Romanticism
Tuesday
•DBQ Questions
•Candide
Romanticism• Linked to nationalism
• Reaction against Enlightenment–Against order;y, rational
approach
• Affected politics and the arts
Characteristics• Emphasis on emotion & passion
– Feeling not thinking
• Emphasis on individualism– Heroic rebels
• Celebration of nature/Environment
• Glorification of past– “good ol’ days”
– Past offered more than future
Read Robin Hood
•Good Old Days
•Where is Sherwood?
•What about Honey?
Goya May……..
Turner Fighting ….
Lady Liberty De…..
The Arts…• Music
–Beethoven- turned away from tightly controlled composition
–Appealed to emotion, heart, soul
–Chopin, Schubert, Verdi, Tchaikovsky
English Writers• Wordsworth- Age & urban
living=nature less beautiful, less imagination
• Lord Byron-Embodied French Revolution
–Rejects old traditions/push for personal liberty
German Writers• Goethe- Faust
–Romantic but condemned excesses
• Schlegel- Lucinde
–Social issues
–Women more than societal norm
The Arts…(more)• Writers: Hugo- Hunchback of
Notre Dame –Dumas- The Three Musketeers –Mary Shelley- Frankenstein
• Painting- emotion dominates–Mood conveyed–Delocroix (Fr) Turner (GB)
Romanticism• Fuels nationalism
–Celebration past glories
–National groups collect writings about their own groups (Grimm Brothers in Germany)
–In art, countries were shown as human figures
Thinking of Rabelais,
Montaigne, and Descartes
Rabelais 1483-1553• Monk- left monastery for medicine• Offered satires on European society
–Ridiculed restrictions on human spirit• Attacks on power of govt.• “Do as you wish”- less rules• Gargantua and Pantagruel (giants)
–Immense appetites–Response to war by govt./king
Classical Economists
Thomas Malthus• 1766 – 1834
• Essay on the Principle of Population
• Condition of working class could not be improved
• Population outstrip food supply
Jeremy Bentham• 1748 – 1832
• The Principles of Morals & Legislation
• Principle of Utility- greatest happiness for greatest number
• Rational govt.- overcome special interests of privileged groups
John Stuart Mill• 1806 – 1873
• Economic laws of production follow natural law
• Society could not later existing distribution of income
Utopian Socialists
Robert Owen• 1771 – 1858
• Humans put in correct surroundings = improved character
• New Lanark- humane industrial environment = possibility of good profit
Charles Fourier• 1772 – 1837
• Phalanxes- communities of liberated living–Replace industrial boredom
• Agrarian life dominated
Louis Blanc• 1811 – 1882
• Organization of Labor
• End competition
• Political reform- give workers vote–Vote improve economic life
–Workshops of workers replace enterprise
Modern Thinkers
Montaigne (1533-1592)• Lived during religious wars• Good friend died- thought about
meaning of life• Invented essays
–Short work on a single subject–Expresses personal view–Wrote on *friendship*, books, doctors– Life led by virtue, no compromises
Reasoning
Inductive
• Derive general principles from fact/specifics
Deductive
• Reasoning from general to specific
Descartes (1596-1650)• Philosopher and mathematician
–Invents analytical geometry–Founds modern philosophy
• Studied astronomy, psychology• Scientific method- deductive reasoning
–Logical conclusion –Not empirical (facts, observation)–Predict human reaction, not science
Descartes (1596-1650)• Discourse on Method
–Thinking founded on mathematical model
–Truth in science–“I think, therefore I am”–Deduced existence of God- God
guaranteed correctness of ideas
• Humans could fully understand world
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)• Father of empirical method (English)
– Must prove to be true– Evolution theory not empirical
• Inductive reasoning (see it)– Scientific Method
• Fighting scholastics on:– All truth is already known Only explain
what exists– Believed- new understanding of nature
Social Darwinism• H. Spencer- English sociologist
– Apply Darwin to economics& politics
– Economic comp= natural selection
– Socially- poor remained poor because they were unfit (Social Darwinism)
• Govt. should not make laws that upset “natural” system of rich & poor
F. Nietzsche• German philosopher
• Took Darwin further– Some humans could and should evolve to
a higher level- use of courage and willpower (Superman)
• Ideas used by Hitler
Nationalists & Imperialists
• Used Darwin & Nietzsche to support view– Nations prove superiority through power,
esp. military power
– Dictators use nationalism against democracy to justify oppressive govt.
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)• Psychoanalysis
• Problems-tied to childhood experiences
• Reason may not determine behavior
• Sexuality basis for disorders– Oedipus Complex
• Dreams release unconscious mind
• Organization of mind- id, ego, superego
Karl Marx
Marx (1818-1883)• German
• More extreme socialism
• Scientific socialism
• Worker w/ F. Engels– Wealthy Englishman
Communist Manifesto• Economic forces are the key to history
– Never enough products- causes social classes to emerge
– Wealthy v. workers
– Class struggle as workers are exploited
Industrial Revolution• Proletariat overthrow the
Bourgeoisie–Form new society based in
communism (complete socialism)
–Factors of production owned by people (as state)
–No private property- all goods & services distributed equally
Effects of Com. Manifesto• Short term- not much
– Widespread revolts of 1848 easily put down
• Long term- felt in 20th century– New socialist parties, labor benefited,
suffrage increased
– Lenin, Mao, Ho Chi Minh, Castro
Effects of Com. Manifesto• Overtime- proved Marx should have
gone beyond econ forces– Religion, nationalities, ethnic loyalties,
democratic reform
Predictions Failed• Gap b/w rich & poor did not widen
– Rich prospered, poor improved position
– Trade & production brought benefits (labor unions)
• Underestimated democratic govts.- made reforms– Voting led to reforms
Monday• Staple Homework• Turn In Homework• DBQ• Calendar• Read and Write 624• Read and Write 626
Changes in the Role of Women
Women in the Industrial Age• Women faced political and social inequality
• Women’s Social and Political Movement
– Organized by Emmeline Pankhurst
– Gain suffrage for women
– Hunger strikes
– Emily Davis- (martyr) jumped in front of King’s carriage
– Police tried to stop women’s protest
– Brought women’s issues to light
Economic Problems• Result of Industrial Rev.
– Women earned ½ as much as men
– Trade unions for men- some stopped women from skilled jobs(better pay)
– Women formed own unions
– Lawmakers helped protect women
– Laws backfired- women fired
New Fields• Late 1800’s- most servants, garment
and textile workers – Mid class- teachers, nursing, library,
social work
– Few medical schools admitted women
– Some all women med schools opened
• 1900’s- shop clerks, office workers (industrial jobs closing)
New Legal Rights• Mid 1800’s- No legal rights No vote
– Money earned not theirs
– Could not sue, make contracts
Suffragist Movement• Early 1848- push for rights• 1888 Inter’l Council for Women• 1900 more militant groups emerge• Women’s Social & Political Union
– Pankhurst– Parades, heckling, hunger strikes, chain
to RR, cut telephone wires
• 1913 Norway grants suffrage
Political Rights• Local, statewide, national level
• Married women gained property rights
• Safety inspectors at female work sites
• Local boards to oversee schools and hospitals