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David Peshkin, P.E.Vice PresidentApplied Pavement Technology, [email protected]
Rigid Pavement Design Details
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Session Overview• Joint considerations
– Joint types and details– Joint spacing and layout– Joint load transfer– Joint sealant and reservoir
• Reinforcement
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Joint Considerations• Concrete expands and contracts• Concrete curls and warps
And as any PCC paving contractor will tell you, “concrete cracks”
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Joint Types and DetailsThree general joint types
• Isolation Joints– Type A – Thickened Edge
• Contraction Joints– Type B – Hinged– Type C – Doweled– Type D – Dummy
• Construction Joints– Type E – Doweled
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Isolation Joints• Sometimes referred to as “expansion joints”• Used to isolate structures with different
movement• Pavements from fixed structures• Pavements from pavements
• Also consider thickened edge for future expansion
• Isolation joints are not doweled or tied to surrounding pavement!
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Thickened EdgeIsolation Joint Detail
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Reinforced IsolationJoint Detail
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Isolation Joint Sealant Detail
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Contraction Joints• Provide “controlled” cracking of
pavement• Reduce slab stresses
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Contraction Joints (continued)
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Contraction Joints (continued)
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Construction Joints• Used at end of day’s paving or
between paving lanes• Required when two adjacent slabs are
constructed at different times• Tie slabs together rather than isolate
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Construction Joints
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Beveled Joints• Intended to reduce chipping and spalling
attributed to snow plows• May also be used where joint fraying or
sliver spalls are common
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Joint Spacing• Function of slab thickness, stiffness of
support, and other factors• Generally 12.5 to 25 ft• Length-to-width ratio < 1.25• FAA study found better performance on
20-ft slabs compared to 25-ft slabs• ACPA recommendations
– 25-ft maximum for granular base– 20-ft maximum for stabilized base
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Radius of Relative Stiffness
( )41
2
3
112 ⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
=ku
Ehl
l = radius of relative stiffness, inchesE = PCC elastic modulus (typically 4,000,000 psi)h = slab thickness, inchesu = Poisson’s ratio for PCC (typically 0.15)k = modulus of subgrade reaction, psi/in
Keep L/l between 4 and 6
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Joint Spacing Limits
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25Joint spacing
L/l
ratio
Thickness = 12 inchesThickness = 13 inchesThickness = 14 inchesThickness = 15 inchesThickness = 16 inchesThickness = 17 inchesThickness = 18 inchesThickness = 19 inches
k = 500 psi/inE = 4,000,000 psi
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Joint Spacing Limits
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
5 10 15 20 25Slab Size, ft
L/l r
atio
k=700
k=500
k=300
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Notes:1.Transverse and longitudinal joint spacing.2.For typical runway and taxiway geometries, the corresponding longitudinal joint spacing is 18.75 ft. (5.7 m).
- Joint spacings shown in this table are maximum values that may be acceptable under ideal conditions.- Smaller joint spacings should be used if indicated by past experience - Pavements subject to extreme seasonal temperature differentials or extreme temperature differentials during
placement may require shorter joint spacings.
Joint SpacingTable 3-16. Recommended Maximum Joint Spacing
6.120>229>9
4.615165-2296.5-9
3.812.51526
MetersFeetMillimetersInches
Joint Spacing1Slab Thickness
Part I, without Stabilized Subbase
6.120>406>165.3217.52343-40613.5-164.615267-33010.5-13
3.812.5203-2548–10MetersFeetMillimetersInches
Joint Spacing1Slab ThicknessPart II, with Stabilized Subbase
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Joint Layout• Maintain standard size slabs• Minimize odd-shaped slabs (intersections
and fillets)• Saw joints perpendicular to slab edges• Steel reinforcement in odd shaped slabs
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Joint Layout
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Fillet Construction (Option 1)
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Fillet Construction (Option 2)
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δL = 20 mils(Loaded)
0% Load transfer
100% Load transfer
δU = 0 mils(Unloaded)
δL = 10 mils(Loaded)
δU = 10 mils(Unloaded)
Joint Load Transfer
• Purpose• Methods• Measurement of Load
Transfer Efficiency
100×=loaded
unloadedLTEδδ
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To Dowel or Not to Dowel• Doweled joints
– All construction joints– Within three joints of free edge
• Undoweled joints– Transverse contraction joints
• Tied joints– Intermediate (sawed) longitudinal joints
• Alternative: dowel all joints
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Dowel Details• Dowel diameter, length, and spacing a
function of slab thickness and shearing and bending stresses
• Stress on concrete should not cause failure of slab
• Proper performance requires proper construction
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Table 3-17 from 5320-6E
18 in24 in2 in21 to 24 in18 in20 in1 ½ in17 to 20 in15 in20 in1 ¼ in13 to 16 in12 in19 in1 in8 to 12 in12 in18 in¾ in6 to 7 in
Dowel SpacingDowel LengthDowel Diameter1Slab Thickness
1 Dowels may be solid bar or high-strength pipe. High-strength pipe dowels must be plugged on each end with a tight-fitting plastic cap or mortar mix.
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Dowel Bars at Slab Corners• Issue: spacing pattern at joint intersection can
lock joint
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Tie Bars• Used at longitudinal contraction joints• Inhibit instead of allow movement• Allows load transfer by aggregate interlock• Common use is #5 (5/8 in) deformed bars,
30 in long on 30-in centers• Do not tie together more than 75 ft
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Jointing Arrangement
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Joint Sealant• All joints sealed• Sealant types
– Hot-poured– Silicone– Preformed– Fuel resistant sealants– Jet blast resistant sealants
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Joint Seal Details
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Joint Seal Details
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Reinforcement• Purpose• Types• Use for
– Odd shaped slabs– Where L:W exceeds 1.25
• Jointed reinforced concrete pavements (JRCP)
• Continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP)
Reinforcement does not increase strength!
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Purpose• Does not prevent cracking• Keeps cracks that form tightly closed• Maintains joint interlock• Minimizes infiltration of debris• Allows longer joint spacing/fewer joints
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Types• Welded wire fabric or bar mats
• End laps• Minimum of 12 inches, but not < 30 times the
diameter of reinforcement• Side laps
• Minimum of 6 inches, but not < 20 times the diameter of reinforcement
• Side and end clearance• Maximum of 6 inches and minimum of 2 inches
to allow for adequate concrete cover
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Spacing• Longitudinal
• Not less than 4 inches nor more than 12 inches apart
• Transverse• Not less than 4 inches nor more than 24
inches apart
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Odd-Shaped Slabs• Amount of steel
• 0.050 percent steel in both directions• When L:W exceeds 1.25
• Location• Per the spacing guidelines, but enough to
fulfill the area of steel requirement
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Amount of Steel
where:
As = area of steel per foot of width or length, square inches
Ps = percentage of steel based on length of slab, %
L = length or width of slab, feet
t = thickness of slab, inches
fs = allowable tensile stress in steel, psi
ss
fLtLA )7.3(
=s
sft
LLP
8.30(%) =
Minimum percentage of embedded steel is 0.05 percent!
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Table 3-18 from 5320-6E
Based on current specifications and accounting for 2/3 of the yield strength of the steel to calculate the fs.
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Table 3-19 from 5320-6E
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Table 3-20 from 5320-6E
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Welded Wire Fabric• Use of smooth or deformed wire is option
of designer• Minimum sizes
• Transverse: not < W4 or D4• Longitudinal: not < W5 or D5
• Minimum area should not be < 0.05 %
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JRCP• Steel contents typically 0.15 to 0.20% of
cross sectional area• Can use up to maximum 75 feet joint
spacing with load transfer• Use spacing details shown in Figure 3-11
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Figure 3-11 from 5320-6E
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CRCP• Steel contents typically 0.6 to 0.7% of
cross sectional area• Eliminates transverse joints• Develops transverse cracks every 2 to
10 feet• Continuous reinforcement keeps cracks
tightly closed
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CRCP Design• Foundation requirements per rigid design• Thickness requirements same as plain
PCC• Transverse Steel Design
• Located either above or below longitudinal steel but must have a minimum of 3 inches cover
• Spacing at 12 inches or greater
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CRCP Design (continued)• Longitudinal Steel Design
• Resist subgrade restraint• Resist temperature effects• Concrete to steel strength ratio• Located mid-depth of slab or above• Spacing every 6 to 12 inches• Overlap greater of 25 bar diameters or 16
inches
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Steel to Resist Subgrade Restraint
where:
Ps = percentage of embedded steel, %
F = friction factor of subgrade
ft = tensile strength of concrete, psi
fs = allowable working stress in steel, psi
s
ts
ffFP )2.03.1((%) −=
Recommended friction factor is 1.8Recommended fs is 75 percent of specified minimum yield strengthft may be estimated at 67 percent of concrete flexural strength
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Steel to Resist Temperature Effects
where:
Ps = percentage of embedded steel, %
T = maximum seasonal temperature differential for pavement, °F
ft = tensile strength of concrete, psi
fs = allowable working stress in steel, psi
TffP
s
ts
19550(%)−
=
Recommended fs is 75 percent of specified minimum yield strengthft may be estimated at 67 percent of concrete flexural strength
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Concrete to Steel Strength Ratio
where:
Ps = percentage of embedded steel, %
ft = tensile strength of concrete, psi
fy = minimum yield strength of steel, psi
y
ts
ffP 100(%) =
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Transverse Steel Design
where:
Ps = percentage of embedded steel, %
fs = allowable working stress in steel, psi
Ws = width of slab, feet
F = friction factor of subgrade
1002
(%)s
ss
fFWP =
Recommended fs is 75 percent of yield strength
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CRCP Jointing• Construction joints
• Longitudinal joints between paving lanes• Transverse construction joints between
paving days• Warping joints
• See Figures 3-12 and 3-13
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Figure 3-12 from 5320-6E
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Figure 3-13 from 5320-6E
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CRCP Terminal Treatment• Needed when CRCP meets other
pavements or structures• End movements can be expected around
2 inches• Allows ends to expand and contract• Figure 3-14 shows the detail with a
flange beam
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Figure 3-14 from 5320-6E
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Summary• Many other features to consider in FAA
design besides thickness• All components need to be considered
together
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Questions?