Risk Assessment
1.1 Risk Assessment
The principal objective of the risk assessment study is to identify and quantify the major
hazards and the risk associated with various operations of the proposed project, which may
lead to emergency consequences (disasters) affecting the public safety and health. Based on
this information, an emergency preparedness plan is to be prepared to mitigate the
consequences. The approach involves hazards identification, hazards assessment and
evaluation, developing Disaster Management Plan (DMP).
1.1.1 Objective of the study
The main objectives of the Risk Assessment Studies are as given below:
To identify the potential hazards and their sources.
To define various accident release scenarios with respect to the hazard.
To assess the damage caused by the source in the event of accidents.
To devise strategies for the prevention of the accidents.
To define and assess emergencies, including risk impact assessment.
To control and contain incidents.
To safeguard employees and people in vicinity.
To minimize damage to property and environment.
To inform the employees, the general public and the authority about the hazards /
risk assessed, safeguards provided, residual risk if any and the role to be played in
them in the event of emergency.
To ensure safety of the workers before personnel re-enter and resume work.
To work out a plan with all provisions to handle emergencies and to provide for
emergency preparedness and the periodical rehearsal of the plan.
1.1.2 Identification of hazards
The proposed facility would collect and dispose infectious bio-medical waste through
autoclaving (disinfection) and incineration. The potential hazards associated with the
proposed facility are primarily classified into:
Chemical/Biological Hazards:
Toxicity
Flammable
Health hazards due to infection
Physical Hazard:
Noise
Electrical Hazard
1.1.3 Hazards associated with Diesel Storage
1.1.3.1. Details of Diesel Storage Facility
The list of hazardous materials with classification, state and storage details are given in
following Table 1.1 and Table 1.2.
Table 1.1
Hazardous Chemicals at Site
Sl.
No
Chemical Use Nature of
Chemical
(Schedule 1 & 3)
Type of Storage
& No’s
Storage
Quantity
1 High Speed
Diesel
Fuel for DG Set and
Incinerator
Highly Flammable Stored in MS
Barrels
1.2 KL
Table 1.2
Summary Table on the Inventories for HSD
Chemical Codes/ Label
TLV FBP MP FP LEL UEL
%
HSD (High Speed Diesel)
Flammable 800 ppm 215 - 3760 C NA 320 C 0.6 6.0
TLV : Threshold Limit Value FBP : Final Boiling Point
MP : Melting Point FP : Flash Point
UEL : Upper Explosive Limit LEL : Lower Explosive Limit
1.1.3.2. Pool Fire of HSD Storage Tanks
A storage tank of HSD with a capacity of 1.2 KL is considered for the proposed project. Tank
fire would occur if the radiation intensity is high on the peripheral surface of tanks leading to
increase in internal tank pressure. Pool fire would occur when fuel oil collected in the dyke
due to leakage gets ignited. As the tanks are provided within the dyke the fire will be confined
within the dyke wall.
Site Data
Location Lohardaga - Jharkhand
Chemical Data
Chemical Name High Speed Diesel
Molecular Weight 114.23 g/mol
Upper Explosive Limit 6%
Lower Explosive Limit 0.6%
Boiling Point 215-376 ° C
Ambient Saturation
Concentration
3.60%
Atmospheric Data: (Manual Input of Data)
Wind Speed 2.30 m/s
Wind Direction NW
Ambient Temperature 36° C
Stability Class D (Neutral)
Relative Humidity 80%
Source Strength
Source Puddle
Type of Puddle Burning Puddle
Initial Puddle Temperature Air temperature
Puddle Volume 1200 liters
Puddle Area 10 square meters
Flame Length 11 meters
Burn Duration 16 minutes
Burn Rate 53.1 kilograms/min
Total Amount Burned 832 kilograms
Threat Zone
Threat Modeled Thermal radiation from pool fire
10 kW/m2 less than 10 meters (potentially lethal within 60 sec)
4.5 kW/m2 14 meters (2nd degree burns within 60 sec)
1.6 kW/m2 23 meters (pain within 60 sec)
Figure 1.1
Risk Contours with Pool Fire Threat Zone
greater than 10.0 kW/m2 (potentially lethal within 60 sec) (not drawn)
greater than 4.5 kW/m2 (2nd degree burns within 60 sec)
greater than 1.6 kW/m2 (pain within 60 sec)
Figure 1.2
Damage distances of Pool Fire scenario
1.1.3.3. Safety precautions for the storage of fuel
- Separately stored with proper enclosures and marked within premises in closed shed
- Proper ventilation to be provided
- Sufficient fire extinguishers and PPE to be provided
- Flame proof fittings to be provided
- Smoking to be prohibited
1.1.4. Process Hazards and Control Measures
Hazards associated with proposed processes (incineration and autoclaving) are listed out
in Table 1.3 along with proposed control measures. In addition, potential hazards
associated with other hazards are listed out in Table 1.4 along with proposed control
measures.
Table 1.3
Process Hazards and Controls
S.No Name Of Plant
Hazardous Process And Operation
Materials In The Process /
Operation With Their Quantity
Name Of The Vessel
And Its Location
Operating Parameters
Type Of Hazards Possible
Control Measures Provided
1. Incineration plant
Incineration Yellow category
waste
Primary chamber
and secondary chamber
Incineration area
Temperature 800±50oC –
primary chamber and 1050±50oC –
secondary chamber
Fire, Explosion,
Burn
Fully Automatic PLC & SCADA
Control Emergency Local Stop
Fire Extinguisher CO2)PPE
Emergency provision for Fire
Brigade from outside source.
2. Autoclave Sterilization Red Category waste
Autoclave Temp. around 135 oC & 2.2
Kg./sq.cm pressure
Fire, health Hazard
Fully automatic Computer based
automation Emergency Local
Stop PPE
Table 1.4
Other Hazards and Its Control
S.No
Name Of The
Possible Hazard
Or Emergency
Its Source &
Reason
Its Effects On
Persons,
Property &
Environment
Place Of
Effect
Control Measures Provided
1. Transformer Blast/Fire
Electrical Short circuit/Power Fluctuation
Burning , Personnel injury Fire
Within transformer yard & substation
Regular inspection electrical equipment PPE, Emergency provision of Fire Extinguisher (CO2) and Fire Brigade from outside source. First Aid facilities within premises.
2. Building/ Structure collapse
Corrosion/ Erosion
Personnel injury, material
Within premises
Regular inspection to check corrosion/erosion in the steel structure.
damage Regular maintenance of building and structure
3. Earthquake Natural
Personnel injury, material damage
Operating Plant
Earthquake resistant plant
4. Cyclone Natural
Personnel injury, material damage
Operating plant
Design of plant with consideration of wind speed
5. Flood Natural
Personnel injury, material damage
Operating Plant
Drainage system to make way for water
1.2. Firefighting system
Management to take into consideration fire prevention measures at the project planning
and during plant commissioning stage to avoid any outbreak of fire. But looking to the
operation, the chances of outbreak of fire cannot be totally refuted. Hence to avoid such a
scenario, following fighting equipments will be employed.
Table 1.5
List of Proposed Fire Fighting Equipment
S.No Name of Equipment Proposed
1. ABC type fire extinguisher 5 kg 5
2. ABC type fire extinguisher 2 kg 10
3. Foam type fire extinguisher 50 Liters 1
4. CO2 type fire extinguisher 4.5 kg 5
5. Hydrant Post 3
6. 10 liter Sand Bucket 5
7. Hose Reel 3
8. Trailer driven pump 1
1.3. Risk assessment and Mitigation measures
Workers handling and disposing biomedical waste are at potential risk of exposure to
infection from sharps- related accidents or when containers of waste burst, open and leak,
or spills of certain waste materials occur.
Exposure to a needle or other sharp object contaminated with the blood of an infectious
person presents the greatest potential risk for transmission of HBV, HIV, and other blood
borne pathogens to the health-care worker and waste handler.
Mitigation measures:
Company will take reasonable steps to reduce the risk of exposure to infection by
establishing written policies and procedures based upon the most currently accepted
clinical and occupational health and safety information in consultation with workers,
handling and disposing of biomedical waste. These policies and procedures will be
reviewed and updated regularly, with compliance to their requirements verified as
necessary.
Make sure that waste haulers and handlers will always be proper clothed and wear
personal protective equipment so that harmful agents, whether physical, chemical, or
infectious, are prevented from gaining access to open wounds, cuts, or by absorption
through the skin. Personal protective equipment may include cut proof gloves, gowns,
safety glasses, protective foot wear, etc.
A course of Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine will be offered to all employees dealing with
handling and disposing of biomedical waste who are at risk of exposure to human
blood, blood products, or body secretions.
Appropriate protective equipment, including dust masks, heavy gloves and safety
shoes with puncture-proof toes and soles to avoid injury to Staff responsible for
loading and cleaning out incinerators.
Mitigation measures to minimize risk in case of spillage of infectious fluid are
Visible material will be first removed with disposable towels or other appropriate
means that prevents direct contact with blood. If splashing is anticipated, both
protective eyewear and clothing will be worn.
The area will be decontaminated with an appropriate germicide.
Hands will be washed after gloves are removed.
Soiled cleaning equipment will be cleaned and decontaminated or placed in an
appropriate container for disposal.
Plastic waste-holding bags will be made available for removing contaminated items
from the site of the spill.
Shoes and boots can sometimes become contaminated with blood. If there is
massive blood contamination on floors, the use of disposable, impervious shoe
coverings will be considered.
1.4. Disaster management plan
The objective of the study is to assess the likely hazards and risk associated with process and
preparation of preliminary Disaster Management Plan (DMP). These guidelines would be in
addition to the Guidelines issued by the NDMA which are available at
http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/guidelines.html. The main objectives of DMP are:-
To control and contain the incident/accident and if possible, eliminate it
To minimize the effects of the incident on persons, property and environment
On-site Disaster
If an accident/incident takes place within the Industrial Area and its effects are confined to
the premises, involving only the persons working in the Industrial area and the property
inside the Industrial area, it is called as On-site Disaster.
Off-site Disaster
If the accident is such that its affects inside the Industrial Area are uncontrollable and it may
spread outside the premises, it is called as Off-site Disaster.
1.4.1. On-Site Disaster Management Plan
Action Plan for On-Site Disaster Management Plan
Designated Control Centre/Room
Key Personnel
Control Center is the main center from where the operations to handle the emergency are
directed and coordinated. Facilities to be made available in the control centre are:-
i. Internal and external communication.
ii. Computer and other essential records.
iii. Daily attendance of workers employed.
iv. Storage of hazardous material records and manufacturing records.
v. Pollution records.
vi. Walky-talky.
vii. Master plan of the Industrial Area
viii. Note Book, Pad and Pencil.
ix. List of Key Personnel with addresses, telephone number etc.
Table 1.6 Key Persons and their Responsibilities during Emergency
S.No Key Person Responsibilities
1
Site Main
Controller
On reaching he will assess the magnitude of the situation in
consultation with Incident Controller and decide whether inside
or outside help are to be called (i.e. Fire Service, Police, and
Ambulance etc.).
Ensure that key persons are called in.
Give guidance and direction in vital and important activities to
control the emergency situation.
Direct to close down and evacuation of the plants in
consultation with Incident controller and key personnel.
Inform the Government authorities such as Collector, MC,
Factory Inspector, Health Officer & medical Officer and request
them for their help as situation demands.
Give prime importance to human life and guidance in
organizing the rescue operations as well as ensure whether
injured people getting proper medical attention in time.
Always be in touch with the Incident Controller to get further
progress and decide further plan.
On completion of emergency situation declare the normalcy
through Administrative Officer.
Control the re-occupation of the affected areas on
discontinuation of emergency.
Do not permit to re-start the plant unless it is safe.
Give authentic statement of the incident to News Media &
Government Authorities.
2 Incident
Controller
Take the charge of situation and assess the magnitude of the
event.
Control and guide all the operations with priorities to the Safety
of Personnel, minimize pollution, loss of material and loss to the
plant equipment and property.
Provide advice and guide to the Fire Fighting and Rescuing squad
and Fire Brigade while they arrive.
Establish communication with emergency control center.
Report on all significant developments to the emergency control
center through phone/Messenger.
Ensure that evacuation of the areas in the factory getting
affected is complete.
After the emergency situation is brought under control, assure
that the necessary evidence for further investigation in the
incident is preserved and inform Site Controller regarding control
of emergency.
3 Personnel
Officer
When emergency declared immediately rushed to emergency
control center.
Basically he will work as a Liaison Officer and will station at
emergency control center during emergency. He will work under
the direction of Site Controller.
To ensure that the casualties receives adequate attention at first
aid center, also ensure additional help if require from
Government authorities or outside agencies.
Arrange transport facility for injured personnel to get timely
medical help.
He will also arrange for head count at assembly points and will
inform Site Controller.
Also be in touch with the Security and Other Departments for
help.
Will check the Roll call from Time Office for availability of trained
personnel during emergency situation at the site.
Determine the need to inform statutory authorities of the
accident and fill the necessary forms for submission with
consultation of the Site Controller.
When emergency is prolonged, arrange for the relief of
personnel as well as inform the families of injured persons and
organize refreshments / catering facility.
4 Administrative
Officer
When emergency declared, immediately rushed to the
emergency control center and establish contact with Site Main
Controller.
Ensure the communication between site controller and incident
controller. Keep messenger for communication.
Make arrangement to send portable megaphone and torches to
the Incident Controller if required.
On receiving instructions from Site Controller, organize
transportation for the evacuation of people from the assembly
points.
As per instructions from Site Controller will inform to Head
Office, Insurance Surveyor, other relevant authorities and
neighboring areas.
On getting instructions from Site Controller / Incident Controller,
he will be in touch with other Industries for help in emergency.
Will arrange to announce necessary instructions for all
personnel.
Ensure that telephone operator keeps the EPABX free to extend
possible for incoming calls.
Ensure that Press and other Media do not publish unauthentic
news.
5
Engineering
Services Key
Personnel
When emergency declared, immediately proceed to Emergency
Control Center.
Ensure the availability of electrical wiremen, utility, maintenance
employees and drivers.
Ensure the water supply & electric power generator in case of
power failure.
Be in touch with the Site controller / Incident Controller to
extend help as and when required.
Arrange the vehicle as per required by Administrative /
Personnel Officer.
6 Security & Fire
In-Charge
On getting instruction from Site Controller/Incident controller,
cordon the affected area to maintain law and order.
As per instruction from Site Controller/ Incident controller,
arrange to use the fire extinguishers.
Ensure the following duties by Security Guards;
Stop all vehicles and visitors entering into the factory, except any
Government authorities such as Fire Brigade, Police, Factory
Inspector, Medical Staff and inform the Administrative Officer on
their arrival.
If any press reporter and local Leader come at the main gate,
take them to the Administration Office.
Do not allow any vehicle to park at the main gate or nearby at
main road.
Assure that the entrance of the gate is clear for thorough fare. In
Similar way control/ guide internal traffic for smooth operations.
Act according instructions given by Personnel and Administrative
Officer.
Ensure that all essential personnel evacuated and assembled at
Assembly points.
Arrange effective security nearby the incident place.
7 First Aid
Attendants
As per the instructions given by the Incident Controller, arrange
the supply of additional emergency related equipment to the
incident place. Give necessary First Aid treatment to the affected
persons immediately.
Inform the Personnel and Administration Officer regarding the
severity of injury and advice for further medical help if
necessary.
Ask for additional trained First-Aider, if required.
On arrival of Doctor, assist him to give medical treatment to the
affected people.
8 Safety Officer
On hearing emergency siren rush to the spot and assume the
position of incident controller and take care of the situation till a
senior personnel arrives and on their arrival work with them in
team, extending their own expertise.
Give instructions and guideline to the people involved in control
measures. As well as help in providing required PPE
Give instructions to the safety attendants.
Brief the Site Main Controller about the progress of control
measures.
Advise site controller regarding type of help required from
outside.
Give instructions to other department through internal phones
/Communication Officer.
Make arrangement to carry out monitoring whenever necessary
and appraise results to the concerned seniors
1.4.2 Off-site Disaster Management Plan
The main objectives of the off-site emergency plan are:-
i. To save lives and injuries
ii. To prevent or reduce property losses and
iii. To provide for quick resumption of normal situation or operation.
Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 prescribes
for the constitution of the State Crisis Group as apex body at the State Level to deal with major
chemical accidents and to provide expert guidance for handling major chemical accidents.
Schedule 7 and Schedule 8 of the Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and
Response) Rules, 1996 prescribes for the constitution of District and Local Crisis Groups.
The composition of the District Crisis Group has been prescribed under the chairpersonship of
District Collector and Local Crisis Group under the Chairpersonship of Sub-Divisional Magistrate.
The District Crisis Group shall meet every forty five days and send a report to the State Crisis
Group. The Local Crisis Group shall meet every month and forward a copy of the proceedings to
the District Crisis Group.
The Off-site Emergency Plan shall be prepared by the District Magistrate in consultation with
the factory management and Govt. agencies. The plan contains up-to-date details of outside
emergency services and resources such as Fire Services, Hospitals, Police etc. with telephone
number. The district authorities are to be included in the plan area.
a. Police Department
b. Revenue Department
c. Fire Brigade
d. Medical Department
e. Municipality
f. Gram Panchayat
g. Railway Department
h. Telephone Department
i. Factory Department
j. Electricity Department
k. Pollution Control Department
l. Explosive Department
m. Press and Media
Mock exercises on Off-site plan should be carried out at least once in a year to train the
employees, up to date the plan, observe and rectify deficiencies.
Each industrial unit or group of units should prepare separate emergency preparedness and
DMP which will be in sync with the main DMP of Industrial area incorporating details of action
to be taken in case of any major accident/disaster occurring within the unit. The plan should
cover all types of major accident/occurrences and identify the risk involved in the industry.
Mock drills on the plan should be carried out periodically to make the plan foolproof and
persons are made fully prepared to fight against any incident in the industry. The plan will vary
according to the type of industry and emergency.
1.5 Natural Disasters
Some of the points we can keep in mind when disaster happens
If there is a tornado, take shelter in a place without windows.
In an earthquake, remember to crouch under some heavy furniture or stand under the
doorframe for cover.
In case of a fire in the building, leave the building by nearby exit
If the site is flooded, then climb up to the roof.
Do not use the telephone, except to call for help, so as to leave telephone lines free for
the organization of response
Listen to the messages broadcast by radio and the various media so as to be informed of
development
Carry out the official instructions given over the radio or by loudspeaker
Keep emergency kit ready. In all the different types of emergency, it is better to be
prepared than to get ready, to get information so as to get organized, to wait rather that
act too hastily
During floods turn off electricity to reduce the risk of electrocution
As soon as flood begins, take vulnerable people (old, children, sick, etc) to upper floor
Beware of water contamination, wait until the water is declared safe before drinking or
boil the water before drinking.
Clean and disinfect the room that is flooded
During storms and hurricanes do not go out in a car or a boat once the storm has been
announced
If caught outside in a storm, take refuge as quickly as possible in shelter (never under a
tree), if there is no shelter, lie down flat in a ditch.
In a thunderstorm keep away from doors, windows, and electrical conductors, unplug
electrical appliances and aerials. Do not use any electrical appliances or the telephone.
During earthquake keep calm, do not get panic, People who are indoors should stay
there but move to the central part of the building, people who are outside should stay
there, keeping away from buildings to avoid collapsing walls and away from electrical
cables. Anyone in a vehicle should park it, keeping away from bridges and buildings
During spread of clouds of toxic fumes, close doors and windows, seal any cracks or gaps
around windows and doors with adhesive tape. Organize a reserve of water (by filling
wash basins, baths, etc. Turn off ventilators and air conditioners.
Figure 1.3 Flood Hazard Zonation Map
1.6 Occupational Health and Safety Program for the Project
Some of the preventive safety measures to be taken to minimize the risk of accident with
respect to Technical Safety, Organizational Safety and Personal Safety are listed below:
All reasonably practicable measures to minimize the risk of such accident in compliance
with the legal obligation under the relevant safety.
All building plans and installations to be as per relevant acts and duly approved by
competent government authorities.
Treatment equipment to be designed by qualified and experienced professionals and
fabricated to applicable national / international codes with stage wise inspection.
Entire processes to be operated by trained workers and to be looked after by qualified &
experienced supervisors.
Safety features such as fire extinguishers, fire hydrant system and suitable Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) to be provided. Regular operations and testing of fire
extinguishers to be carried out.
Use of flameproof electrical and equipment.
Bio medical waste to be stored separately to confine any spillage and facilitate easy
collection.
Periodic inspection and testing equipment, machineries and equipment bio-medical to
be done.
Training of workers and Staff to be given for safe waste, firefighting, first aid and
integrating safety, in all activities.
Good housekeeping in premises to be ensured.
Accident / Incident reporting system and information of employees about the same to
be done for better awareness.
Suitable notices / boards to be displayed at several locations indicating appropriate
hazards warning as well as DOs and DON’Ts for ensuring operational and personal
Safety for information of workers / staff and visitors.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) like goggles, safety shoes, helmet, apron, earplugs,
facemask & clothing to be provided to employees as per the job requirements.