategiaze metyvelebs winaislamuri xanis
arabebTan samxedro kavSiris Seqmnis detalebi, imperiaSi barbarosTa
gansaxlebis sistema94 da mZlavri antibizantiuri propagandis gamoyeneba.
Sesabamisad, naCvenebi iyo yvela is komponenti, romelic sasanianebs
esaWiroebodaT mZlavri `sistemuri~ sagareo politikis gasatareblad. bi-
zantielebis msgavsad, sasanur imperiasac gaaCnda sakuTari `strategia~,
romelic pirveli SahanSahebis dros jer kidev ar iyo kargad
Camoyalibebuli. misi `aRmoCena~ ufro IV saukunis bolos imperiis
gauaresebul geopolitikur mdgomareobasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli,
rodesac, evraziul stepebSi xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis mimdinareobisas,
imperia Seejaxa sul ufro mZlavr nomadur dajgufebebs. kedlebi,
diplomatia, ideologia, religia da mravali sxva xerxis efeqtianma
gamoyenebam uzrunvelyo imperiis arseboba oTxze meti saukunis
ganmavlobaSi.
94 romelic arafriT Camouvardeboda bizantiis da CineTis imperiebSi arsebul praqtikas: barbarosebis SeSveba, maTi gansaxleba da imis uzrunveloya, rom ar momxdariyo lokaluri ajanyebebi. lojistikurad amis gakeTeba sakmaod rTuli iyo, radgan imperiul xelisuflebas yvelafris gaTvaliswineba uwevda: arsebuli miwis potenciali barbarosTa gamosakvebad; adgilobrivi mosaxleobis zusti raodenobis dadgena; permanentuli samxedro kontroli axladdasaxlebulebze da a. S. erTerTi komponentis darRvevas, saxelmwifo SeeZlo mZime Sedegebamde mieyvana..
182
Semdgomi sakiTxi aris bizantiis CrdiloeT sazRvari.
dunasipireTSi, iseve, rogorc imperiis sxva sazRvrebze, kargad gamoCnda
konstantinopolis rTuli saxelmwifoebrivi politika, romelic
ramodenime elementis urTierTSexamebas warmoadgenda. istoriulad,
romaelebs da Semdeg bizantielebs, ar uWirdaT germanuli tomebis
Sekaveba. marcxebi iyo da ara erTi, Tumca, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi,
tevtonburgis tyeSi, Tu adrianopolTan brZolebs araferi SeucvliaT.
es ufro barbarosebis mier logikidan amovardnil warmatebas waagavda.
imperiuli xanis legioni, Tu gviani antikuri xanis comitatenses-i efeqtian
iaraRs warmoadgenda barbarosuli qaosis SesaCereblad. amitomac, vecade
meCvenebina, rom urTierTobebis samxedro komponentis garda, kidev
arsebobda urTierTobebis savaWro da religiuri komponentebi. imperator
valensis pirveli guTuri omi (367-369 ww.) SeiZleba arc Tu ise
mniSvnelovani iyo strategiuli kuTxiT, magram CvenTvis Zalian
saintereso sakiTxs warmoadgens wyaroebis siuxvis gamo. imperatoris
mier ekonomikuri, samxedro, religiuri da sxva faqtorebis
gaTvaliswineba metyvelebs imaze, Tu rogor muSaobda imperiuli
diplimatia mezoblebis mimarT. meores mxriv, miRebuli azris
sawinaaRmdegoT, am omis magaliTze naCvenebi iyo, rom barbarosebi ar
iyvnen yovelTvis omis iniciatorebi. piriqiT, xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi,
rodesac amas imperiuli jarebi akeTebdnen.
bizantiis Crdiloel mezoblebze saubrisas, SeuZlebeli iyo
araferi gveTqva nomadebze (hunebi, avarebi da a. S.). magram, am xalxebis
dunaispreTSi gamoCenis isedac kargad Seswavlili istoriis moyolis
nacvlad, vecade mepasuxa kiTxvaze: ra iwvevda nomadebis moZraobas
evraziul stepebSi? ratom iyo maTvis dunaispireTi moZraobis bolo
punqti? ra saxis urTierTobebi iyo imperiasa da nomadebs Soris da ra
samxedro gavlena moaxdina am ukanasknelma bizantiur samxedro
azrovnebaze? mkvlevarebis umravlesoba, an mxolod bizantia-nomadebis
urTierTobebis istorias ikvlevs, an ar cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom
xdeboda Semosevebi imperiis CrdileoT sazRvarze. Semosevebis mizezebis
asaxsnelad gamoviyene geografiuli da ekonomikuri faqtorebi. marTlac,
naCvenebi iyo, rom evraziis Sida regionis – Sida aziis – geografiuli
183
maxasiaTeblebi nomadebisTvis saxarbielo pirobebs qmnida emoZravaT
manjuriidan95 Tanamderove ungreTamde. sxva sityvebiT, geografiuli
barierebis nakleboba xels uwyobda xalxebis SeuzRudav moZraobas.
meore mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo bizantiisa da sasanuri imperiebis
ekonomikuri potenciali da ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli maTi simdidre
yofiliyo nomadebis Semosvebis gamomwvevi mizezi.
amrigad, vfiqrob, rom bizantiisa da sasanuri iranis samezoblo
politikis Seswavla im komponentebis mixedviT, romelic am naSromSi
ganvixile, garkveul wvlils Seitans qarTul, dasavlursa da rusul
istoriografiebSi gviani antikuri periodis ukeT SeswavlisTvis.
95 Tanamderove CrdiloeT CineTi.
184
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