RF and Antenna Consideration
for Connected Cars in 5G ecosystem
Seungpyo HongNetwork R&D Center, SK Telecom
28 June 2016
1
• Introduction
• Vehicle Communication
• Services and use cases
• Roadmap
• 5G technology overview
• RF in Connected Car
• Challenges to 5G Connected Car
• Frequent handover
• In-vehicle interference
• Antenna Implementation
• Massive Node management
• Mixed network: WAVE/LTE/5G
• Summary
Contents
2
• “mobility” is nature of vehicle communication
• but, vehicle is not a good environment for mobile communication
• it is moving fast
• it is covered with steel or window film
• high density
• (part of it) mission critical
• 5G challenges?
• vehicle communication is one of major 5G use case (in ITU, 3GPP, 5GPPP, …)
• bad: smaller cell coverage, legacy+5G mix, larger antenna form factor
• good: latency reduction, support of high speed UE, massive node management
Introduction
3
• Key Connected Car Services
Connected Car Services
Telematics
TRS
Navigation
(stand-alone)
+ AVN Infotainment
In-vehicle hotspot
Connected Navigation
Driving Assistant(ADAS)
Automated Parking
+ Autonomous Driving
Cooperative Driving
Cooperative Vehicle Sensors
4
• Terminology: Connectivity, V2X, DSRC, WAVE, 802.11p …
• V2X : Vehicle to X (X=Vehicle, Infra, Pedestrian..) Communication
V2V, V2I, V2P, V2G, V2N…
In general, V2X means all vehicle communication including WAVE and LTE, but in specific,
V2X means WAVE
Specification
Seamless V2V, V2I, I2I
Real time vehicle information gathering
Localized traffic information
(Vehicular) Ad-hoc network in fast moving condition (~240km/h)
Vehicle Communication
900MHz band
RF, InfraRed
5.9GHz band
IEEEE802.11p
IEEE 1609.x
3GPP
LTE V2X
(V2XLTE)
“old” DSRC “new” DSRC = WAVE
“General” V2X
5G V2X
5
Latency/Bandwidth Requirement - Use Case mapping
Vehicle Communication - Use Cases
latency
requirement
bandwidth
requirement
minutesDashCam backup
UL: DashCam clip
V2V safety
FCW, EEBL, CSW *
Event Video upload
UL: DashCam clip
Edge Computing (Thin Client)
UL: Sensor data(LiDAR+...)
DL: Control
seconds
~100ms
~10ms
1Gbps~0.1Mbps ~1Mbps ~10Mbps ~100Mbps 10Gbps
Remote Control
UL: Cam+Sensor data
DL: Control
In-Vehicle
Entertainment
DL: VideoTelematics
UL: Sensor data
DL: Control
V2V, V2I safety
BSW, LCW, LTA, RLVW*, …
UL: vehicle info
DL: traffic info
* FCW: Forward Collision Warning
EEBL: Emergency Electric Brake Light
BSW: Blind Spot Warning
CLW: Control Loss Warning
LCW: Lane Change Warning
LTA: Left Turn Assistant
RLVW: Red Light Violation Warning
RWW: Road Work Warning
IVS: In-Vehicle Signage
VTL: Virtual Traffic Light
* Human recognition requires normally 300ms
WAVE
LTE/LTE-A (~ 3GPP Rel.12)
LTE-A Pro(3GPP Rel.13~14)
5G/New Radio (3GPP Rel.15~)
ITS
RWW, IVS,
DL: traffic info
Use cases from
- Amsterdam Group, SimTD, Drive C2X, Compass 4D
- Safety Pilot Project
- ITS Spot, ETC 2.0
- 3GPP V2X / eV2X
- Sejong C-ITS Project
- 5GPPP Whitepaper
Collaborative Driving
UL: DashCam clip
6
V2X Standardization / Commercialization Roadmap
3GPP
eV2X
Rel.15
3GPP
V2XLTE
Rel.13/14
WAVE/
DSRC
(802.11p)
20182010 2012 2014 2016 2020
Standardization(‘09~’12)
Trial(‘13~’16, EU, US, JP, KR)
CommercialComponent
+ Testing
Regulatory(’19~)
Standardization(’15.2~’17.6)
TrialCommercialComponent
+Testing
Standardization(‘17.6~’18.3)
CommercialVehicle(’17.1~)
Safety Use Cases
EU: DriveC2X, Compass 4D
US: Safety Pilot
Japan: ITS Spot, ETS 2.0
27 Use Cases
(safety + information)
FCW, CLW, EVW, EEBS
Cooperative ACC,
QoS, Security, O&M
Non-Safety Use Cases
In-vehicle Entertainment
Safety Use Cases
5G-Legacy Mix
Interoperation of 5G/LTE/WAVE
CommercialVehicle
TrialCommercialComponent
+Testing
CommercialVehicle
2022
Vehicle Communication - Roadmap
7
5G Technology Overview
• RAN innovation for 1000x speed as well as architecture innovation such as
virtualization and network slicing
Telco
service
UHD &
Hologram
Massive
IoT
Mission-
Critical IoT
Network slices
Telco/IT functions
Virtualization
O&
M
Low-cost
small cell
Massive MIMO
f1
Unlicensed,
Millimeter-wave
f2 fn
…fm
New waveformCloud-RAN
Cloud
Core
Orc
he
stra
tion
Cloud-RAN
Telco API
Unified
Transport
(2) Enabling Platform
“All-IT N/W based on Virtualization”
- Biz Enabling Platform
- Guaranteed/Intelligent Service Provisioning
- Smart/Intelligent Infra Operation
(3) Hyper-Connected N/W
“1000x, 1m Latency”
- Higher frequency(mmWave)
- Spectral Efficiency(massive MIMO)
- Dense Small Cell
- New RAN technology
(1) Innovative Service
“Immersive Service”
- Multimedia, Virtual Experience
- Ultra-low Latency Mission Critical IoT
8
RF in Connected Car
TRS / cellular
800~900 MHz
GPS1.57GHz
• Old days : GPS, TRS/2G modem
9
TRS / cellular
800~900 MHz
GPS1.57GHz
Local Connectivity
Bluetooth 2.4 GHz
WiFi Hotspot2.4 GHz, 5 GHz
Macro Connectivity2.5G/3G/LTE700~2.6 GHz
Smart Toll900 MHz
RF in Connected Car
• Now: local and macro connectivity were added
10
TRS / cellular
800~900 MHz
GPS1.57GHz
GNSS, Galileo, Beidu1.1~1.2, 1.6GHz
Local Connectivity
Bluetooth 2.4 GHz
WiFi Hotspot2.4 GHz, 5 GHz
Macro Connectivity2.5G/3G/LTE700~2.6 GHz
ADAS/Collision AvoidanceRadar/LiDAR76~77 GHz
V2X SafetyWAVE/ LTE V2X
5.8~5.9 GHz
Smart Toll900 MHz
Wireless Charging
“New Radio” 5G Connectivity
3.3~4.9 GHz6~80 GHz
RF in Connected Car
• In future: 5G, V2X and various sensors
11
• 5G Challenges in vehicle environment
• Higher frequency smaller coverage more frequent handover
• Multiple spectrum usage may result in interference with other sensor system
• Antenna implementation and integration with vehicle body
Challenges of 5G Connected Car
12
• Frequent Handover
Challenges of 5G Connected Car
Challenges: frequent handover
Approach 1 – Directional Antenna
1) reduces Doffler effects and
2) expands cell coverageLegacy 3G/LTE cell covers 0.5~2 km
mmWave 5G cell covers ~0.2 kmApproach 2 – Reduce handover
overhead
handover less RAN(Cloud RAN)
split C/U plain for high speed UE
CloudRAN
13
• In-Vehicle Interference
Challenges of 5G Connected Car
GPS
1.57GHz
Legacy single band use (no interference)
Simultaneous operation / wider
bandwidth for higher throughput
Challenges: self in-vehicle interference
GPS 1.5GHz 3G/LTE single band
GPS DL/UL Carrier Aggregation
IMD,
harmonics
5G DL/UL 5G DL/ULRadar/
LiDAR
Approach 1 – Multiple bands/
technologies to avoid interference
Glonass, Galileo, Beidu
1.1GHz 1.2GHz
Approach 2 – Self detection and
power control
GPS Aggregation off
5G DL/UL Power controlRadar/
LiDAR
1.1GHz 1.2GHz 1.5GHz
14
• Antenna Implementation
Challenges of 5G Connected Car
Antenna installation to avoid degradation
due to steel body and window film
Rear window, room mirror, shark….
Massive MIMO + multiple bands
(relatively) large antenna
Approach 1 – New architecture,
New materials
Challenges: antenna form factor
Approach 2 – Integration with
vehicle body/accessory
Multi-feed ANTGaAs, GaN
for PA, LNA
MEMS
for multi band
(partial) carbon bodyIntegration with accessories
15
• Challenges
Summary
Complicated RF
Self Interference
RF/Antenna implementation
Collaboration in
5G Ecosystem
5G V2X use cases including mission critical comm.
Legacy+5G integration
Earlier 5G commercialization
16
Q&A