Download - Restoration 2013
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Lic. Gabriela A. Llaneza
The Restoration
English Constitutional Monarchy
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The Stuart Monarchy
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The Puritans• They wanted the Anglican church to become more
Presbyterian
Reduce the power of the bishops. Reduce Sunday pleasures Ban Catholics from the country Reading of the bible
• Radical Puritans were punished and this increased the fear of “Popery”
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The Beheading of Charles I, 1649
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Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658]The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660]
† The Commonwealth(1649-1653)
† The Protectorate(1654-1660)
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The Commonwealth(1649-1653)
PAX QUÆRITUR BELLO
Republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660.
For the first two years of the Commonwealth, the Rump faced economic depression and the risk of invasion from Scotland and Ireland.
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Painting of Charles I's children. The future Charles II is depicted at centre,
stroking the dog
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The Restoration
England needed both
King and Parliament
Monarchy
Puritans had proved as
dangerous as Catholics
Anglican Church
Common people could be
dangerous to order.
Aristocracy
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Declaration of Breda (1660)
• A general pardon would be issued
• Offered religious toleration
• Security for private property would be
assured.
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King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] Had charm, poise, &
political skills.
Restored the theaters and reopened the pubs and brothels closed during the Protectorate.
Favored religious toleration.
Had secret Catholic sympathies.
Realized that he could not repeat the mistakes his father had made.
Absolutist at heart
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• Intelligent, approachable and
witty.
• Great patron of the arts and
science
• Introduced new fashion and
pleasures in his court
• Had no legitimate children
• Spent most of his money on
parties and entertainment.
The Merry Monarch
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His women
Queen Catherine of Braganza
Nell Gwyn
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Royalists
Restore the Great Chain of Being
Restore Anglican Church
Eliminate Puritans from public life
♣ 1661 “Cavalier” Parliament [filled with Royalists] Disbanded the Puritan army.
Pardoned most Puritan rebels.
Restored the authority of the Church of England.
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Limitations to Charles’ power
• King
Power to make peace or war
Call or prorrogue parliament
Name government officials & remove judges
Call out the militia Dispense law when needed Finantial settlement,
customs duties and restored lands
• Parliament
E Right to vote money for a standard army
E Parliament had to be called every three years.
E They could empeach government officials
E It was up to the gentry to gather forces
E They could decide when it was really necessary.
E Estimates failed
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Main problems Charles II faced
• Financial Problems: • Sovereignty:• Local Control:• Religion:• Foreign Policy
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Religion: Clarendon Code Though Charles had promised religious toleration Parliament was
tough on dissenters.
♣ 1661 Corporation Act Pardoned most Puritan rebels.
Restored the authority of the Church of England.
♣ 1662 Quaker Act
♣ 1662 Act of Uniformity All clergy & church officials had to conform to the Anglican
Book of Common Prayer.
It forbade “non-conformists” to worship publicly, teach their faith, or attend English universities.
♣ Licensing Act
♣ Five- mile Act
♣ Conventicler Act
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Sovereignty
English Sovereignty was shared with Parliament
Absolute monarchs didn’t depend on a Parliament to get money or decide religion
Charles could not turn towards Absolutism without money.
To the English Absolute Monarchy was the same as Roman Catholicism.
Fear of Absolutism and Roman Catholicism was evident during the Exclusion Crisis
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Great London Plague, 1665
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The Great Fire of London
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The Great Fire of London
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Anglo-Dutch Wars
Continuous opposition for trade. By the early 1680s Britain established supremacy: Commercial Revolution
* First Anglo-Dutch War: 1660-1665
* Second Anglo-Dutch War: 1665-1667
* Third Anglo-Dutch War: 1672-1674
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Charles II’s Foreign Policy
1665 – 1668: Second Anglo-Dutch War
Charles tried to save money and that gave headway to the Dutch
Disastrous fire to the English navy
England got New York
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Charles II’s Foreign Policy1672 – 1674: Third Anglo-Dutch War
To Charles II, Louis XIV is an ideal ally against the Dutch.
1670 Treaty of Dover: Charles would help Louis XIV with the navy and receive money in return.
Charles could do without Parliament for a while but when the war failed….
Parliament demanded the repeal of the Declaration of Indulgence.
Peace with the Dutch 1674
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King Charles II r. 1660-1685
1670 Declaration of Indulgence
Charles granted religious toleration to Catholics and Protestants
1673 Test Act
Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions.[to the Anglican gentry, the Puritans were considered “radicals” and the Catholics were seen as “traitors!”]
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Danby’s Policy
Control of expenses and increase central control to raise more money
Rear Mary and Anne as Protestants
The Franco-Dutch War 1672-1678 (English trade boomed)
Give pensions and offices to peers who supported the king in Parliament
Charles became more powerful and some dissenters grew uneasy.
Country Block
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The Popish Plot 1678
National Hysteria
Innocent people attacked and imprisoned
Impeachment of Danby and Queen accused of high treason
Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament
1679 Habeas Corpus Act
Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the govt. to explain why he had lost his liberty.
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Exclusion Crisis
Charles stood by the Queen
Sent James Duke of York out of the country
Made some consetions to pacify Anglicans
Waited for a royalist reaction against
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Listening task : First Political Parties: Whigs vs. Tories
* Exclude James from the succession in favour of illegitimate Monmouth WH
* Hereditary succession and passive obedience TO
* Pro-Dutch policy WH* Dutch perceived as trading rivals TO* Supremacy of Anglicanism BOTH* Anti-Catholic but in favour of any type of
Protestantism WH* Upheld the theory of the GREAT CHAIN OF
BEING T* Embrace Locke’s theory of SOCIAL CONTRACT
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Listening task : First Political Parties: Whigs vs. Tories
* Parliament should be more powerful than king WH
* King more powerful that Parliament TO* Lavish funds for the court TO* Limited funds for the court WH* Claimed to represent country values WH* Claimed to stand for court and city values TO* Commissioned propaganda and used the
church TO* Commissioned propaganda and pamphlets WH* Met at Coffee Houses and organized dinner
parties to spread their ideas BOTH
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Exclusion Crisis: Whigs• Exclude James from the succession in favour of Monmouth• Parliament should be more powerful than king• Limited funds for the court• Pro-Dutch policy• Anti-Catholic • Claimed to represent country values• Commissioned propaganda and pamphlets• Embrace Locke’s theory of SOCIAL CONTRACT• Met at Coffee Houses and organized dinner parties to spread their
ideas
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Exclusion Crisis: Tories• Hereditary succession• King more powerful that Parliament• Lavish funds for the court• Dutch perceived as trading rivals• Supremacy of Anglicanism • Claimed to stand for court and city values• Commissioned propaganda and used the church• Upheld the theory of the GREAT CHAIN OF BEING• Met at Coffee Houses and organized dinner
parties to spread their ideas
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Charles’ policies to support Tories
Corporation Act: Redraw district to favour Tories
Cut expenses to avoid calling Parliament before elections
Commercial Revolution (more revenue)Secret money from Louis XIVPlease and promote Anglican ChurchDiscovered Whig plans to kill him and
James
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Restoration Literature
• Neo-Classicism• Neo-Classicism means a return to the
Classic ideals of: clearness, elegance, symmetry, and repose produced by attention to traditional forms. It was sometimes synonymous with excellence or artistic quality of high distinction. Also, the term refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture.
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King James II [r. 1685-1688]
! Was a bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s shrewdness or ability to compromise.
! Alienated even the Tories.
! Provoked the revolution that Charles II had succeeded in avoiding!
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Monmouth's Rebellion (1685). • The Parliament granted customs revenues for life as well
as emergency military aid to suppress the rebellion• The Duke of Monmouth and Shaftesbury recruited
tradesmen and farmers as he marched through the west country
• Defeated Sedgemoor.• Monmouth was executed• Bloody Assizes (1685): more than 600 of his supporters
were either hanged or deported
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King James II [r. 1685-1688] Introduced Catholics into the
High Command of both thearmy and navy.
Camped a standing army a fewmiles outside of London.
Surrounded himself with Catholic advisors & attackedAnglican control of theuniversities.
Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament.
1687 Declaration of Liberty of Conscience
He extended religious toleration without Parliament’s approval or support.
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The Glorious Revolution• James II angered his subjects and clashed with
Parliament.– tried Anglicans who opposed religious
toleration
• James’ wife had a son, who would certainly be raised a Catholic.
• Parliamentary leaders invited William and Mary to become rulers of England.
• When William and Mary landed in England, James II fled to France.
• This bloodless overthrow of a king became known as the Glorious Revolution.
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The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688 James II’s daughter Mary
[raised a Protestant] & her husband, William of Orange.
He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV.
He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause.
He wanted to protect Mary’s claim to the English throne
He needed English resources to fight Louis.
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William III and Mary IIBefore they could be crowned, William and Mary
had to accept the English Bill of Rights, which: ensured superiority of Parliament over
the monarchy. gave the House of Commons “power of
the purse.” prohibited a monarch from interfering
with Parliament. barred any Roman Catholic from sitting
on the throne. restated the rights of English citizens.
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English Bill of Rights [1689]
Main provisions:
1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws.
2. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice.
3. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent.
4. Freedom of speech in Parliament.
5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.
6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment.
7. The monarch must be a Protestant.
8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
9. Censorship of the press was dropped.
10.Religious toleration.
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English Bill of Rights [1689]
It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament.
It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights.
It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.
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Why Glorious Revolution?
There was no bloodshed It was orderly The ruling class remained in chargeThere were good Protestant omens It marked a definite break with Medieval
thought It clearly established the sovereignty of
ParliamentBritain and Netherlands were allied
against FranceDissenters gained more powerGentry became more directly involved in
government administration.
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James II in Ireland (1689)• Campaign to regain England• He promised Catholic emancipation• After initial success they fail to take
Londonderry• William III arrived in 1690 to aid Protestants• Battle of Boyne
James never returned
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Read this poem:
How does the form of the poem relate to the topic? What were the initial terms of the Treaty?
What party got the worst in the bargain?
The Treaty of Limerick
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The Penal Code
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The Seesaw of King & Parliament:
1603-1689