Download - Riverbank Filtration In Missouri
Riverbank Filtration In Riverbank Filtration In Columbia River AreaColumbia River Area
Henry C. HuntHenry C. HuntRanneyRanney Collector WellsCollector Wells
A Layne Christensen CompanyA Layne Christensen Company
Presented at the 2009 Pacific Northwest Section Presented at the 2009 Pacific Northwest Section AWWA ConferenceAWWA Conference
Salem, OregonSalem, Oregon
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
What is Riverbank Filtration?What is Riverbank Filtration?
General U.S. ExperienceGeneral U.S. Experience
Riverbank Filtration Examples in Riverbank Filtration Examples in Columbia River Valley & VicinityColumbia River Valley & Vicinity
Riverbank Filtration (RBF)Riverbank Filtration (RBF)Natural filtration process using alluvial Natural filtration process using alluvial depositsdeposits
Induced Infiltration (original terminology) Induced Infiltration (original terminology)
Bank Filtration / RBFBank Filtration / RBF
Riverbed Filtration (Korea)Riverbed Filtration (Korea)
Filtered Seawater Filtered Seawater –– Beach WellsBeach Wells
Basic RBF PrinciplesBasic RBF Principles
Groundwater recharges river
Gradient Reversed
Source: USGS
Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective
Historically used in Europe since the Historically used in Europe since the 18001800’’s (first known s (first known –– Glasgow 1810)Glasgow 1810)
References in the Bible to the River Nile References in the Bible to the River Nile ((ExedusExedus))
Primates in Senegal (Africa)Primates in Senegal (Africa)
Distance bank to well in m
10
15
20
25
16171819
21222324
26272829
14131211
567
9
4321
8
Was
terw
ork
no.
3031323334
10 100 10001
Distance from bank and flow time
Flow time in d
10
15
20
25
16171819
21222324
26272829
14131211
567
9
4321
8W
ater
wor
k no
.
3031323334
10 100 10000
USA
Europe
RBF Processes – Multi-dimensional
Several reaction processes (filtration, biodegradation, ion exchange, precipitation, sorption, dilution, and dampening of shock loads)
Removal of NOM, biodegradable compounds, microbes, taste and odors, and other contaminants
Possible sequential aerobic and anaerobic reactions (affecting more exotic contaminants)
Recognition of RBF as a Pretreatment Step (US EPA)
Proposed to help meet the LT2ESWTR25 feet of ground passage from surface water is eligible for 0.5
log removal credit50 feet of ground passage from surface water is eligible for 1.0
log removal creditMust meet siting and monitoring requirementsAquifer must be unconsolidated and granular (clay, silt, sand, or
pebbles) >10% finesOnly horizontal or vertical wellsCan petition for more removal credit with studies
Increased interest for microbial compliance
Benefits of RBF Benefits of RBF vsvs Surface WaterSurface Water
Eliminates intake of aquatic organisms (zebra mussels)
Natural filtration of suspended particulates, turbidity, NOM, TOC, microbials
More consistent water qualityReduced temperature extremesEasier to permit than intakesDampening of shock loads
and spill protectionFish protection
Benefits of RBF Benefits of RBF vsvs GroundwaterGroundwater
Typically lower in hardness, specific conductance and TDS
Lower in other minerals (e.g. Fe)
Closer to source of recharge ~ means higher individual well capacities often possible
Can simplify treatment (less chemicals?)
DowncuttingDowncutting / Sustainability/ Sustainability
Original River Elevation
More Recent River Elevation
Insufficient Submergence
Due to on-going erosion
RBF GoalsRBF Goals –– First BarrierFirst Barrier
Provide natural preProvide natural pre--treatment treatment
Improve raw water quality (more Improve raw water quality (more
consistent)consistent)
Reduce solids generationReduce solids generation
Reduce risk to facility (automate WTP)Reduce risk to facility (automate WTP)
Fish protectionFish protection
Intake Placement Affects WQIntake Placement Affects WQGround -water Blended RBF
RBF InvestigationRBF InvestigationHydrogeological Investigation
• Data review (paper study)• Exploratory test drilling• Hydraulic interval testing• Detailed aquifer pumping test• Flow modeling• Streambed studies• In-river drilling – sampling • Water quality analysis• Data analysis – well design
Largest RBF/Alluvial Well Largest RBF/Alluvial Well –– 55 55 mgdmgd
Missouri
River
Riverbank Filtration (RBF)
Radial Collector Well
Construction of a RBF Collector WellConstruction of a RBF Collector Well
Vertical WellsVertical Wells
Courtesy of Johnson Screens
Angled / Slant wellAngled / Slant well
Infiltration GalleriesInfiltration Galleries
RBF Historic Progression (U.S.)RBF Historic Progression (U.S.)
Capacity Issue: the closer to the rechargeCapacity Issue: the closer to the recharge……....
Physical Benefits (Turbidity, Temp, Dilution)Physical Benefits (Turbidity, Temp, Dilution)
Bacteriologic Bacteriologic –– Microbial (Microbial (DBPsDBPs & THMFP)& THMFP)
Chemical (Pharmaceuticals, PCPs, Chemical (Pharmaceuticals, PCPs, VOCsVOCs, etc.), etc.)
Louisville Water CompanyLouisville Water Company
Water Quality Comparison at LouisvilleWater Quality Comparison at Louisville
About 55About 5550 50 -- 787832 32 -- 8686Temperature (F)Temperature (F)11
15.815.82.52.5<1<1Iron (mg/L)Iron (mg/L)
NANA<0.1<0.1>5.0>5.0D.O. (mg/L)D.O. (mg/L)
NANA<0.08<0.082 2 -- 1,5001,500Turbidity (NTU)Turbidity (NTU)
0.4 0.4 -- 0.70.70.3 0.3 -- 0.60.62.1 2.1 -- 4.94.9TOC (mg/L)TOC (mg/L)
606606234234184184TDS (mg/L)TDS (mg/L)
530 530 -- 582582205205--25025090 90 -- 205205TotalTotal Hardness (mg/L)Hardness (mg/L)
7.2 7.2 -- 7.37.37.4 7.4 -- 7.57.57.7 7.7 -- 7.97.9pHpH
Bedrock Bedrock GroundwaterGroundwater
Infiltrated Infiltrated GroundwaterGroundwaterRiver WaterRiver WaterParametersParameters
From Wang 2002, 2003, and CH2M Hill 1996
Aurora, CO = RBF + ARRAurora, CO = RBF + ARR
RBF
Vertical and Collector Wells
+
ARR
RBF
Constructed Filter
Aurora, CO : RBF + ARRAurora, CO : RBF + ARRS. Platte R.S. Platte R. RBFRBF
Nitrates (mg/l)Nitrates (mg/l) 22--1111 1.7 1.7 avgavgTOC (mg/l)TOC (mg/l) up to 11up to 11 < 3< 3NDMA (NDMA (ng/lng/l)) 44--8080 22--6 *6 ** * further reduction with organic supplementsfurther reduction with organic supplements
Cryptosporidium*Cryptosporidium* 7.3 7.3 avgavg < 0.1< 0.1PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals 400400 ND ND
(e.g. Ibuprofen) (e.g. Ibuprofen) (<10(<10--25)25)* oocysts/L
Riverbank Filtration Riverbank Filtration –– Kansas CityKansas City
Test WellTest Well Mo. RiverMo. River RBFRBF
HardnessHardness 361361--471471 214214--325325 300300
IronIron 7.57.5--10.710.7 3.23.2--20.120.1 1.011.01
ManganeseManganese 0.530.53--0.710.71 .0079.0079--1.41.4 0.480.48
pHpH 7.167.16--7.37.3 7.97.9--8.28.2 7.317.31
TurbidityTurbidity < 10 NTU< 10 NTU 130130––10,00010,000 11
25 –
100 MGD
Humboldt Bay (CA) ExampleHumboldt Bay (CA) Example
Turbidity spikes required extreme high rate serial filtration (SF) (up to 15 gpm/sf)
Collector wells + SF:
2.5 –
5.7 log reduct.
of 4-10 μm particles
(Crypto ~ 4-5 μm)
Benefits of RBF for Cedar Rapids, IA
Enhanced Water Quality (versus river)Nitrate levels reduced 2-3 mg/l (below MCL)Turbidity - consistent low levels Reduced levels of herbicides ( e.g. atrazine and its degradation byproductsMinimal incidents of taste and odor (algae) problems
Filtration Efficiency 3 Log Removal of Particulates
Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Sioux City, IA ReductionsSioux City, IA Reductions
Capacity: 10 Capacity: 10 –– 12 12 mgdmgdTurbidity:Turbidity:
Missouri River: Missouri River: 10 10 –– 768 NTU768 NTUCollector Well:Collector Well: 0.035 0.035 –– 0.160 NTU0.160 NTU
Particle Counts: 3 log reductionParticle Counts: 3 log reductionMPA: showed about 8 log reduction in algaeMPA: showed about 8 log reduction in algaeIDNR: 3.5 IDNR: 3.5 –– 4.0 log reduction for 4.0 log reduction for
CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium and and GiardiaGiardia thru RBF + WTPthru RBF + WTP
Platte River AlluviumPlatte River Alluvium
Temp Range in River: 30 – 85 oF (55 degrees)
Temp Range in Collector Well: 40 – 73 oF (33 degrees)
Jefferson County, MOJefferson County, MODesigned for 3-5 mgd - 2003
13 foot ID – 83 feet deep
5 lateral well screens (840 LF)
Temperature (Feb. 2008):
Well: 56 oF River: 32-36 oF
Hardness:
2003: 500 + mg/L
2008: 269 mg/L
River: 180-190 mg/L
Miss. River Miss. River -- 9090--Day Pumping TestDay Pumping Test
Test Pumping Well
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
6/6/19
806/1
3/1980
6/20/1
9806/2
7/1980
7/4/19
807/1
1/1980
7/18/1
9807/2
5/1980
8/1/19
808/8
/1980
8/15/1
9808/2
2/1980
8/29/1
9809/5
/1980
Date
Tota
l Har
dnes
s, m
g/l
Mississippi River Average
Conductivity and Alkalinity showed similar trends
Parkville, MO Parkville, MO –– DBP ReductionDBP Reduction
ParameterParameter Missouri RiverMissouri River # 4# 4 #5#5 % Red% Red
D.O.C. (mg/L)D.O.C. (mg/L) 3.33.3 1.91.9 1.81.8 4343
T.O.C. (mg/L)T.O.C. (mg/L) 3.73.7 2.42.4 2.42.4 3535
TTHMFP (TTHMFP (ugug/L)/L) 225225 106106 106106 5353
HAAFP (HAAFP (ugug/L)/L) 228228 112112 114114 5050
From Weiss, W.J. et al. “Riverbank Filtration –Improving Source Water Quality” 2002
Board of Public Utilities, KSBoard of Public Utilities, KS
Capacity:
25 MGD - Normal Demand40 MGD - Peak Periods55 MGD - Increased To
135 feet deep
20 feet inside diameter
Over a half mile of well screen
Riverbank Filtration Riverbank Filtration –– Kansas CityKansas City
Test WellTest Well Mo. RiverMo. River RBFRBF
HardnessHardness 361361--471471 214214--325325 300300
IronIron 7.57.5--10.710.7 3.23.2--20.120.1 1.011.01
ManganeseManganese 0.530.53--0.710.71 .0079.0079--1.41.4 0.480.48
pHpH 7.167.16--7.37.3 7.97.9--8.28.2 7.317.31
TurbidityTurbidity < 10 NTU< 10 NTU 130130––10,00010,000 11
25 – 100 MGD
Missouri River AlluviumMissouri River Alluvium
Temp Range in River: 30 – 85 oF (55 degrees)
Temp Range in Collector Well: 47 – 80 oF (33 degrees)
St. Joseph, MOSt. Joseph, MOConstructed in 1998
Designed for 15 MGD
16 feet ID – 135 feet deep
7 lateral well screens (1225 LF)
System includes 7 vertical wells
St. Joseph, MOSt. Joseph, MO20042004 20042004 20072007 20072007
PrePre--ConCon RangeRange AverageAverage RangeRange AverageAverageFe, Fe, ppmppm 9.99.9 6.76.7--7.17.1 6.876.87 3.23.2--4.64.6 3.983.98MnMn, , ppmppm 0.370.37 .38.38--.41.41 0.3920.392 .31.31--.44.44 0.380.38pHpH 7.277.27 7.37.3 7.527.52NHNH 3 3 ppmppm .63.63--.7.7 .66.66 .37.37--.41.41 0.390.39HdnsHdns 528528 320320--330330 326326 320320--337337 331331CaCa 220220--228228 224224 211211--231231 223223AlkAlk 512512 275275--286286 281281 280280--294294 287287TOCTOC’’ss 2.12.1--2.52.5 2.342.34 2.42.4--2.942.94 2.712.71
Industrial FacilitiesIndustrial FacilitiesCollector Well #1
Constructed in 1999Designed for 4 MGD16 foot ID – 88 feet deep6 Gravel-packed lateral well screens
(1017 LF)
Collector Well #2
Constructed in 2003Designed for 4 MGD16 foot ID – 80 feet deep3 lateral well screens (600 LF)Also: River Intake Line & ScreenTemp.: 61 oF Well & 44 oF River
Cape Girardeau, MOCape Girardeau, MOCollector Well - Water Quality - Start Up
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
6/18/1999 7/18/1999 8/18/1999 9/17/1999 10/18/1999
11/17/1999
12/18/1999
part
s pe
r mill
ion
(ppm
)
Hardness
Alkalinity
CO2
Expon. (Alkalinity)
Expon. (Hardness)
Expon. (CO2)
Gallery (SA) Gallery (SA) -- Suspended Solids ReductionSuspended Solids Reduction
Rainy Season 2003Rainy Season 2003
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (mg/L)
0
2
4
6
8
Feb-20 Feb-25 Mar-02 Mar-07 Mar-12 Mar-19 Mar-26 Mar-31 Apr-05
Gal. 1Gal. 4
Days
45104520453045404550456045
River
Rainy Season 2003Rainy Season 2003
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
FAECAL COLIFORMS (FC/100 ml)
Gallery 1 1 0 20
Gallery 4 1 32 169
River 160 8958 60685
Minimun Mean Maximun
Gallery (SA) - Fecal Coliform Reduction
Columbia River Area RBF WellsColumbia River Area RBF Wells
Pacific Northwest Collector WellsPacific Northwest Collector WellsOregon:Oregon:
BrookingsBrookingsHarborHarborNyssaNyssaGladstoneGladstoneSt. Helens (3)St. Helens (3)Boardman (2)Boardman (2)Umatilla Umatilla IrrigonIrrigon (2)(2)ClatskanieClatskanie
Idaho:Idaho:Boise (4)Boise (4)
Washington:Anacortes (2)Attalia (3)WallulaKalamaKelsoKennewick (5)MarysvillePort AngelesMt. VernonWoodlandSatsop (2)Yakima
Pacific Northwest InvestigationsPacific Northwest InvestigationsWashington:Washington:
CashmereCashmereRidgefieldRidgefieldLa ConnerLa ConnerSequimSequimSkagit NuclearSkagit NuclearChehalisChehalisEllensburgEllensburgKentKentRaymondRaymondCastle RockCastle RockAttaliaAttaliaClark CountyClark County
Oregon:Keizer WDTigard WDMonmouthRainbow WDClackamasAlbanyCanbyNewbergEugeneScappooseUmatilla
In addition to collector well sites
Recent Northwest Collector WellsRecent Northwest Collector Wells
Columbia RiverColumbia RiverCity of Boardman, OR City of Boardman, OR –– Well No. 2Well No. 2
15 MGD, 48 feet deep15 MGD, 48 feet deepCity of St. Helens, OR City of St. Helens, OR -- Well No. 3Well No. 3
5 MGD, 60 feet deep5 MGD, 60 feet deepPort of St. Helens, Clatskanie, ORPort of St. Helens, Clatskanie, OR
21 MGD, 100 feet deep industrial supply21 MGD, 100 feet deep industrial supply
Northwest Collector WellsNorthwest Collector Wells
Average Annual Turbidity (Average Annual Turbidity (ntuntu))Kennewick, WA Kennewick, WA -- 0.130.13 19891989--9090Kalama, WA Kalama, WA -- 0.310.31 19881988Fort Benton, MT Fort Benton, MT -- 0.050.05 19881988Boardman, OR Boardman, OR -- 0.040.04 19881988Port Angeles, WA Port Angeles, WA -- 0.110.11 19881988
Kennewick Kennewick –– Turbidity Turbidity –– Well 5Well 51
0.1
0.01
Courtesy: Western Groundwater Services
Generally varies between 0.03 – 0.05 NTU
St. Helens #3 TemperatureSt. Helens #3 Temperature
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.0009
/01/
2001
09/1
3/20
01
09/2
5/20
01
10/0
7/20
01
10/1
9/20
01
10/
31/2
001
11/1
2/20
01
11/2
4/20
01
12/6
/200
1
12/
18/2
001
12/3
0/20
01
01/1
1/20
02
01/2
3/20
02
02/0
4/20
02
02/1
6/20
02
02/2
8/20
02
03/1
2/20
02
03/2
4/20
02
RiverColl Well 3
Temperature range: River: 44 – 70 o F
Collector Well: 54 – 59 o F
Period of record: 7 months
St. Helens TurbiditySt. Helens TurbidityTurbidity Correlation
Columbis River / Collector Well No. 3St. Helens, Oregon
0
1
10
100
Sep-01 Oct -01 Nov-01 Dec-01 Jan-02 Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02
Turb
idity
, NTU
River
Coll Wells #3
Spokane, WA Spokane, WA -- RBFRBF
Conductivity used as indicator of RBF influences
RBF / Groundwater WellsRBF / Groundwater Wells
Brookings, OR
ColumbiaRiver
Boardman, OR Clatskanie, OR Umatilla / Irrigon
Chetco River:
Woodland, WAStilliguamish River
Kalama – Kalama R.
Harbor, OR
Kelso, WACowlitz River
Boise, IDBoise River
Natural Filtration of SeawaterNatural Filtration of Seawater
Seawater (Beach) Collector WellsSeawater (Beach) Collector Wells
Mexico
California
Beach Sand FiltrationBeach Sand FiltrationConsistent TemperatureConsistent TemperatureConsistent Water QualityConsistent Water QualityLow SDI (1 Low SDI (1 –– 3 typical)3 typical)Reduces Turbidity & Organics (Reduces Turbidity & Organics (THMTHM’’ss))
Mineral: Mineral: microsandmicrosand, clays, Ls fines, clays, Ls finesOrganic: algae, bacteria, planktonOrganic: algae, bacteria, planktonOther: hydrocarbons, pollution, etc.Other: hydrocarbons, pollution, etc.
Natural Filtration of SeawaterNatural Filtration of Seawater
Provide PreProvide Pre--treatment (natural treatment (natural filtration) of seawater: low SDIfiltration) of seawater: low SDI
Improve raw water quality (more Improve raw water quality (more consistent quality)consistent quality)
Minimize maintenance Minimize maintenance vsvs intakesintakes
Reduce impacts compared to intakesReduce impacts compared to intakes
Filtered SeawaterFiltered Seawater
Mexico: 3 seawater collector wellsMexico: 3 seawater collector wellsSalinity: Salinity: Ocean:Ocean: 37,00037,000
Collectors: Collectors: 1717--25,00025,000SDI: permanently below 2SDI: permanently below 2
((below 1.5below 1.5 -- 98 % of the time)98 % of the time)1 chemical cleaning in 18 months1 chemical cleaning in 18 months
MWDOC, California: SDI MWDOC, California: SDI -- 1 1
Questions ?Questions ?
Thank You.
10,000 GPM Performance Test Discharge – Boardman, OR