![Page 1: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Trans-Atlantic Comparison:Renewable Energy Opportunities
for American and German Farmers
Neil VeilleuxMeister Consultants Group (MCG)
![Page 2: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Beyond Biofuels: Renewable EnergyOpportunities for US Farmers
Heinrich Böll Foundation North America1638 R Street, NW, Suite 120 Washington, DC 20009, USA
Available at: http://boell.org/web/139-641.html
![Page 3: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
How German Farmers Harvest the Fields, theWind & the Sun…
Photo Source: www.germanyandafrica.diplo.de
![Page 4: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Share of renewable energy sources in total final energyconsumption in Germany 2008/2009
3.3 3.3
6.6 6.5
4.5 5.2
6.8 7.75.5
0.71.1
0.30.4
0.4
0.3
5.9
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
2008 (15.2 %) 2009 (16.1 %) 2008 (7.4 %) 2009 (8.4 %) 2008 (5.9 %) 2009 (5.5 %)
Electricity * Heat ** Biogenic fuels
Sha
re in
[%]
Hydropower Wind energyBiomass PhotovoltaicsSolar thermal energy Geothermal energyBiogenic fuels
* Biomass: solid, liquid, gaseous biomass, biogenic share of waste, landfill and sewage gas; ** Biomass: solid, liquid; gaseous biomass, biogenic share of waste;Deviations in the totals are due to rounding;
Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energies-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); Image: BMU / Dieter Böhme; all figures provisional
Current state of renewable energy in Germany
![Page 5: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Development of electricity generation from renewableenergy sources in Germany 1990 - 2009
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Elec
tric
ity g
ener
atio
n [G
Wh]
Hydropower Wind energy
Biomass * Photovoltaics
EEG:April 2000
EEG:August 2004
StrEG:January 1991 - March 2000
EEG:January 2009
Amendment to BauGB:November 1997
* Solid, liquid, gaseous biomass, biogenic share of waste, landfill and sewage gas; Electricity from geothermal energy is not presented due to the negligible quantities of electricity produced; StrEG: Act on the Sale of Electricity to the Grid; BauGB: Construction Code; EEG: Renewable
Energy Sources Act; Source: BMU-KI III 1 according to Working Group on Renewable Energies-Statistics (AGEE-Stat); Image: BMU / Christoph Edelhoff; all figures provisional
Development of renewable electricity in Germany
![Page 6: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Feed-in tariff (FIT) rates (biogas example)
capacity<20,000 kW0.0300.030Premium if unit employs cogeneration
capacity<500 kW0.0200.020Premium if primary feedstock is "waste fromcleaning natural open spaces"
capacity<150 kW0.0400.040Premium if biogas unit uses 30% liquidmanure feedstock
capacity<500 kW0.0690.070Premium if technology is agricultural biogas
capacity<150 kW0.1160.117Base Feed-in tariff (FIT)
Notes€/kwhTechnology or Feedstock20102009
• Guaranteed long-term contracts and interconnection for electricity generators
• Rate based on cost of generation plus reasonable profit
• Decreasing payment levels over time
![Page 7: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
German farms and wind & solar PV
• German farmers install 200-250MW of PV each year
• Influence of “Maschinenringen”(German farm machinerycooperatives)
• More than 20,000 wind turbines(2009)
• Community-owned wind farms(45% of market by 2005)
![Page 8: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
German farms and biogas
50 65
182256
333390
650
1,100
1,2711,377
1,597
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
Inst
alle
d C
apac
ity (M
W)
Source: German Biogas Association 2010
![Page 9: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
German farms and biogas
• 5,000 installations by 2010
• Small (<190 kW) and largefacilities
• Power 3.8 millionhouseholds
• Germany is leading the EUin biogas production
![Page 10: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Driver #1: Comprehensive national climatestrategy and energy policy
Targets for 2020:• 40% less GHG emissions (270 Mio. tons)• 30% share of renewable energy in electricity• 14% share of renewable energy in heating• (EU energy package: 20-20-20 by 2020)
Policies:• carbon taxes in 1999• feed-in tariffs in 2000• cap & trade in 2005 etc.
![Page 11: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Driver #2: Pro-active German Farm Federationand renewable energy industry
• Deutscher Bauernverband (DBV) is lobbying forambitious renewable energy policies
• DBV has recognized climate change as a threat toindustry and society
• Renewable energy industry is well-organized andcollaborative (e.g. German Biogas Association in 1992)
![Page 12: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Driver #3: Social catalysts in Germany
• Machinery cooperatives (>250) work as ruralcooperatives and advise farmers, aggregate orders, andorganize installations & maintenance.
• Banks: solid calculation by farmers, safe (=good)business for the banks.
![Page 13: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Driver #4: Rural communities striving for 100%renewable energy
• Regional economic development: farmers, planners,craftsmen
• 100% energy independence for town power and heat(Jühnde –biogas for CHP, additional wood chips inwinter)
• www.100-ee-kongress.de by Federation of GermanMunicipalities (DStGB)
![Page 14: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
US Farmers and Renewable Energy…
Photo Source: www.bettergeneration.com
![Page 15: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Source: U.S. EIA.
The role of renewable energy in the nation’senergy supply, 2008
![Page 16: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
US farms and wind & solar PV
• In 2009, farmers & local landowners owned 638 MW(1.8%) of total installed wind capacity.
• Farmers more likely to lease land to wind farms thanown turbines themselves: lost revenue opportunity.
• Unstable policy: PTCboom-bust cycles.
• No estimates of PV onfarms, but ~200 MW wereinstalled in the U.S. in2007.
![Page 17: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
US farms and biomass
• Biomass makes up 4% of total US energyconsumption (2008)– At 6%, bioenergy could generate $20 billion in new
income for farmers…
• Biomass share of net renewable electricitygeneration: 13.1%;
• Little data on bioheat, but thermal uses of forestbiomass could reduce GHG emissions earlier thanuse through electricity generation.
![Page 18: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
US farms and biogas• Despite environmental and economic advantages, US farms lack
the policy support to build vibrant biogas market…
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Faci
litie
s
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
MW
cap
acity
U.S. - #FacilitiesGermany #facilitiesU.S. - MW
Germany MW
![Page 19: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
US farmers & renewable energy:policy recommendations
• US farmers and their representatives should advocatefor state renewable energy policies (specifically FITs orlong-term contracts for renewable energy)
• US agriculture lobbies should support a comprehensivenational climate and energy strategy.
• Rural communities should develop strong stakeholdernetworks.
• The US should use a diversity of feedstock/technologiesfor on-farm renewable energy generation.
![Page 20: Renewable Energy Opportunities for American and German Farmers](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081403/55503047b4c905de2d8b4e58/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Additional suggestions for research and actionin the US
• Raise awareness of farmers and rural communities with anoutreach campaign.
• Increase farmer-to-farmer exchanges.
• Develop a biogas roadmap for the US.
• Create sustainability criteria for biomass in power, heat, andtransport.
• Support research on policy options.
• Evaluate the benefits of renewable energy, distributedgeneration and energy independence with quantitative analysis.