Download - RESOURCE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
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RESOURCE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT The Business of Water in the Philippines
Fernando G. Sajona MAPÚ A UNIVERSITY
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WATER CAN BE A BLESSING OR A CURSE
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TECTONIC MAP Earthquake generators • 4 Trenches • Major fault • Volcanoes
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DISTRIBUTION OF
VOLCANOES
26 Active volcanoes 27 Potentially active
volcanoes Numerous inactive volcanoes
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PHILIPPINE CLIMATE
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FOREST COVER
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HISTORCAL TYPHOON
TRAJECTORIES
Highly susceptible to typhoon; located in the Pacific Typhoon Belt Area
CLIMATE VULNERABILITY
24 Typhoons per year
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CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY
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Population Density
Land area:
301,780 km2
Population :
103.3 M (2016)
104.9 M (2017)
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Water, water everywhere
PHILIPPINE WATER RESOURCES
Dependable surface water supply- 125,790 MCM/year Groundwater potential: ca. 20,200 MCM/year
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Administrative Regions
For a more comprehensive planning, the country is divided into 12
water resources region based on hydrological boundaries
II: Cagayan Valley I: Ilocos
III: Central Luzon
IV: Southern Tagalog
V: Bicol
VIII: Eastern Visayas
VI: Western Visayas
VII: Central Visayas
Water Resources Regions
X: Northern Mindanao
XI: Southwestern Mindanao
XII: Southern Mindanao
XII: Southeastern Mindanao
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Major River Basins
Mindanao River Basin the
2nd largest – 23,169 sq.km.
drainage area
Agusan River Basin the 3rd
largest – 10,921 sq.km
drainage area
Cagayan River Basin the
largest – 25,649 sq.km
drainage area
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Groundwater Availability
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Functional Chart of Water Related Agencies
The Water Sector
BFAR
Fisheries
Research
NAPC-WASCO
DOF-CDA
DBP DAR
DPWH MWSS
LWUA-WDs
PTA HUDCC
DILG-PMO
PEZA LGUs
Water Supply
NIA DA
BSWM
Agriculture/
Irrigation
DOE PSALM
NPC PEMC
Hydro Power
DOST-
PCAFNRRD
ERDB
PAF BSWM
Cloud Seeding
EMB DOH
BRL EHS
LGUs MWSS
LWUA-WDs
Water Quality &
Sanitation
FMB BSWM
NIA NPC
PAWB
Watershed
Management
NWRB BRS
NAMRIA LWUA
MGB PAGASA
MWSS NIA
Data
Collection
DPWH-PMO
OCD-NDCC
PAGASA
MMDA
Flood
Management
LLDA RDCs
BOI PEZA
RBCO
Integrated Area
Development
NEDA
Policy Making
NWRB
Coordination / Regulation
Regional, Provincial
LGUS
Academic Institutions
Private Sector, NGOs/CSOs
National
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Policy Formulation and
Coordination Resource Regulation
Economic Regulation
The National Water Resources Board
Formulate policies and plans
within the framework of
Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM)
o Issues Water Permit
o Resolves Water Use
Conflicts
o Monitors compliance
of conditions of water
permit and policies
Protects consumers and safeguards
the economic viability of water
utilities
o Grant Certificate of Public Convenience (CPC)
o Sets water tariffs of private water providers
o Monitors compliance of laws and policies o Impose sanctions on violators
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The National Water Resources Board
20
Purpose Amount %
Power 57.09%
Irrigation 31.35%
Industrial 7.41%
Domestic/ Municipal
3.34%
Others .81%
Municipal 3.34%
Industrial 7.41%
Irrigation 31.35%
Fisheries 0.35%
Power 57.09%
Recreation 0.12%
Livestock 0.01%
Others 0.33%
Water Allocated for Different Uses As of June 2018 in (lps)
Water allocated for different uses based on Water Permits issued by
NWRB
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The National Water Resources Board
Purpose Amount %
Irrigation 73.045%
Industrial 17.27%
Domestic/ Municipal
7.787%
Others 2%
Water Allocated for Different Uses (Consumptive Use) As of June 2018 in (lps)
Considering hydropower use as non-consumptive: Agriculture is the major user compared to domestic, industrial and other uses.
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Pressures on Local Water Resources
1) POPULATION GROWTH AND RAPID URBANIZATION Population 2017 – 104.9 million
2025 – 120.2 million 2040 – 141.7 million
2) POLLUTION Domestic sewage, industrial waste, fertilizers, pesticides and agro-
chemicals. 10% of rivers are polluted.
3) LAND CONVERSION Alters run-off patterns, inhibits natural recharge, causes siltation, alters natural flood control, water supply and quality
4) INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Dams, dikes, levees, diversions, etc., alters timing and quantity of river
flows, nutrient and sediment transport, delta replenishment and block fish migrations.
5) OVER-HARVESTING AND EXPLOITATION Depletes groundwater; introduces contaminants; salt-water intrusion
6) CLIMATE CHANGE
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Policy and Regulation Challenges
1) Existing regulatory set-up in the Philippines poses problems on conflicts of interests and possible overlapping of responsibilities that hinders effective water resources management (Madrazo, 2002).
2) Fragmented water sector where 32 government agencies are involved directly and indirectly.
3) Lack of clarity and understanding of water issues.
4) Conflicting laws (Philippine Water Code, Provincial Water Utilities Act, Local overnment Code, Indigenous Act, etc.)
5) Weak enforcement. NWRB has no “enforcement powers.”
6) Lack of appreciation of monitoring water (and soil) quality.
7) Insufficient appreciation and, therefore, budget allocation and investment for monitoring and research.
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Technical Challenges
1) Water Supply – insufficient understanding of the quantity and spatial/temporal distribution of surface and groundwater resources.
• There needs to be studies on hygrography, stream flow, flood and drought risk, groundwater and aquifer characterization, global budget and climate change effects.
2) Protection of Water Supply – insufficient understanding of the water quality and the benefit of sustainable wastewater management.
• There is need to understand the baseline and trends of surface and groundwater pollution and vulnerability.
• There is need to adapt and develop remediation technology.
3) Water production, development and use – insufficient understanding of water use and allocation.
• Understand withdrawal rate and consumptive use; conveyance rate losses and the value of reclaiming wastewater.
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The National Water Resources Board
Ongoing Initiatives
Adoption and Operationalization of Integrated Water Resources Management through the river basin and island basin approach.
Preparation of a Water Security Road Map (Agriculture, Domestic, Economic, Environment, Governance, Resilience and Urban)
Updating of the National Climate Change Action Plan
Executive:
Creation of a an Apex Body to address institutional fragmentation and improved science-based decision making.
Legislative :
Proposed Water Regulatory Commission and Department of Water
Amendment of the Water Code of the Philippines
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1) Can Foreigners operate water utilities in the Philippines?
60-40 Foreign company allowed 40% share max
Opportunities
2) Research and knowledge/technology sharing
3) Infrastructures – Design/Engineering and Construction
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WATER-RELATED HAZARDS • Rain-induced landslide
• Flooding
• Sinkhole and rapid subsidence
PART 2
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GEOHAZARDS STUDY
• Conducted by Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
• Flood, Landslide and Rapid Subsidence
• Prompted by catastrophic landslide and flooding events since 1999
GEOHAZARD MAPPING IS A PRIMARY TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
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GEOHAZARDS STUDY 1999 Cherry hills massive landslide
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GEOHAZARDS STUDY • 2003 Pana-on Landslide
• 2005 the National Geohazard Mapping and Assessment Programme was proposed, approved and launched, starting with generation of 1:50,000 scale maps
• 2006 - Guinsaugon Landslide on Feb 17, 2006; 6,000 killed
• 2011, the Mines and Geosciences Bureau embarked on the second phase of the Program which is the 1:10,000 scale Geohazard Survey and Assessment.
• 2015 VRA Project. (Vulnerability & Risk Assessment)
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GEOHAZARDS STUDY
GUINSAUGON LANDSLIDE (2006) – 6,000 killed
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Weak and thick soil overburdened Absence of Vegetation
Steep Slope
NATURAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO
LANDSLIDE OCCURRENCES
Fracture rocks and unconsolidated sediments
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PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS
Standardization of
Methodology/Procedures
(15 MGB Regional Offices)
Training of Technical
Personnel
Upgrading of Support
Facilities.
1. Capacity Building
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PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS
2. Data acquisition, generation and integration (desktop mapping).
Literature research
Aerial photo
interpretation
GIS analysis of available
data
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PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS
Field interviews
Bohol 2007 S. Leyte 2005
Investigation of actual flood extent
3. Conduct of field survey
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PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS
MGB FIELD DATA SHEET FOR THE 1:50,000 MAPPING
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PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS
Landslide Threat Advisory Form
Summarizes the : 1. Landslide susceptibility of
assessed villages.
2. Corresponding recommendations.
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PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS 4. Generation of geohazard maps
Data integration and processing using GIS.
Lands Geological Information
Management Section (LGIMS) of MGB
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PRODUCTION OF GEOHAZARD MAPS
1:50,000 Landslide Susceptibility Map
1:50,000 Flood Susceptibility Map
1:10,000 Rain-induced Landslide Hazard Map
MGB’s Geohazard Maps
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1:50,000 FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP TACLOBAN CITY
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1:50,000 LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP TACLOBAN CITY
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Unstable areas. High degree of
mass movements are present.
Stable areas with occasional and
localized mass movements
Stable areas with no identified
landslide scars either inactive or
active.
Possible Landslide Debris
Accumulation Zone
Ground Subsidence Prone
Areas.
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USES OF THESE MAPS
1: 50,000 GEO-HAZARD MAPS
• indicative maps; • identification of threatened
villages. • used as a regional planning
tool. • for CLUP preparation • for provincial physical
framework planning • disaster risk reduction and
management in the provincial
1: 10,000 GEOHAZARD MAPS
• definitive maps;
• show actual and definite location of geohazard threats;
• may be used in the design of specific and exact mitigating measures.
• May be used in locating evacuation and relocation sites.
• Assessing escape routes
• useful for disaster risk reduction at the local level
• for barangay contingency planning
• preparation of the municipal/city DRRM plan.
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1) Private initiatives or contracts for
a) Engineering interventions
• Slope stability
b) Geotechnical Studies
c) Flood control facilities
2) Research and knowledge/technology sharing
Opportunities
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1) Among Southeast Asian nations, the Philippines faces the biggest threats and vulnerability in terms of climate condition and climate change.
2) There are increasing pressures in water resources availability, especially for human consumption, brought about mainly be rapid urban growth and its undesirable impacts.
3) Flooding and landslide maps are very useful in disaster risk mitigation and urban, social and land use planning
4) For both water resources and water-related disasters, science and political will (e.g., sensible legislation) are key to the success of managing both separate but important issues.
5) The need for safe and healthy living offer business opportunities for commercial, scientific and academic pursuits.
Conclusions