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Resistant Hypertension
Karen Moncher, MD, FACC
May 2013
University of Wisconsin, Madison
School of Public Health
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Disclosures
• No financial relationships
• No relevant conflicts of interest
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Objectives
• Investigate type of patient demonstrating
resistance
• Define resistant hypertension
• Recognize the role of history and physical
examination in identifying secondary causes
• Evaluate the best lifestyle and pharmacological
treatment for resistant hypertension
• Future therapies
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Who is the Resistant Patient and
Why?
• Women and minorities tend to react
differently to medications
• Hormonal variations
• Different ways to metabolize medications
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• More common and more severe in Blacks
• Hypertension in one or both parents
• Aging—sodium sensitivity increases with age
• Excess alcohol intake
• Obesity
• Dyslipidemia
• Type A? (e.g. the majority of us here)
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Hypertension (HTN): Racial and
Ethnic Disparities • Highest amongst African Americans and
Blacks
• Unlike stroke and coronary heart disease,
HTN presence high regardless of gender
and education status
• Black women: high prevalence of obesity
Mensah, GA, et al. State of disparities
in cardiovascular health in the United
States. Circulation. 2005;111:1233-
1241.
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DIGAMI=Diabetes mellitus Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute MI; CHF=coronary heart disease; CV=cardiovascular; MI=myocardial infarction. 1. American Heart Association. Jan 2013 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. 2. Haffner SM et al. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:229-234. 3. Malmberg K et al. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:1337-1344.
The Diabetic Hypertensive Is at
Especially High Risk • For CV disease
– 65% of people with diabetes mellitus die
of some form of heart or blood vessel disease1
• For MI
– Diabetic patients without a previous MI have as high a
risk of MI as nondiabetic patients with a previous MI2
• For CHF
– In the DIGAMI* trial, 66% of total mortality among
diabetics was due to heart failure3
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UKPDS Group. UKPDS 38. Br Med J. 1998;317:703-713. Update Jan 2013.
Benefits of 144/82 vs 154/87
Ris
k R
ed
ucti
on
(%
)
Any Diabetes- related
Endpoint
Diabetes- related Death
Microvascular Endpoints Stroke
Heart Failure
-24
-32 -37
-44
-56
-70
-20
0
-10
-50
-60
-30
-40
Blood Pressure Control in
Type 2 Diabetes
Myocardial Infarction
-21
Renal Failure
-42
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Hypertension Dyslipidemia Diabetes
Liao. Clin Chem. 1998;44:1799-1808; Spieker et al. J Hum Hypertens. 2000;14:617-630;
Belton et al. Circulation. 2000;102:840-845; Ross. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115-126.
HTN and Dyslipidemia Contributing
to Endothelial Dysfunction
Endothelial dysfunction
CVD
Inflammation
Leukocyte adhesion
Endothelial permeability
Foam cell formation
T-cell activation
Atherosclerosis
Thromboxane A2
Prostaglandin H2
Prostacyclin
COX-1 Activity NO Synthesis
Vasoconstriction
Thrombosis
Superoxide
Endothelin
Vasoconstriction
Calcium mobilization
Smoking
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jan;25(1):123-9
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American Journal of Cardiology, Volume 95, Issue 9, Pages 8-13, 2 May 2005,
Kanu Chatterjee, MB.
Role of Neurohormonal Activation in
CVD Risk and Progression Insulin Resistance
Hyperinsulinemia
High Blood
Pressure
Increased
CV Risk, Atherogenesis,
Progressive CVD
Norepinephrine Angiotensin II
Adrenal
Medullary
Activity
HDL
Triglycerides
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Angiotensin II
AVP
Aldosterone
Vaso- constriction
Mesangial Contraction
Efferent Constriction
CNS
Dypsogenia
Na +
Retention
Increased
Norepinephrine
Release
Myocardial Hypertrophy
Vessel Hypertrophy
Deleterious Effects of
Angiotensin II
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Levels of Norepinephrine
Negative Cardiac Effects Negative Renal Effects
Sodium Retention
Cardiac Injury
Hypertrophy
Arrhythmias
Disease Progression
1 1 1 2 1
Negative Vascular Effects
Vasoconstriction
1
Activation
of RAS
Pathophysiology
Injury to the Heart (eg, myocardial infarction)
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Objectives
• Investigate type of patient demonstrating
resistance
• Define resistant hypertension
• Recognize the role of history and physical
examination in identifying secondary causes
• Evaluate the best lifestyle and pharmacological
treatment for resistant hypertension
• Future therapies
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Definition of Resistant
Hypertension
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• Normal Blood Pressure: <120/80 mmHg
• Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89 mmHg
• Hypertension:
– Generally: >140/>90 mmHg measured on 3
separate occasions
– Stage 1: 140-159/90-99 mmHg
– Stage 2: >160/100 mmHg
• Note Diabetics also have same goal, per
new guidelines 12/2012
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Malignant Hypertension
• Marked Hypertension with – Retinal hemorrhages
– Exudates
– Papilledema
• Hypertensive emergency – any end organ damage
• Usually associated with diastolic BP >120 mmHg
• Hypertensive encephalopathy can be seen at diastolic BP as low as 100 mmHg – Any end organ damage counts as malignant
regardless of BP number
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Resistant Hypertension
• Systolic or Diastolic hypertension despite
> 3 medications
However, be aware of:
– Suboptimal therapy (not at appropriate doses)
– Pseudohypertension
– Ingestion of other meds or substances that
can elevate blood pressure
– Office or “White coat” hypertension
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Objectives
• Investigate type of patient demonstrating
resistance
• Define resistant hypertension
• Recognize the role of history and physical
examination in identifying secondary causes
• Evaluate the best lifestyle and pharmacological
treatment for resistant hypertension
• Future therapies
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Secondary HTN
• Primary renal disease (esp vascular)
• Oral agents (oral contraceptive pills and
NSAIDS)
• Pheochromocytoma
• Primary Aldosteronism (HTN, hypokalemia, and
metabolic alkalosis)
• Cushings’s syndrome
• Thyroid disease
• Sleep Apnea (!!!)
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Approach
• Family History
• Medication History
– ACE-I inhibition can worsen renal artery
disease
– OCP or other hormonal treatment
– NSAIDS
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• Social History
– Alcohol (note binge and amount)
– Exercise
– Diet
– Stress
– Compliance!!!!
– Sleep hygiene
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Physical Examination
• Blood Pressure Readings on both upper
extremities
• Significant difference implies a vascular
problem:
– Consider carotid or subclavian evaluation,
insight into other vascular problems
• Waist circumference (part of the metabolic
syndrome panel)
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Physical Exam – Key Findings
• Repeat BP yourself!
• Repeat BP on the other upper extremity
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Physical examination, con’t
• HEENT: Look in pupils, reactivity, edema
• Look for JVD, carotid bruits
• Cardiac examination: listen for an S4
gallop and new murmurs
• Listen for renal artery bruits, feel for an
aneurysm
• Feel for distal pulses and assess for
edema, look for splinter hemorrhages
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Laboratory Tests Recommended
Before Initiating Therapy • Urinalysis
• Complete blood count
• Blood chemistry
–Basic metabolic panel
–TSH
• Lipid profile
• 12-lead electrocardiogram
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Consider:
• Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea (get a sleep
study)
• Consider an echocardiogram if an S4 or
new murmur is heard
• Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome
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Metabolic Syndrome
(AKA Syndrome X) At least 3 of these 5:
• Fasting blood glucose > 100 mg/dL
• HDL-C < 50 mg/dL for women, < 40 for
men
• Triglycerides >150 mg/dL
• Systolic BP > 130 mmHg
• Waist circumference > 35” for woman, >
40” for men
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Abdominal Obesity
• More metabolically active
• Greater endocrine activity
• Releases more free fatty acids and
inflammatory mediators
• Increases incidence of diabetes
• Therefore increases the incidence of CVD
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Consider: “White Coat
Hypertension”
• Home Blood Pressure measurements
And
• Ambulatory Blood Pressure monitors
=better predictors than office BP
of target organ damage
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Ambulatory BP Monitoring
• 24 hour measure
• Reliable and accurate
• Not subject to bias or preference
• Not subject to “white coat” phenomenon
• Can measure mean / nocturnal BP
• More predictive of outcomes
• Other measures would take weeks
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Ambulatory BP Monitoring
• Also Useful for:
• Monitoring the effectiveness of therapy
• Measuring borderline HTN or
hypotension
• Pregnancy induced HTN
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Ambulatory BP Monitor
• Example:
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Objectives
• Investigate type of patient demonstrating
resistance
• Define resistant hypertension
• Recognize the role of history and physical
examination in identifying secondary causes
• Evaluate the best lifestyle and pharmacological
treatment for resistant hypertension
• Future therapies
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Treatment
• First, remove offenders
– Avoid binge drinking
– Cut back on stimulants (caffeine, diet pills,
stress)
– Look for hormonal therapy (be certain to
address herbal medications and MVI
formulations)
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Women and Hormones
• Estrogens
– Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
– Oral (and transdermal) Contraception
• Testosterone, endogenous and
exogenous
• Adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, TNF,
interleukins) – abdominal obesity
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Estrogen
• Overall, only 41.5 cases of HTN per
10,000 person-years due to oral estrogen
• Works via renin-angiotensin system
– estrogen stimulates the hepatic production of
renin substrate (angiotensinogen)
• Mean elevation in BP of 3-6/2-5 mmHg,
– ~5 % of women develop overt hypertension
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Estrogen: oral contraceptives
• Meta analysis 14 independent studies
– 1980 thru 2003
– Relative risk of MI & stroke increased 2-fold in
pts with low dose (<50 mcg ethinyl estradiol)
• Main concern OCP’s:
– Development of persistent HTN and
subsequent premature CVD
– Women >35 years and in women who smoke
higher risks
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Estrogen: Hormone
Replacement Therapy • Much lower doses of estrogen
• Women’s Health Initiative (WHI)
– 16,000 women placebo controlled, evaluating effects
of estrogen-progesterone replacement in post
menopausal women
– At 5.2 years, only a small increase in SBP compared
to placebo
• PEPI trial
– ERT, with and without progestins, did not affect BP at
3 years
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Estrogen: HRT
• Possible that HRT may slow the rise in SBP over longer f/up
• However—increases in coronary, stroke, and venous thromboembolic risk demonstrated in WHI, HRT is not given orally for cardiovascular protection
• Transdermal estradiol with many fewer side effects and risks (lack of first pass) still in study
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Testosterone and Androgens
• Testosterone:
– Given to both men & women to treat sexual
dysfunction
– Need to watch increases in cholesterol, esp
LDL
– BP not specifically a problem unless weight
gain a problem
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Active Treatment
• Lifestyle
• Antihypertensive medications
• Meta Analysis of 7 major antihypertensive
drug trials
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Not at Goal Blood Pressure
Algorithm for Treatment of
Hypertension
Begin Lifestyle Modifications
• Lose weight
• Limit alcohol
• Increase physical
activity
• Reduce Sodium
• Maintain potassium,
calcium, magnesium
• Stop smoking
• Reduce saturated
fat, cholesterol
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Treatment
Healthy lifestyle:
• Decrease emotional stress!!!! Seriously
• Limit alcohol intake: For women, >2
drinks/day associated with increased
incidence of HTN
• Monitor periodically for end organ damage
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Treatment- Lifestyle
Exercise:
• Nurses’ Health Study, ages 40-65, inverse relationship to risk of coronary event
• Starting in mid-later life had lower incidence CHD events compared to those remaining sedentary
• WHI-light to moderate exercise
• Duration the key: goal of 2 or more hours/week
NEJM 2001;344:3-9
www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash; Update Jan 2013.
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Hypertension: New Guidelines and
Treatment
• Why is it important to treat?
– Strokes
– Renal Failure
– Hypertensive heart disease
– Diabetic complications, including retinopathy
(leading cause of blindness in the US)
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Update HTN 6/2008
• Obesity and Older Age most common RF
• Sleep Apnea
• Chronic renal disease
• Diabetes Mellitus
JNC 8 & ATP 4: Still
waiting
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Treatment: Medications
• Trials that set the Standard
– Capicorn
– ALLHAT
– SHEP
– ACCORD BP (most recent 3/2010)
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Lessons From CAPICORN
• Different types of beta blockers
• Alpha blocker + beta blocker = significantly
improved anti-hypertensive effect
• Vasodilating beta blockers have better
overall profile for treatment in CV
disease—studies still pending
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Beta Blockers Revisited: Harmful or
Helpful?
• Reducing Heart rate in HTN: Is it Harmful?
• Not all beta blockers are the same:
– Traditional beta blockers cause increases in
central venous pressure
– Newer generation beta blockers:
• Reduce central venous pressure
• Cause vasodilation
Bangalore S, Sawhney S, Messerli FH
Relation of beta blocker induced heart rate lowering
and cardioprotection in hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1482-1489.
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If just treating HTN, BB may not
be the best choice • In contrast to patients w/MI and heart
failure, beta blocker reduction in heart rate
w/atenolol increased CV events for
Hypertensive patients
• Current study used only atenolol, and
further studies need to be done, especially
on vasodilating BB
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These are not your father’s beta
blockers • Increased central pressure thought to
worsen outcomes
• Beta blockers that are vasodilators do not
increase central pressure
– Carvedilol (Coreg)
– Nebevilol (Bystolic)
– Ivabradine (Procoralan)
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Treatment: Medications
• Trials that set the Standard
– Capicorn
– ALLHAT
– SHEP
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ALLHAT Trial Design
• Randomized, double-blind, multi-center clinical
trial
• Determine whether occurrence of fatal CHD or
nonfatal MI is lower for high-risk hypertensive
patients treated with newer agents (CCB, ACE-I,
alpha-blocker) compared with a diuretic
• Known ASCVD, DM, smoker, LVH, low HDL
• 42,418 high-risk hypertensive patients ≥ 55 years
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ALLHAT
JAMA 2002 Dec. 18
• 33357 men and women - diverse races
• HTN & at least one other CHD risk factor
• Compared: Thiazide, Lisinopril, Amlodipine,
and previously stopped doxazosin arm
• Primary outcome Fatal CHD or non-fatal MI
• Secondary outcomes:
– Total Mortality - CVA
– Combined CHD - CHF
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ALLHAT Conclusions
• Amlodipine (representing CCB), lisinopril (representing ACE-I) and chlorthalidone (representing thiazide-type diuretics)
– Comparable in preventing major coronary events or increasing overall survival.
• Chlorthalidone = amlodipine in overall CVD event prevention
– However, chlorthalidone > amlodipine in preventing heart failure.
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Overall Conclusions
ALLHAT
Because of the effectiveness of thiazide-type
diuretics in preventing one or more major forms
of CVD and their lower cost, they should be the
drugs of choice for first-step antihypertensive
drug therapy, unless there are other compelling
indications.
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Treatment: Medications
• Trials that set the Standard
– Capicorn
– ALLHAT
– SHEP
– ACCORD BP
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SHEP Study
• Treatment of elderly patients with HTN
• Thiazide diuretic
• Stroke, total mortality, CVD events
• 63% patients had BP controlled with
diuretic alone
• CVA reduced 36% (3/100) and CVD
events reduced 6 per 100 in 4.5 years JAMA1991;265;3255-3264
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HTN in the Elderly Trial
• ACE (enalapril) vs. HCTZ
• 6083 adults with HTN aged 65 - 84 years
• Australia Family Practice clinics
• Open-label study in multiple practices
• BP reduction was the same: 26/12 mm Hg
• All CVD events or death reduced for men (17% or approximately 4 / 100)
• No difference in events for women
NEJM 2003;348:583-592
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ACCORD BP
• Conducted as part of the ACCORD
glycemia trial, as there was no clinical
evidence to support recommendations to
support <130 mmHg SBP in DM2 (as
advised in JNC7)
The ACCORD study group. Effects of intensive blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
New Engl J Med 2010; DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001286.
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ACCORD BP
• 4733 patients, randomized, nonblinded:
– SBP <120 mmHg (average 3.5 meds)
– SBP <140 mmHg
– F/up 4.7 years
• After 1 year: mean systolic BP
– 119.3 mmHg intensive group
– 133.5 mmHg standard group
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ACCORD BP
• No significant difference in nonfatal MI,
major coronary events, and mortality
• Significant difference in stroke, less in
intensive arm, ~40% reduction
=Treat 89 people for 5 years to prevent one
• Adverse events higher in intensive therapy
group: 3.3% vs 1.3%
Nilsson PM. ACCORD and risk-factor control in type 2 diabetes. New Engl J
Med 2010; DOI:10.1056/NEJMe1002498.
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Not at Goal Blood Pressure (<140/90 mm Hg)
(<130/80 mm Hg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease)
Initial Drug Choices
Drug(s) for the compelling
indications
Other antihypertensive drugs
(diuretic, ACEI, ARB, BB, CCB)
as needed
With Compelling
Indications
Lifestyle Modifications
Not at Goal
Blood Pressure
Optimize dosages or add additional drugs
until goal blood pressure is achieved
Consider consultation with hypertension specialist
Stage 2 Hypertension (SBP 160 or DBP 100 mm Hg)
2-drug combination for most
(usually thiazide-type diuretic and
ACEI, ARB, BB, or CCB)
Stage 1 Hypertension (SBP 140-159 or DBP 90-99 mm Hg)
Thiazide-type diuretics for most
May consider ACEI, ARB, BB, CCB,
or combination
Without Compelling
Indications
JNC 7 Algorithm for Tx of Hypertension
Chobanian et al. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572.
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Initial Drug Choices*
Algorithm for Treatment of Hypertension
(continued)
Compelling Indications • Heart failure
– ACE inhibitors
– Diuretics
• Myocardial infarction -blockers ( best)
– ACE inhibitors (with systolic dysfunction)
• Diabetes mellitus (type 1) with proteinuria – ACE inhibitors
• Isolated systolic hypertension (older persons) – Diuretics preferred
– Long-acting dihydropyridine calcium antagonists
*Based on randomized controlled trials.
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Objectives
• Investigate type of patient demonstrating
resistance
• Define resistant hypertension
• Recognize the role of history and physical
examination in identifying secondary causes
• Evaluate the best lifestyle and pharmacological
treatment for resistant hypertension
• Future therapies
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Renal Sympathectomy
• Treatment for HTN, even in 1970’s
• Open surgery for those with resistive HTN
• Poorly tolerated: – Orthostatic hypotension
– Palpitations
– Anhydrosis
– Intestinal disturbances
– Loss of ejaculation
– Thoracic Duct Injuries
Hasdemir C, Scherlag BJ, Yamanashi WS, Lazzara R, Jackman WM. Endovascular stimulation of autonomic
neural elements in the superior vena cava using a flexible loop catheter. Jpn Heart J. 2003 May;44(3):417-27.
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Renal Sympathetic Activation: Efferent Nerves Kidney as Recipient of Sympathetic Signals
Renal Efferent
Nerves
↑ Renin Release RAAS activation
↑ Sodium Retention
↓ Renal Blood Flow
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Hypertrophy
Arrhythmia
Oxygen Consumption
Vasoconstriction
Atherosclerosis
Insulin
Resistance
Renal Sympathetic Activation: Afferent Nerves Kidney as Origin of Central Sympathetic Drive
Renal Afferent
Nerves
↑ Renin Release RAAS activation
↑ Sodium Retention
↓ Renal Blood Flow
Sleep
Disturbances
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Renal Denervation
• Simplicity 1 (2009-Austrailia): Proof of
concept trial. Does the procedure work?
Safety? Side effects?
• Simplicity 2 (2010/11): ~100 patients with
a control groups (50/50); with device, 20-
25 mmHg additional systolic BP reduction
Symplicity HTN-1 Investigators. Hypertension. 2011;57:911-917.
Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators. Lancet. 2010;376:1903-1909.
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First-in-Man (AU)
Series of Pilot
Studies
(EU, US & AU)
Symplicity HTN-2
Initial RCT
(EU & AU)
SYMPLICITY HTN-3
US Pivotal Trial (US)
Global SYMPLICITY
Registry
(Approved Regions)
Expand HTN
Indication
(Approved Regions)
Post-Market
Registry
(US)
SYMPLICITY HF
Symplicity HTN-1
Pilot Studies in
New Indications
(Approved Regions)
Trials under way
SYMPLICITY Clinical Trial Program follows over
5000 patients across multiple indications
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• Simplicity 3: Add in big players such as
aldosterone blockers, now in the US
• Need more Racial and Cultural
heterogeneity
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Date of download:
4/11/2013
Copyright © The American College of Cardiology.
All rights reserved.
From: Renal Denervation for Hypertension
J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2012;5(3):249-258. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2011.12.011
Radiofrequency Catheter Positioning in the Renal Artery
Radiofrequency catheter positioning in the renal artery aiming at circumferential application of radiofrequency spaced apart by
approximately 5 mm.
Figure Legend:
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Date of download:
4/11/2013
Copyright © The American College of Cardiology.
All rights reserved.
From: Renal Denervation for Hypertension
J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2012;5(3):249-258. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2011.12.011
Fluoroscopic Images of Catheter Positions in the Renal Artery
(Left) Radiofrequency catheter positioned in the right renal artery. (Right) Contrast injection into the right renal artery.
Figure Legend:
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Brief Procedure with a Low Complication rate
(n=153)
• 38 minute median procedure time
– Average of 4 ablations per artery
• Intravenous narcotics & sedatives used to manage pain during delivery of RF energy
• No catheter or generator malfunctions
• No major complications
• Minor complications 4/153:
– 1 renal artery dissection during catheter delivery (prior to RF energy), no sequelae
– 3 access site complications, treated without further sequelae
Symplicity HTN-1 Investigators. Hypertension. 2011;57:911-917.
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Symplicity HTN-1: BP Reductions through
3 years
-19
-21 -22
-26 -26
-33 -33 -33
-9 -10 -10
-13 -12
-15 -14
-19
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
1 M (n=143)
3 M (n=148)
6 M (n=144)
12 M (n=130)
18 M (n=107)
24 M (n=59)
30 M (n=24)
36 M (n=24)
Systolic BP
Diastolic BP
BP change
(mmHg)
P<0.01 for ∆ from BL
for all time points
*Expanded results presented at the American College of Cardiology Annual Meeting 2012 (Krum, H.)
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Conclusions from Symplicity HTN-1
• The magnitude of clinical response is significant and
sustained through 3 years
• Increasing responder rates indicate:
– no loss of treatment effect out to 36 months
– BP non-response at 6 months does not predict failure to respond
at 12 months or later
• The treatment effect was consistent across subgroups
(age, diabetes status, and baseline renal function)
• No late adverse events were seen
*Expanded results presented at the American College of Cardiology Annual Meeting 2012 (Krum, H.)
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Symplicity HTN-2: Lancet Conclusions
• Catheter-based renal denervation, done in a multicentre,
randomised trial in patients with treatment-resistant essential
hypertension, resulted in significant reductions in BP.
• Magnitude of BP reduction can be predicted to affect the
development of hypertension-related diseases and mortality
• No major complications.
• Catheter-based renal denervation is beneficial for patients with
treatment-resistant essential hypertension.
Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators. Lancet. 2010;376:1903-1909.
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Challenges and Opportunities
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Challenges and Opportunities
Challenges
• Prevention (esp high risk grps Black, Hisp)
• Symptom recognition (both by pts &
healthcare providers)
• Diagnostic testing
• Treatment and intervention
• Outcomes
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Challenges and Opportunities
Opportunities
• Education to patients and their healthcare providers
• Early recognition of symptoms and aggressive prevention and treatment strategies can improve outcomes
• Start young!! – Health classes in community and classrooms
– Healthier choices at a lower socioeconomic level
– Healthier choices at school
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• New stress tests being evaluated:
– Anger
– Mathematical stress
– Emotional stress
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In Terms of Medications
• Switch a beta blocker to an alpha-beta
blocker (metoprolol to carvedilol, labetolol)
or other vasodilating beta blocker
• Make certain on a thiazide diuretic
– Increase dosage
– Combination with others key
• Recent trials suggest that Spironolactone
may be a good choice for those w/OSA
Gaddam, K, Pimenta, E, Thomas, J, et al. J Hum Hypertens. 2010 August; 24(8): 532–537.
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• Consider the renin system:
– ACE-I inhibitors and ARB’s
– Spironolactone (Decreased LV EF and OSA)
– Look for renal artery stenosis if increased BP
or not controlled with 3 or more
– Consider Renal Denervation – Trials in
Milwaukee and Madison
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• Non-traditional vasodilators
– Hydralazine (possible with NTG for afterload
reduction)
– Minoxidil (watch for edema, twice daily usually
at intial low dose e.g. 2.5 mg BID)
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Calcium Channel Blockers
• Dihydropyridines (amlodipine, felodipine)
– Vasodilators
– Increased vascular permeability
• Nondihydropyridines (verapamil, diltiazem)
– Reduce vascular permeability
– Affect cardiac contractility and conduction
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Patient Motivation
• Get exercise: walk, dance, swim
• Shift focus away from what NOT to eat to something tasty to eat:
– Nuts
– Get the grill out
– Dark chocolate
• Breathe
– Listen to music, smile, compliment another person
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Thank You!!!
Questions?