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What isWhat isIntegrated PestIntegrated Pest
ManagementManagement(IPM) ?(IPM) ?
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Create an understanding of IPMCreate an understanding of IPM
Importance of IPM to ProducersImportance of IPM to Producers
Importance of IPM to the environmentImportance of IPM to the environmentImportance of IPM to human health andImportance of IPM to human health andsafetysafety
What are IPM strategiesWhat are IPM strategiesAdvantages and limitations to IPMAdvantages and limitations to IPM
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Why Study IPM?Why Study IPM?
Why a new approach to pestWhy a new approach to pestmanagement is neededmanagement is needed::
1920s cotton pest management1920s cotton pest management
Pesticide Treadmill of 1960sPesticide Treadmill of 1960s 1970s1970s
Pesticide resistancePesticide resistance
Secondary pest outbreaksSecondary pest outbreaks
Environmental concernsEnvironmental concerns
IPM concept reborn in 1970sIPM concept reborn in 1970s
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IPMIPM is:is:A pest management philosophy thatA pest management philosophy that
utilizes all suitable pestutilizes all suitable pest managementmanagement
techniques and methods to keep pesttechniques and methods to keep pestpopulations below economicallypopulations below economicallyinjurious levels. Each pestinjurious levels. Each pestmanagementmanagement technique must betechnique must beenvironmentally sound and compatibleenvironmentally sound and compatiblewith producer objectives.with producer objectives.
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A pest managementA pest management
philosophy.. philosophy.. Recognizes there is no cureRecognizes there is no cure--all in pest control.all in pest control.
Dependence on any one pest management method will haveDependence on any one pest management method will haveundesirable effects.undesirable effects.
Determine and correct the cause of the pest problem.Determine and correct the cause of the pest problem.Understanding Pest biology and ecology is essential.Understanding Pest biology and ecology is essential.
Manipulate the environment to the crops advantage and toManipulate the environment to the crops advantage and tothe detriment of the pest.the detriment of the pest.
Recognizes that eradication of a pest is seldomRecognizes that eradication of a pest is seldomnecessary or even desirable, and generally notnecessary or even desirable, and generally notpossible.possible.
Some damage is unavoidable and acceptableSome damage is unavoidable and acceptable
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IPM is a continuum, not an end.IPM is a continuum, not an end.
PoorPoor
FairFair
GoodGood
BetterBetter
BestBest
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Utilizes all suitable pestUtilizes all suitable pest
management tactics..management tactics..
PesticidesPesticides
CulturalCulturalMechanicalMechanicalSanitarySanitaryNaturalNatural
BiologicalBiologicalHost Plant ResistanceHost Plant Resistance
NOTE: Some tactics fallInto several categories.
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What is Cultural ControlWhat is Cultural Control
Agronomic practices that are designed to:Agronomic practices that are designed to:
Optimize growing conditions for the crop.Optimize growing conditions for the crop.Anything that increases a crops competitiveAnything that increases a crops competitiveedge will result in increased tolerance to pestsedge will result in increased tolerance to pestsoften resulting in reduced pesticide use.often resulting in reduced pesticide use.
Create unfavorable conditions for the pestCreate unfavorable conditions for the pest
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What is Mechanical Control?What is Mechanical Control?
Uses machinery and/or other tools toUses machinery and/or other tools tocontrol pestscontrol pests
Tillage
Tillage
Physical barriersPhysical barriers
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What is Sanitary Control?What is Sanitary Control?
Methods to avoid introducing a pest into aMethods to avoid introducing a pest into afieldfield
Cleaning field equipmentCleaning field equipment
Planting certified seedPlanting certified seed
QuarantinesQuarantines
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What is Natural Control?What is Natural Control?
Enhancement of naturally occurring pestEnhancement of naturally occurring pestmanagement methodsmanagement methods
Beneficial insectsBeneficial insectsBeneficial diseasesBeneficial diseases
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What is Biological Control?What is Biological Control?
Manipulation of biological organism toManipulation of biological organism tocontrol pestscontrol pests
Release of predators/parasites/disease of an
Release of predators/parasites/disease of aninsect or weedinsect or weed
Can be time consuming, expensive andCan be time consuming, expensive anddifficultdifficult
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What is Host Plant Resistance?What is Host Plant Resistance?
Manipulating the crop to withstand orManipulating the crop to withstand ortolerate peststolerate pests
Natural breeding methodNatural breeding method
Genetically modified plantsGenetically modified plants
Not a permanent method of controlNot a permanent method of control
Examples:GlandularExamples:Glandular--haired Alfalfa, Bt Corn,haired Alfalfa, Bt Corn,
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To Keep Pests Below theTo Keep Pests Below the
Economic Injury LevelEconomic Injury LevelEconomic Injury Level:Economic Injury Level: Cost of control = $ amount of damage caused byCost of control = $ amount of damage caused by
the pestthe pest
Includes amount of pest damageIncludes amount of pest damageCost of each control practiceCost of each control practice
Are determined through extensive researchAre determined through extensive research
Economic Injury Level is the information that isEconomic Injury Level is the information that isnecessary to develop an Economic Threshold,necessary to develop an Economic Threshold,which is used by crop advisorswhich is used by crop advisors
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Economic ThresholdEconomic Threshold
Pest Population at which a grower mustPest Population at which a grower musttake action to prevent a pest populationstake action to prevent a pest populationsfrom reaching the economic injury levelfrom reaching the economic injury level
Economic threshold is slightly below theEconomic threshold is slightly below the
economic injury leveleconomic injury level Pest populations must be increasingPest populations must be increasing
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Time
Pest
Density
Economic Injury Level
Economic Threshold
Pest Population
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Economic Threshold Example:Economic Threshold Example:E
uropean Corn Borer on CornE
uropean Corn Borer on CornField Sampling Data needed:Field Sampling Data needed:
% plants infested% plants infested
Ave. number of larvae/plantAve. number of larvae/plant
Crop Management Data NeededCrop Management Data Needed
Expected yield (bu/A)Expected yield (bu/A)
Expected selling price of the cropExpected selling price of the crop
Cost of pest controlCost of pest control
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1st Generation
European Corn BorerEuropean Corn BorerEconomic Threshold WorksheetEconomic Threshold Worksheet
(1) ___% of 100 plants infested x ___average # of borers/plantA
=___average borers/plant.(2) ___average borers/plant x 5% yield loss per borer= ___% yield
loss.(3) ___% yield loss x ___expected yield (bu/A) =___ bu/A loss(4) ___bu/A loss x ___$ expected selling price/bu =___ $ loss/A
(5) $__ loss/A x___ % controlB
= $___ preventable loss/A(6) $___ preventable loss/A - $ ___cost of control/A = $ gain (+) or loss
(-) per acre if treatment is appliedA Determined by checking whorls from 20 plants.BAssume 80% control for most products
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1st Generation
European Corn BorerEuropean Corn BorerEconomic Threshold WorksheetEconomic Threshold Worksheet
(1) 0.67 (% of 100 plants infested) X 2 (average # of borers/plant)A+ = 1.34(average borers/plant).
(2) 1.34 (average borers/plant) X 5 (% yield loss per borer) = 0.067 (% yieldloss).
(3) 0.67 (% yield loss) x 120 (expected yield in bu/A) = 8.04 (bu/A loss)(4) 8.04 bu/A loss x $2.25 expected selling price/bu = $18.09 $ loss/A(5) $18.09 (loss/A) x 80 (% controlB) = $ 14.47 (preventable loss/A)
(6) $14.47 (preventable loss/A) - $ 15.00 (cost of control/A) = - $0.53 (gain (+)or loss (-) per acre if treatment is applied)
A Determined by checking whorls from 20 plants.BAssume 80% control for most products
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Potato LeafhopperThreshold forPotato LeafhopperThreshold for
AlfalfaAlfalfaAlfalfa HeightAlfalfa Height Economic ThresholdEconomic Threshold
(leafhoppers/sweep)(leafhoppers/sweep)
< 3 inches< 3 inches 0.2/sweep0.2/sweep
6 inches6 inches 0.5/sweep0.5/sweep
88--11 inches11 inches 1.0/sweep1.0/sweep
> 12 inches> 12 inches 2.0/sweep2.0/sweep
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Economic Threshold ConceptEconomic Threshold Concept
doesnt work for all pests anddoesnt work for all pests andpest typespest types
InsectsInsects
WeedsWeeds
DiseasesDiseases
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Each Pest ControlEach Pest ControlTechnique Must beTechnique Must be
Environmentally SoundEnvironmentally Sound
Risk vs. BenefitsRisk vs. Benefits
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AndAnd
Compatible with WithCompatible with WithProducers ObjectivesProducers Objectives
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What IPM Is and IsntWhat IPM Is and Isnt
Stresses a multi disciplinary approach toStresses a multi disciplinary approach topest managementpest management
EntomologyEntomology
Plant PathologyPlant Pathology NematologyNematology
Weed ScienceWeed Science
Crop Sciences (Horticulture/Agronomy)Crop Sciences (Horticulture/Agronomy)
Soil ScienceSoil Science
EcologyEcology
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IPM is not staticIPM is not static
New PestsNew Pests Soybean aphids, bean leaf beetle,Soybean aphids, bean leaf beetle,
New Races/strains of pestsNew Races/strains of pests Western corn rootwormWestern corn rootworm
Weed Species shiftsWeed Species shifts Roundup ready technologyRoundup ready technology
Tillage systemTillage systemPesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance Colorado Potato BeetleColorado Potato Beetle
Common lambsquartersCommon lambsquarters
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Four Basic Principles of IPMFour Basic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop,1) Thorough understanding of the crop,pest, and the environment and theirpest, and the environment and theirinterrelationshipsinterrelationships
2) Requires advanced planning2) Requires advanced planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control3) Balances cost/benefits of all controlpracticespractices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop4) Requires routine monitoring of cropand pest conditionsand pest conditions
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1b. Understanding the Pest1b. Understanding the Pest
Proper IDProper IDUnderstanding of Pest Life cycleUnderstanding of Pest Life cycle
When is it presentWhen is it present When is it most susceptible to controlWhen is it most susceptible to control-- Weak LinkWeak Link
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Meadow Spittlebugnymph
Potato Leafhopper nymph
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Giant foxtail
Large crabgrass
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1c. Understanding the Pest and1c. Understanding the Pest andTheir Life CycleTheir Life Cycle
When is the pest presentWhen is the pest present
When is it most susceptible toWhen is it most susceptible tocontrolcontrol--Weak LinkWeak Link
When is too late to controlWhen is too late to control
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1d. Understanding the1d. Understanding the
EnvironmentEnvironmentHow does it affect crop growthHow does it affect crop growthStressStress
Time within susceptible stageTime within susceptible stage
How it affects pestHow it affects pestdevelopmentdevelopment
High mortalityHigh mortality
High survivalHigh survival
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Basic Principles of IPMBasic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop,1) Thorough understanding of the crop,pest, and the environment and theirpest, and the environment and theirinterrelationshipsinterrelationships
2) Requires Advanced Planning2) Requires Advanced Planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control3) Balances cost/benefits of all controlpracticespractices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop4) Requires routine monitoring of cropand pest conditionsand pest conditions
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Basic Principles of IPMBasic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop,1) Thorough understanding of the crop,pest, and the environment and theirpest, and the environment and theirinterrelationshipsinterrelationships
2) Requires Advanced Planning2) Requires Advanced Planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control3) Balances cost/benefits of all controlpracticespractices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop4) Requires routine monitoring of cropand pest conditionsand pest conditions
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Basic Principles of IPMBasic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop,1) Thorough understanding of the crop,pest, and the environment and theirpest, and the environment and theirinterrelationshipsinterrelationships
2) Requires Advanced Planning2) Requires Advanced Planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control3) Balances cost/benefits of all controlpracticespractices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop4) Requires routine monitoring of cropand pest conditionsand pest conditions
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Potato leafhopper scoutingPotato leafhopper scouting
Equipment:Equipment:
15 in diameter insect sweep net.15 in diameter insect sweep net.
Timing:Timing: Start on regrowth of second crop alfalfaStart on regrowth of second crop alfalfa
Frequency:Frequency:
Scout once each week.Scout once each week.
Scouting pattern:Scouting pattern:
walk a Wwalk a W--shaped pattern in the fieldshaped pattern in the field
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Potato leafhopper scoutingPotato leafhopper scouting
Take 20 consecutive sweeps in each of 5Take 20 consecutive sweeps in each of 5areas along the Wareas along the W--shaped pattern (100 totalshaped pattern (100 totalsweeps)sweeps)
Count the total number of Potato leafhopperCount the total number of Potato leafhoppernymphs and adults divide by 100 (totalnymphs and adults divide by 100 (totalnumber of sweeps)number of sweeps)
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Potato LeafhopperPotato LeafhopperEconomic ThresholdEconomic Threshold
Alfalfa heightAlfalfa height Treat if PLH number Treat if PLH numberare = or > than listedare = or > than listed
3 inches3 inches 0.2/sweep0.2/sweep
6 inches6 inches 0.5/sweep0.5/sweep
88--11 inches11 inches 1.0/sweep1.0/sweep> 12 inches> 12 inches 2.0/sweep2.0/sweep
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Benefits of an IPM ProgramBenefits of an IPM Program
Protects environment throughProtects environment throughelimination of unnecessary pesticideelimination of unnecessary pesticideapplicationsapplications
Improves ProfitabilityImproves Profitability
Reduces risk of crop loss by a pestReduces risk of crop loss by a pest
Peace of MindPeace of Mind
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Disadvantages of an IPMDisadvantages of an IPM
ProgramProgramRequires a higher degree ofRequires a higher degree ofmanagementmanagement
More labor intensiveMore labor intensiveSuccess can be weather dependentSuccess can be weather dependent
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Career opportunities in IPMCareer opportunities in IPM
Crop AdvisorsCrop Advisors IndependentIndependent IndustryIndustry
Ag. IndustriesAg. Industries Sales (chemical, seed)Sales (chemical, seed) ResearchResearch Technical servicesTechnical services
TeachingTeaching
Cooperative ExtensionCooperative Extension High schoolHigh school Technical collegeTechnical college
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EducationEducation
2 or 4 year degree2 or 4 year degree
Major Field of StudyMajor Field of Study
AgronomyAgronomy
Soil ScienceSoil Science
Areas of interestAreas of interest
Weed scienceWeed science
EntomologyEntomology
Plant PathologyPlant Pathology
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Possible courseworkPossible coursework
Crop ManagementCrop Management
Weed ManagementWeed Management
EntomologyEntomology
Plant NutritionPlant NutritionSoil ConservationSoil Conservation
EcologyEcology
Plant PathologyPlant Pathology
Plant PhysiologyPlant Physiology
Business ManagementBusiness Management