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A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO DESIGN THE KNOWLEDGE BASED URBAN DEVELOPMENT (KBUD) USING AGENT BASED MODELLING
Rengarajan Satyanarain*
&
HO, Kim Hin / David
Department of Real Estate
School of Design and Environment
National University of Singapore
*Email: [email protected]
European Real Estate Society (ERES) conference paper
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Introduction: what are knowledge based urban developments?
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Contents of the paper
Develop physical planning guidelines which would help urban planners create effective zoning (mixed-use) policies.
We look at how to design (land use planning) a Knowledge Based Urban Development (KBUD) so as to
enhance intra-cluster knowledge interactions.
Research Implication
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Knowledge catalysing the process of technological innovation is undisputed in the Science and Technology (S&T) literature.
Sources: Hargadon & Sutton, 1997; Kanter, 1988; I Nonaka & Konno, 1998
Individuals working in knowledge intensive industries require information resources [Medium
of access]
E.g. Face-to-Face, Journal articles and other forms of media (television, internet, newspapers etc.)
Face-to-face (F2F contact )
Sources: Allen (1984) ; Ancona,1990 ;Ancona and Caldwell’s ,1992; Audretsch
& Feldman, 1996 ; Feldman, 2000; Storper & Venables, 2004 ;
Background : Influence of design on knowledge based work
Interaction with peersF2F Productive/innovative
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Workspace planning /design studies for knowledge based environments
Space syntax Analysis: Exploit differences in spatial layouts, circulation systems, visibility, adjacencies, mean integration etc to maximize the probability of interaction.
Scale : Building
Sources : Backhouse & Drew, 1992; F Duffy, 1997; Penn, Desyllas, & Vaughan, 1999; Peponis et al.,
2007; Serrato & Wîneman, 1999).
Urban planning/design studies for knowledge based environments
There are almost no studies looking at how to design interactive environments on an urban scale as required for KBUD.
Scale : Precinct
Background: Workspace design / Urban scale designs
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3. Research problem
Designs have been Ad-hoc and experimental.
Euclidian (single land use) Mixed use zoning
vs.
A mixed use design should promote “knowledge” interactions (planned and spontaneous)
This is achieved through complimentary zoning
Premise: some actors have higher chances of interaction than others.
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3. The research question
What is the urban design criteria of the knowledge based urban development ?
Knowledge interactions
SocialEnvironmental
EconomicTransportation
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Source: Alan frost (2003); Adapted from classification given by Asheim and Gertler, (2005)
What are knowledge interactions?
“the continuous and dynamic interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge that happens at the individual, group ,institutional, organizational, and inter-organizational levels that leads to creation/sharing or transfer of knowledge”
- Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995).
Knowledge/information interactions
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Source: Alan frost (2003); Adapted from classification given by Asheim and Gertler, (2005)
Knowledge/information interactions
Intra-cluster interactions
Knowledge bases
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General rule of mixed land use designs for KBUD’s
I. Diversity
Triple helix model of Innovation . (Leydesdorff & Etzkowitz ,1998).
II. Geographical proximity
“short distances literally bring people together, favour information contacts and facilitate the exchange of tacit knowledge. The larger the distance between agents, the less the intensity of these positive externalities, and the more difficult it becomes to transfer tacit knowledge”
-Boschma, 2005
Literature review – Current design practices
Interactive design = “Accommodate a diverse set of actors into a small area of land”
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DMC Seoul KBUD design
a “futuristic info-media industrial complex”, has planned for a city street which is to host “entertainment and retail establishments, technology companies, prestige housing, R&D institutions, and universities”.
The same street supposedly would host leisure activities such as “theatres, cafés, stores, nightclubs and LCD screens as big as whole buildings”.
Literature review – Current design practices
Source: http://sap.mit.edu/resources/portfolio/seoul/
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Literature review - Knowledge interaction determinants
Spatial proximity maybe necessary
Not sufficient
Mixed land uses
Other dimensions of proximity ..
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Proximity factors
Key dimension
Proximity
Too little Too high
Institution Trust (based on common institutions)
Opportunism Lock-in
Organizational Control Network disruption
Bureaucracy
Knowledge base Base gap Lack of common base
Physical barrier for fertilisation
Cognitive base Knowledge gap
Misunderstanding Unintended spillovers
Geographical Distance An optimal mix of agents on these terms can facilitate reduced physical barriers to
knowledge interaction
Source: Boschma (2005)
Literature review - Knowledge interaction determinants
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Theoretical criteria of a knowledge interactive urban design
0 Proximity 1
Knowledge baseInstitutional
OrganizationalCognitive
Lock-in
Interaction level (I)
Lock-in
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3. A simple 2-Dimensional Illustration of ‘lock-in’ design effect
*Illustrative purpose only
E.g. Illustration of Design
“lock-in effects” in a KBUD
A) “Institutional lock-in” B) “Cognitive lock-in”
A
B
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Methodology
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‘Optimal’ design =(Design criteria, Spatial constraints, Actors [Number & Distribution] )
Theoretical model of design(AGM) Design
Theoretical Model of design
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3. Methodology- Land use design models in planning
Urban Planning literature
Land use design optimization problems
Single objective
Multiple objective
Multiple objective
Spatially explicit
Regular grid (non-overlapping)No explicit representation of space
LinearProgramming methodology
Multiple land use : Kenneth (1965) ;Barber (1976); Arad and Berechman (1978); Williams and Revelle (1996); Makowski (1997); Janssen et al (2008);
Single land use model: Meier,(1968) Multiple land use: Correia and Madden,(1985); Davis and grant,(1987)
Multiple land use Overlapping
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S
Physical definition (conceptual/real)
Actor classification
Constraints (limits of the system)
Operational objective functions (evaluation)
Methodology- Agent based modeling
Agents criteria zones
Self-select
constraints
Unsatisfied
1
2
3
4
Decision function
Typical Land use design model (MAS)
Source:Ligtenberg et al, (2004)
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Actors in the KBUD
Size 100-500 hectares
Agents
Firm (high tech, service, business etc.)University department (i)Public research institute (PRI)Private institute (PVRI)Misc (Retail, commercial, housing etc)
Classification
J= Institution K=Organization L =Knowledge base (Asheim et al,2007)M= Cognitive field
Agents
kj l mEmbedded
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Location variables
Theoretical model of design
Quality variablesQuantity variables
Space constraintsTypes of land
uses
Source: Adapted from Kenneth Schlager,1965
Land use design
Zonal interaction
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Theoretical model of designWhere,
Quality variable
Quantity variables
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Agent rules
Start Define space [e.g. plot ratio, parcel size, road length etc] Initiate agents (AIP). Occupy random position in space. Minimize the mean distance between ‘related’ agents. [KI – Design
criteria]
Upon reaching equilibrium, locate to the nearest available block. If KI is unsatisfied, re-define space and repeat step 2. If KI is satisfied. Initiate subsidiary agents (i.e. service ratio requirements). End
Optimal design algorithm
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KBUD system
Agents
Economic forecasts
Design Type
1. Knowledge bases2. Institutional3. Organizational4. CognitiveSubsidiary land use
I) Planning ratios
Spatial constraints1. Plot ratio2. Land parcels (no.)3. Minimum requirements (setbacks,
accessory etc in sq m)
AIP
KI criteria
Agent base land use model (AGB-LUM)’s architecture
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Future work
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Case study :One north KBUD system
Data
1. Land use plans2. Planning ratios3. Plot ratio, Set backs
etc4. Land use designs
Source: JTC
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Organizational composition
Research institution
Technology firm
University (learning)
misc
Phase 1 & 2-Biopolis-Land use distribution (by organization)
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Output data
1)Land use composition2)Plot Ratios3) Subsidiary land uses4) Zonal maps (2-D)
Input data
1) Agent Identification2) Coordinate map3) Rules4) Planning ratio ( i.e. minimum requirements)
Model output
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3.Research Contribution
1 Have not paid attention to the role of urban design in KBUD literature
2 No theoretical basis on how to effectively mix land uses .
3 Previous urban design models have predominantly used linear programming methodology (LPM).
Governance , Institutional planning
models ,Planning metrics
Urban design
KBUD Theoretical model of urban design
(Our contribution)
Land use design models in planning
KBUDLiterature
Linear programming
Knowledge interaction criteria (KIC)
Agent based modeling literature
Planning practice
Land use design models in planning
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Our paper addresses the issue of urban design for knowledge based urban development.
Urban designs emphasizing spatial proximity (density) and diversity alone may not favor interactive environments.
Propose a theoretical framework for a design tool using ABM approach.
Conclusion
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Thank you for listeningQ&A
The End
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Data
1. Land use plans2. Planning ratios3. Plot ratio, Set
backs etc4. Land use designs
Source: JTC
Case study :One north KBUD system
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Agents Assumptions
Technology Firm Unit of occupation: Firm Minimum number of persons/firm: 20 Space per person: 70 sq ft Space per firm: 1500 sq ft
Research institution Unit of occupation: Department/firm Minimum number of persons department/firm: 20 Space per person: 70 sq ft Space per Department: 1500 sq ft
Educational (university)
Unit of occupation: Department MnoD : 10 departments Space per department: 2000 sq ft
Service firm Unit of occupation: Firm (Mno)persons/firm: 20 Space per person: 50 sq ft Space per firm: 2000 sq ft
Sub-Agents Subsidiary land use specifications
Green space Regional ratio of 6 sq m per person (entire development)Retail 3 sq m per personHousing 80 sq m per personRecreational 3 sq m per person
Source: Authors,2013 & One north masterplan (2008)
Design Parameter assumptions
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Output data
1)Land use composition2)Plot Ratios3) Subsidiary land uses4) Zonal maps (2-D)
Input data
1) Agent Identification2) Coordinate map3) Rules4) Planning ratio ( i.e. minimum requirements)
Model output
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ONE NORTH-BIOPOLIS BASELINE (AIP)
Type Percentage Space needed (GFA) in Sq ft.
Characteristics Representative unit
Agents
Work48% 285,600 Research institution/firms
Dept./firm 285
Live40% 130,400 Housing
Apartment unitD
Learn9% 38,250 Educational [university,
school etc]
DepartmentD
Play3% 122(meters) Green space (80 %)
Sports & recreation (20%)
N.AD
Total100%
41250.64 [meters]
Source: One north masterplan,2008
Theoretical model of design
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BASELINE SCENARIO -2-DIMENSIONAL
Screenshots
Research Institutions
Retail
Housing Green space
Knowledge base Composition-Analytical (Biomedical sciences)
Theoretical model of design
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Total population Knowledge base Composition
Phase 1 & 2-Biopolis-Land use distribution
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Land use design –Institutional base
Subsidiary land uses
Institutional Composition
Phase 1 & 2-Biopolis-Land use distribution (by instituition)
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Organizational composition
Research institution
Technology firm
University (learning)
misc
Phase 1 & 2-Biopolis-Land use distribution (by organization)
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Fully populated model by institutional-Sample design
Public Private
Design TypeKnowledge base –HighInstitutional-High
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Output data
1)Land use composition2)Plot Ratios3) Subsidiary land uses4) Zonal maps (2-D)
Input data
1) Agent Identification2) Coordinate map3) Rules4) Planning ratio ( i.e. minimum requirements)
Model output
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Summary of the paper
The paper provides a theoretical criteria to help design KBUD.
Towards a more scientific and dynamic approach in designing mixed use developments.
A flexible approach reduces reliance on long term designs.
Proposes an new methodology (AGM) to aid land use planning.
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Institutional ‘Lock-in’
Organizational ‘Lock-in’
Knowledge base ‘Lock-in’
The ‘Lock-in’ design phenomenon
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Design goals (criteria) are important for physical planning to take shape over time.
Effective zoning can help actors share resources efficiently. It can prevent land use conflicts arising from different actors.
Why is it important?
E.g. Housing Estates •Reduce commuting costs less pollution. •Make amenities accessible by walk Schools ,parks,retail etc.) •Social goals fostering sense of community
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3. Research problem 2 : The design process
Defined land area divided into a set of N
land parcels
Actori
Spatial Constraints
{a,b…z} є N
i є [ University, public, private research institutes, firms, service companies etc]
(T0,Tn )
Urban design criteria
Zoning guidelines1 Uncertainty of participants
Static urban designs
Design Criteria for knowledge interaction
2
Urban design
KI
3