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ROCK ON!ROCK ON!Introduction to the world Introduction to the world directly beneath our feetdirectly beneath our feet
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Why bother to study rocks?Why bother to study rocks?
Three reasons…Three reasons…
To find and utilize To find and utilize natural resourcesnatural resources
Prepare for and Prepare for and maybe prevent maybe prevent natural disastersnatural disasters
Learn about Learn about earth’s natural earth’s natural historyhistory
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Natural Natural ResourcesResources CoalCoal PetroleumPetroleum GravelGravel UraniumUranium All metals All metals
used in used in constructionconstruction
AquifersAquifers
EarthquakesEarthquakes VolcanoesVolcanoes LandslidesLandslides Tsunami’sTsunami’s Sink HolesSink Holes Foundation Foundation
ProblemsProblems
Understand Understand DisastersDisasters
Earth’s Earth’s HistoryHistory
All rocks tell All rocks tell an individual an individual story about story about their pasttheir past
If we look and If we look and listen closely, listen closely, we can gain we can gain knowledge of knowledge of our planet’s our planet’s historyhistory
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Three basic rock typesThree basic rock types
We classify rocks into three categoriesWe classify rocks into three categories
These categories are distinguished by how These categories are distinguished by how each rock type is formedeach rock type is formed
Igneous Igneous RocksRocks
MetamorpMetamorphic Rockshic Rocks
SedimentSedimentary Rocksary Rocks
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The Three Rock TypesThe Three Rock Types
IgneousIgneous – Rocks Born of Crystallized – Rocks Born of Crystallized Fiery Molten Magma or LavaFiery Molten Magma or Lava
SedimentarySedimentary – Rocks Born of Layered – Rocks Born of Layered Water or Wind DepositsWater or Wind Deposits
MetamorphicMetamorphic – Rocks Born of a – Rocks Born of a Change Deep Within the Earth Change Deep Within the Earth
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Magma or Lava….which is it?Magma or Lava….which is it?
MagmaMagma – hot – hot molten rock that molten rock that is beneath the is beneath the surface of the surface of the earthearth
LavaLava – hot molten – hot molten rock that has rock that has reached the reached the surface of the surface of the earthearth
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How does an Igneous Rock Form?How does an Igneous Rock Form?
CrystallizationCrystallization – the solidifying of magma – the solidifying of magma either at depth or on the exposed surface either at depth or on the exposed surface of the earthof the earth
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The weather takes its tollThe weather takes its toll WeatheringWeathering – rocks – rocks
exposed at the surface exposed at the surface undergo disintegration undergo disintegration and decomposition from and decomposition from natural forcesnatural forces
Water, wind, glaciers, Water, wind, glaciers, waves, heat, etc…waves, heat, etc…
All these forces will All these forces will break down rocks and break down rocks and transport the smaller transport the smaller broken down piecesbroken down pieces
These broken down These broken down pieces are now called…pieces are now called…
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SEDIMENTSSEDIMENTS
SedimentsSediments – the eroded particles of – the eroded particles of rock that have been transported rock that have been transported away from the original rockaway from the original rock
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Where’d my sediments go?Where’d my sediments go?
LithificationLithification – literally means – literally means “conversion into a rock”“conversion into a rock”
Lithification is when compacted and Lithification is when compacted and cemented sediments get buried and cemented sediments get buried and formed into a new rockformed into a new rock
Hence, Hence, sedimentary rockssedimentary rocks
More pressure is applied due to the addition of overlying layers
Sediment grains are fused and cemented together as the water content is reduced
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Check out all these sedimentary layersCheck out all these sedimentary layers
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Who dug up these buried rocks?Who dug up these buried rocks?
Two things can happen to Two things can happen to sedimentary rocks:sedimentary rocks:
They either get exposed at the They either get exposed at the surface as sedimentary rocks for us surface as sedimentary rocks for us to find, or…to find, or…
They continue to get buried deeper They continue to get buried deeper and deeper within the earth’s crustand deeper within the earth’s crust
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How low can you go?How low can you go?
What happens when rocks get buried What happens when rocks get buried very, veryvery, very deep? deep?
The intense The intense heatheat and and pressurepressure of of deep burial will ultimately change deep burial will ultimately change the rocks into something newthe rocks into something new
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Metamorphosis Metamorphosis
Metamorphic RockMetamorphic Rock – a rock that has – a rock that has been changed from its original been changed from its original parent rock to a new form due to parent rock to a new form due to intense heat and pressureintense heat and pressure
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And if you want to go even deeper?And if you want to go even deeper?
Rocks that reach depths where the Rocks that reach depths where the heat is extreme enough will turn heat is extreme enough will turn back into molten rock material... back into molten rock material...
We have come full circleWe have come full circle
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Time, we need more timeTime, we need more time
All the processes of the rock cycle All the processes of the rock cycle happen over incredible time spanshappen over incredible time spans
We cannot see the entire cycle in We cannot see the entire cycle in action, it takes much too longaction, it takes much too long
We see the results of different stages We see the results of different stages of the cycle of the cycle
Evidence for the cycle is found Evidence for the cycle is found everywhere, in every rockeverywhere, in every rock
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What Cycle are we Talking about?What Cycle are we Talking about?
ROCK CYCLEROCK CYCLE – The series of – The series of geologic processes that forms geologic processes that forms igneous, sedimentary, and igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and then metamorphic rocks and then breaks them down only to form breaks them down only to form new rocks again at a later time new rocks again at a later time and placeand place
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THE ROCK CYCLETHE ROCK CYCLE
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ROCK CYCLE with ROCK CYCLE with DiagramsDiagrams
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To Review:To Review: There are 3 main There are 3 main
reasons to study reasons to study rocksrocks
There are 3 rock There are 3 rock types: igneous, types: igneous, sedimentary, & sedimentary, & metamorphicmetamorphic
Magma & Lava are not Magma & Lava are not quite the same thingquite the same thing
Erosion must occur to Erosion must occur to form sedimentsform sediments
Deposition occurs to Deposition occurs to form sedimentary form sedimentary rocksrocks
Heat & Pressure Heat & Pressure form metamorphic form metamorphic rocksrocks
The Rock Cycle is The Rock Cycle is not just a one way not just a one way streetstreet
There are varying There are varying paths, and rocks can paths, and rocks can reform or skip whole reform or skip whole sections of the cyclesections of the cycle
Geologic processes Geologic processes take incredible take incredible amounts of timeamounts of time