Renewable Renewable EnergyEnergy
Energy EfficiencyEnergy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Energy EfficiencyEnergy EfficiencyIncreasing energy efficiency of
common devices has economic and environmental advantagesReducing oil importsProlonging fossil fuel suppliesReducing pollution and environmental
degradationSaving moneyBuys time to develop new technologyCreating jobs
Efficiency of Some Common DevicesEfficiency of Some Common Devices
Device Efficiency (%)Device Efficiency (%) Dry-cell flashlight battery
90 Home gas furnace
85 Storage battery 70 Home oil furnace 65 Small electric motor
62 Steam power plant
38 Diesel engine
38 High-intensity lamp
32 Automobile engine
25 Fluorescent lamp 22 Incandescent lamp
4
Energy Energy EfficiencyEfficiency
percentage of energy input that does useful work in an energy conversion system
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Ways to Improve Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the United States leveled off or declinedFuel-efficient models account for only a tiny
fraction of car salesHybrid-electric cars are now available and
sales are expected to increaseFuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be
available within a few yearsElectric scooters and electric bicycles are
short-range transportation alternatives
Energy use of various types of transportation
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Ways to Ways to Improve Improve Energy Energy
EfficiencyEfficiency Superinsulated house is more
expensive than a conventional house, but energy savings pay back the extra cost
Strawbale houses have the additional advantage of using an annually renewable agricultural residue, thus slowing deforestation
Ways to Improve Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
Existing homes can be made more energy efficient adding insulationplugging leaksinstalling energy-saving windowswrapping water heaters installing tankless models buying energy-efficient appliances and
lights
Natural Gas or Natural Gas or ElectricityElectricity
Water heaterElectricity is produced at power plant
via gas or coal and transferred via wire to your home
Some energy is lost over the wire, …
Water HeaterWater HeaterTank
Water is heated 365/24/7
Because heat is lost through the flue and the walls of the storage tank (this is called standby heat loss), energy is consumed even when no hot water is being used.
Water HeaterWater HeaterTankless
The energy consumption of these units is generally lower since standby losses from the storage tank are eliminated.
Demand water heaters with enough capacity to meet household needs are gas- or propane-fired.
http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm
Energy Efficiency
Solar EnergySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability
Solar Energy Solar Energy Buildings can be heated
passive solar heating system active solar heating system
Solar thermal systems are new technologies that collect and transform solar energy into heat that can be used directly or converted to electricity
Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly into electricity
Suitability of Solar UsageSuitability of Solar Usage
best when more than 60% of daylight hours sunny
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Solar HeatingSolar HeatingPassive system:Absorbs & stores heat from the sun directly within a structure
Active system:Collectors absorb solar energy, a pump supplies part of a building’s heating or water heating needs.
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)
An open circuit hot water system heats the domestic water directly on the roof of the building
The water flows from the heat collector into the hot water tank to be used in the house
Integration of solar energy conservation in homes can reduce energy consumption by 75-90%.
www.iea-shc.org
www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt
Photovoltaic (Solar) CellsPhotovoltaic (Solar) Cells
Provides electricity for buildings
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Inside the PV cellInside the PV cellPV cells are
made from silicon alloys
PV module1cm by 10cm
cells36 cells
connected
www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Solar Thermal TechniquesSolar Thermal Techniques
Solar Two
www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt
HeliostatsHeliostatsHeliostats provide
concentrated sunlight to the power tower
The reflecting mirrors follow the sun along its daily trajectory
www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt
Power TowerPower Tower Sunlight from
mirrors are reflected to fixed receiver in power tower
Fluid transfers the absorbed solar heat into the power block
Used to heat a steam generator
Solar One
www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Solar-Hydrogen RevolutionSolar-Hydrogen Revolution
Splitting water can produce H2 gasIf scientists and engineers can
learn how to use forms of solar energy to decompose water cheaply, they will set in motion a solar-hydrogen revolution
Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could power vehicles and appliances
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Energy EfficiencySolar Energy
HydropowerHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability
History of Hydroelectric History of Hydroelectric
B.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago
1775 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with establishment of Chief Engineer for the Continental Army
1880 - Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo, belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps. www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
– By 1940 - 40% of electrical generation was hydropower
– Between 1921 and 1940 - conventional capacity in the U.S. tripled; almost tripled again between 1940 and 1980
– Currently - about 10% of U.S. electricity comes from hydropower.
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
History of History of Hydroelectric Hydroelectric
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
Turbine Technologies
Reactionfully immersed in fluidshape of blades produces rotation
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Tidal Power PlantTidal Power Plant
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropower
Wind PowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability
Rotary WindmillRotary Windmill
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
Vertical BladesVertical Blades
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Energy from WindEnergy from Wind Production of electricity and hydrogen
gas by wind farms is expected to increase
Western Europe currently leads in the development of wind power
Land used for wind farms also can be used for ranching or crops and most profits stay in local communitiesNorth Dakota
OptimizationOptimizationLow Torque – Rapid Speed
good for electrical generationHigh Torque – Slow Speed
good for pumping waterSmall generator
low wind speedscaptures small amount of energy
Large generatorhigh wind speedsmay not turn at low speeds
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Source: American Wind Energy Associationwww.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind Power
BiomassBiomassGeothermalSustainability
Energy from Energy from BiomassBiomass In the developing world, most people
heat homes and cook by burning wood or charcoal
Plant materials and animal wastes also can be converted into biofuels, BiogasLiquid ethanolLiquid methanol
Urban wastes can be burned in incinerators to produce electricity and heat
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Types of Types of Biomass Biomass
FuelFuel
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
ConversionProcesses
BiomassFeedstock
– Trees– Forest Residues – Grasses– Agricultural Crops– Agricultural Residues– Animal Wastes– Municipal Solid Waste
Fuels: Ethanol Renewable Diesel Methanol HydrogenElectricityHeatProducts– Plastics– Foams – Solvents– Coatings– Chemical
Intermediates– Phenolics– Adhesives– Fatty acids– Acetic Acid– Carbon black– Paints– Dyes, Pigments,
and Ink– Detergents– Etc.
BiorefineryBiorefinery
- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation- Enzymatic Fermentation- Gas/liquid Fermentation- Thermochemical Processes- Gasification/Pyrolysis- Combustion- Co-firing
www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/BESACGarman08-02-01.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomass
GeothermalGeothermalSustainability
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings and to produce electricity
Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if heat is removed faster than natural processes renew it, but the potential supply is vast
TechnologyTechnologyGeothermal Heat Pumps
shallow ground energyDirect-Use
hot water can be piped to facilitiesPower Plants
steam and hot water drive turbinesdry steam plantsflash steam plantsbinary cycle plants
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Dry Steam Power Dry Steam Power PlantsPlantsHydrotherm
al fluids are primarily steamSteam goes
directly to turbine
No fossil fuels
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Flash Steam Power Flash Steam Power PlantPlant
Fluids above 200 degrees CelsiusFluid is sprayed
into tank at lower pressure
Fluid rapidly vaporizes
Steam drives turbine
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Binary Cycle Power Binary Cycle Power PlantPlantCooler water
(below 200 degrees Celsius)Hot thermal
fluid and a second fluid pass through heat exchanger
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Heat MiningHeat MiningLast week the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology released a study concluding that heat mining could generate enough energy by 2050 to replace the coal-fired and nuclear power plants that are likely to be retired over the next several decades.
Boston Globe Gareth Cook, Globe Staff | January 29, 2007 @ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/
At present the DHM project and drilling activities are financed by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), the canton of the city of Basel, the water and energy public utilities of Basel (IWB), a power company (Elektra Basel Land), and a private foundation (G.H. Endress) http://www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_deep_heat.htm
BenefitsBenefitsClean Energy
one sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gas
very little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur compounds
Availability24 hours a day, 365 days a year
HomegrownRenewable
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Environmental Environmental EffectsEffects
Only emission is steamSalts and dissolved minerals
reinjectedSome sludge produced
Mineral extractionLittle Visual Impact
Small acreage, no fuel storage facilities
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
LocationLocationHot geothermal fluidLow mineral and gas contentShallow aquifers
Producing and reinjecting the fluidPrivate land
Simplifies permit processProximity to transmission lines
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/ rebasics_geothermal.html
FutureFutureOnly tiny fraction is
currently used Dry hot rock heated by
molten magma Drill into rock and
circulate water
www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermal
SustainabilitySustainability
Suggestions to make the transition to a moresustainable energy future.
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt