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PAX ROMANARoman Architecture
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Introduction
Began in a small way in 8th BCSmall prehistoric settlement into anempire
Huge empire flourished over thecentury bringing peace and prosperity
Basis of modern Western Civilization
Based only very loosely on Greekarchitecture
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peopl
ePractitioners ofPower and law
Upper classpatricians
General body ofcitizens (Plebeians)
were kept out
Augustus in
Armor
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Stages1. Kingship 2. Republic 3. The
Empire Kingship
(750BC-509BC)
Latines, Sarbins,Etruscans
Republic Aristocratic form of
Government
Headed by the
The Empire
(31BC AD 476)
Two great rival forpower in Rome.Pompey the Greatand Julius Ceasar
Both madereputation in thearmy with their high
ambitions
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Roman character
Sense of ingraineddecipline- impeachablehonour
Patriotic responsibility-served the state
Sense of importance of
the matter at hand-austerity
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timeline
1. Republican Rome 3rd CBC Senate and assembly
3rd , 2nd CBC Latruscan Italian Architecture
2. Republican Rome 63 CE Pompei was damaged by
Earthquake and preserved under
volcanic ash
Death of Julius Caesar
3. Augustus Pax Romana 2nd CBC Augustus rose to power
Peace and prosperity 200 years
Etruscan and Greek Corinthian
4. Flavians 69 79 CE Emperor Vaspasian imperial
dynasty
64 CE - Destruction of city by fire
5. Colosseum 70 CE amphitheatre by Vaspasian
gift to the city
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6. Trajan 98CE Spanish soldier, emperor,builder
Conservativearchitecture
7. Hadrian 117 138 - Architectural trends lateimperial
118-28 - Pantheon built by hadrian
609 CE conservation of Pantheonas a church by
Pope Boniface
Timelinecontinued
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architecture
Influenced from, and a continuation of Greek styles
Supremacy of space control
Sophisticated Engineering skills
Most Formative element is the Arch forceful and dynamic
Developed the vault system
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Urban planning
Forum equivalent to the Greek agora
Heart of old cities irregular rectangles/ notaligned with points on the compass
Orthogonal planning
Military camp planning
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Architectural elements
Arches
Bridges, Sewers, aquaducts,
tunnels
Barrel vaults cross/grain
Semi Dome
Walls
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Building types
1. Domestic
a) Insulae b) Domys c) villas
2. Public buildings
a) Theatres b) Amphitheatres c) Stadium d) Baths
e) Aquaducts
3. Sacred buildings
a) Temples b) Churches
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1. Domestic Architecture
Apartment house
Island
Ie. Similar as inbeing separateislands
Multi storeybuildings
the Plebs (lower &middle classes)
and Equites
a) Insulae
An insular from early 2nd
century A.D. in the Roman townOstia Antica
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Latin term meaninghouse/home
Town house domestic city house
Symmetrically wellbalanced
occupied by the
wealthy and middleclass
b) Domus
Schematic ofthe Domus
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Atrium of a Pompeian Domus
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Suburban country
houseMany wealthy liveprimarily orexclusively in their
villasWealthy Romansescaped the summerheat in their villas in
the hills round RomeWere generally muchgrander in scale andon larger land
Located outside the
c) Villas
Roman VillaRustica
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1. Public Architecture
Earliest theatricalperformances weredances accompanied by
music introduced by theEtruscans around 300BC
Relatively small with a
stage and audience onone side
Based on Greek models
a) Theatre
Basic form of
the Theatre
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Earlier Romantheatres weretemporary woodenstructures
Believed to be thefirst Roman model for
a Theatre
Built by Pompey the
Great
Theatre of Pompey
A visual of Theatre ofPompey
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amphi meansround in Greek
Amphitheatres areround enclosed
theaters
Often remarkably largeand audience all
aroundBuilt for visualspectacle, rather thansound
Has no Architectural
b) Amphitheatre
Basicamphitheatreform
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ColosseumThe largest and themost famous ancientRoman amphitheatre
Emperor Vaspasianstarted theconstruction
Elliptical, 189m longand 156m wide
Interior, 47m high
Is a 3 storey arcade
The colosseum:aerial view
Amphitheatre ofFlavia
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The Colosseum with itsevening flashes
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Thermae baths werethe biggestcontributions fromthis time period
Included massivescomplexes
Contained
- great public
swimming-baths
c) Public Bathsentrance Interi
or
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Bath of Caraccalla
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A closer feel of the baths
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3. Religious Architecture
Built by EmperorHadrian
Replaced formerAgrippa temple27BC
Significant Oculus
at the centre of thedome
Originally
dedicated to all theods
a) Temples the Pantheon
The Roman
Pantheon
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Vitruvius & the Ten Books onArchitecture
De Architectura by
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
1 BC.The end is to build well.
Well buildings hath three
conditions;firmness, commodityand delight
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Vitruvius and Ten books of Architecture
I
Dedication to the Emperor; branches of knowledge that an architect must be acquainted with; the factors involvedin siting a town and designing its walls, including a rather odd extended explanation of the various winds.
II
A story about Dinocrates, architect to Alexander the Great, serves as prologue. Second prologue, on the origins ofarchitecture; but most of the book is about materials: bricks, sand, lime, pozzolan concrete; kinds of stoneand types of stone masonry; timber.
III
Some comments on the chance nature of fame in the arts serve as a rather irrelevant prologue: it seems clearVitruvius felt he had to have one. The book then proceeds to temples, setting forth some basic definitions,then describing a canon for the construction of temples of the Ionic order.
IV
Corinthian and Doric temples; temple doors and altars; the Tuscan order, which Vitruvius seems to find primitive.
V
In which the author warns you that architecture is highly technical, then proves it in spades in his exposition ofcivilpublic spaces: the forum, the basilica, the theatre and its porticos, the palaestra and the baths; harbors.Vitruvius takes particular delight in the acoustics of the theatre about which he seems to know much, muchmore than he has allowed himself to tell us for fear of boring us: it's a pity.
VI
Prologue: poor but honest makes a good architect. A second sort of prologue on the diversity of mankind fromclimate to climate, easing into the topic ofprivate houses: their construction should depend on the climateas well. Layout of the Roman house and the Greek house; considerations of weather, function of the rooms,social position of the owner.
VII
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Book 1 Landscape Architecture
e education of thechitect
e fundamentalinciples of architecture
e departments ofchitecture
e site of a city
e city walls
e directions of streets;
Roman Arles,
France.
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Pompei, Italy.
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AncientRome.
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Book 2 -Materials
The origin of the dwelling houseOn the primordial substance according to the physicists
Brick
Sand
LimePozzolana
Stone
Methods of building walls
Timber
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Book 2 Materials Pozzolana is a fine, sandyvolcanic ash- originally dug in Pozzuoli, Italy,
near
Vitruvius speaks of 4 types ofpozzolana. It is found in all the volcanicareas of Italy in various colours:- black,- white,- grey
- red.
Pozzolano Cement is still used.
B k 3 T l (P 1)
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Book 3 Temples (Part 1)On symmetry in temples and in the humanbody
Classification of templesThe proportions of intercolumniations and ofcolumns
The foundations and substructures of temples
Proportions of the base, capitals, andentablature in the Ionic order
Leonardo is clearly illustrating VitruviusDe Architectura3.1.3 which reads:
The navel is naturally placed in the centre of thehuman body, and, if in a man lying with his face
upward, and his hands and feet extended, from his
navel as the centre, a circle be described, it willtouch his fingers and toes. It is not alone by a circle,that the human body is thus circumscribed, as may
be seen by placing it within a square. Formeasuring from the feet to the crown of the head,and then across the arms fully extended, we find
the latter measure equal to the former; so that linesat right angles to each other, enclosing the figure,
will form a square.
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Classification oftemples
Greek image
Etruscan and Tuscan
Republican
Tivoli
Augustan
Imperial
B k 4 T l
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Book 4 Temples(Part 2)The origins of the three orders,and the proportions of thecorinthian capital
The ornaments of the orders
Proportions of doric temples
The cella and pronaos
How the temple should face
The doorways of templesTuscan temples
Circular temples and othervarieties
1 = porch, the steps and front entrance of the temple2 = stylobate, the base3 = column4 = capital, the very top portion of a column5 = arcatrave6 = frieze, the bas reliefs inside the pediment7 = pediment
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The Tuscantemple
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Book 5 Public places:forum, basicila, theatres, walks,
palaestra, harboursThe forum and basilicaThe treasury, prison, and senate house
The theatre: its site, foundations, andacoustics
Harmonics
Sounding vessels in the theatrePlan of the theatre
Greek theatres
Acoustics of the site of a theatre
Colonnades and walks
Baths
The palaestra
Harbours, breakwaters, and shipyards
B k 6 P i t h
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Book 6 Private houses
On climate asdetermining the style ofthe house
Symmetry, andmodifications in it to suitthe site
Proportions of theprincipal rooms
The proper exposures ofthe different rooms
Book 7 Finishes and
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Book 7 Finishes andcoloursFloorsThe slaking of lime for stuccco
Vaultings and stucco work
On stucco work in damp places, and on the decoration of diningrooms
The decadence of fresco painting
Marble for use in stucco
Natural colours
Artificial colours Black, Blue, Burnt ochre
White lead, verdigris, and artificial sandarac
Purple
Substitutes for purple, yellow ochre, malachite green, and indigo
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Book 8Water
How to find water
Rainwater
Various properties ofdifferent waters
Tests of good water
Levelling and levellinginstruments
Aqueducts, wells, andcisterns
B k 9 S di l d l k
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Book 9 Sundials and clocks
The zodiac and the planets
The phases of the moon
The course of the sunthrough the twelve signs
Tee northern constellations
The southern constellations
Astrology and weatherprognostics
Sundials and water clocks
B k 10 M h i l
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Book 10 Mechanicalengineering
Machines and implements
Hoisting machines
The elements of motion
Engines for raising waterWater wheels and water mills
The water screw
The pump of Ctesibius
The water organ
The hodometer
Catapults or scorpiones
Ballistae
The stringing and tuning of catapults
concl sion
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conclusion
Unlike the Greeks who gave the world great ideas/theories ofproportion ,
Romans left great inventions and sophisticated legal systems
The Romans laid the foundations for many social and culturalaspects of the modern day society
The Roman style was more predominantly seen in publicdwellings and social gathering areas such as basilicas and forums
- Pantheon is an exception
Roman buildings are generally beautiful both on the outside andinside
Perfected many of the Greeks Architecture and also foundingenous other methods
d
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end