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Review of “Isms”
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The belief that the history has been created by
conflicting interests--the bourgeoisie and the
proletariatSocialism
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The belief that equality under the law and
constitutionalism are paramount to good
government
• Liberalism
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Spreading of economic, political, social or other
control over foreign lands and people (post-industrial
age)• Imperialism
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Strong sense of belonging to one group based on
language, culture, history; desire for unified country
• Nationalism
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Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour
• Unifiers of Italy
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Frederick Wilhelm, Otto von Bismarck
• Unifiers of Germany
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Karl Marx, Frederick Engels
• Brains behind socialism
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Alexis de Tocqueville
• Wrote “Democracy in America”• Liberal theorist• Supporter of Constitutional Monarchy• Supporter of Reform not revolution
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The Communist Manifesto is written
by…
• Karl Marx and F. Engels
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Sardinia, Papal States, Austrian territories,
Piedmont
• Before Italian Unification--all independent states
• Joined the Italian confederation
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How could one consider Wisconsin a Nation?
• Unity brought about by winning the NFL Super Bowl
• Unified people through sports language and culture
• Everybody likes cheese
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Germany after Napoleon I
• 38 German State Confederation
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Germany over last 300 years
• 300 Germans provinces and princes• Holy Roman Empire• Peace of Augsburg• 30 Years War/Peace of Westphalia• Rise of Prussia• Hohenzollerns, Brandenburg• Confederation of the Rhine• German Confederation• Who should lead—Big Germans, Small
Germans
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Herder’s romantic concept
• Volkgeist—spirit of the people
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Other German romantic nationalists
• Grimms Brothers, Treischke, Fabri,
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1848 Revolution in Prussia sequence
• Frankfurt Assembly• Attempt to unify Germans• Disagree over Big/Small Germans• Not organized• Crown offered to FW IV• Frederick William IV turns down crown• German Confederation 39 states
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Austria areas of revolution
• Vienna—constitution, liberal, German• Prague—nationalist,
Czechs/Bohemians, failed, government crushed
• Budapest—Magyars/Hungarians, Kossuth, March Laws, crushed after several months (1849)
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Theorist for Zionism
• Theodor Herzl
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Theorist for Risorgimento/document
• Guiseppe Mazzini• Duties of Man• Romantic nationalist
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Leader of the Hungarian Revolution 1848
• Louis Kossuth
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Goals of Hungarians
• Liberal constitution• Autonomy for Magyars/Hungarians• Crushed by Austrian and Russian forces
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Another 1848 Revolution in Austrian Empire
• Prague• Czechs/Bohemians• Also crushed
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2 Revolutions in the Prussian Empire?
• Berlin and Frankfurt 1848
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Goal and results of Berlin
• Assembly created• Coalition of workers and students/mid class• Desire for liberal constitution• Ultimately crushed due to lack of
organization, leadership
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Goal results of Frankfurt
• Liberal constitution• Assembly formed• Unify germans• Looked to Austria first to lead (Big
Germany• Offered crown to Frederick Wilhelm IV• Turned down crown from the gutter
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Biggest Problem with Frankfurt
• Lack of organization; waffled on who was to lead Germany
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What were the results of the revolutions in Prussia and Austrian
Empires• Failed, but would eventually be successful
with the unification of Germany in 1871 and the Dual Monarchy of 1866 with Austrians and Magyars
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What was the February Revo about in France?
• Workers and Mid. Class unhappy about “banquets” being delayed
• Wanted political and economic reforms
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June Days?
• Workshops ended• Barricades• Cavagnac sent troops against people,
soldiers followed orders this time• Led to 2nd Republic, new constitution
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Decembrists?
• 1825 uprising of Russian military officers• Wanted liberal changes• Wanted Constantine, not Nickolas
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July Monarch?
• Louis Phillippe the bourgeois king• Pro business, middle class• Ineffective by 1848• Came to power in 1830 after Charles X
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How were the French Revolutions different from those in other parts of
Europe in 1848?
• Not nationalistic• More economic in nature• Ended with republic, but then empire of
Napoleon III
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What other areas of the world have written
about and fought for national identity?
• Greece, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Chechnya, Taiwan, etc.
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Slogan Blood and Iron
• Otto von Bismarck
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Realpolitik
• Do whatever is necessary to carry out goals
• Bismarck
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In a nutshell, how was Germany unified?
• 3 wars—• Danish• Austrian/7 Weeks• Franco Prussian—ended Second Empire of
Napoleon III
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French Revolution was this kind of
revolution
•Liberal Revolution
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In order to unify Italy, Cavour allied with what
country?•France
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Give the sequence of unification of Italy—
• Piedmont Sardinia coalition with France• War against Austria—Lombardy added• Win at Magenta and Solverino• Venetia added• Garibaldi from South to Rome—added
Sicily and lower boot• Victor Emmanuel becomes Const monarch• Rome added/Papal states, plebiscites
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Leader of 2nd Republic and 2nd
Empire in France?• Napoleon III
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_______________ is the belief that the world should be viewed _______________ without the
emotions of the Romantics.
–Realism, Realistically
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Romanticists valued ____________ and had a
passionate interest in the____________.
• Individualism, past
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Romanticism challenged the Enlightenment and stressed
__________ and _____________.
• Emotion, sentiment
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Indochina, Algeria, Tunisia
• French colonies• Assimilation emphasized• Revolutions necessary to
decolonize
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Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico
• American “Spheres of Influence”
• After Spanish American War
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Motivations for Imperialism…
• Raw materials and markets• Civilizing mission• Living space• National power
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New imperialism is different from old
colonialism in what way?
• Industrial age• Need for markets and raw materials• Highest stage of capitalism
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Lenin believed it was the highest stage of
Capitalism• Imperialism due to
industrialism• Need for markets and resources
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Key imperialists:
• Stanley, Livingstone• Kichener• Rhodes• DeBrazza• Leopold II
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South Africa, Egypt, India, Ghana, Nigeria
• English colonies• gradual decolonization
emphasized
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Cecil Rhodes, Emigration Societies
• Rhodes was an British Imperialist• Cairo to Capetown Railroad design• Emigration Societies got men and
women to go to colonies
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Imperialism’s Affect on Women--
• Need for talented women in the colonies
• Serve national needs of mother country
• Jill of all trades
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Imperialism’s Affect on Indigenous people?
• Outside control of resources• Outside control of economy and
gov’t• People begin to want independence
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Africa was known as the Dark Continent--Why?
• Europeans did not know much about the interior of Africa
• Diseases and lack of maps/transportation kept them along coastal areas
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True or False: Decolonization is the process of getting
independence from imperialists
• True
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What is militarism?
• Build up of military• Desire to use military to carry out
goals of expansion
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Define Social Darwinism
• Based on Charles Darwins scientific theory• Belief that survival of the fittest applied to
society and social problems too• Belief that powerful countries would take
over weaker ones
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Vocab that means having and wanting to use lots of weapons
• Militarism
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Belief in the power of technology and looking forward
• Modernism
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Burma and Singapore controlled by:
• England
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Cambodia, Laos, and Annam/Vietnam controlled by:
• France
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Thailand was unique in imperialist history because:
• It remained independent
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Saigon and Rangoon were:
• Major cities in Asia
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Coffee, palm oil, and sugar
• Food resources exported from Asia
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Tin, rubber, cotton
• Natural resources used in industry
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What did DeLesseps do?
• Frenchman who built the Suez Canal• Tried to build the Panama Canal and failed
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Who was Leopold II?
• King of Belgium• Brutal control of the Congo in Africa
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Who were Stanley and Livingstone?
• Stanley was a reporter and Livingstone was an explorer and missionary
• Explored Africa
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Who was Cecil Rhodes?
• British imperialist• Leader of Rhodesia• Idea man behind Cairo to Capetown
railroad
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Who was Shaka?
• Great leader of the Zulu tribe