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Regional Cooperation andContinental Integration
Dr Isaac K. ArthurDepartment of Geography and Resource Development
University of Ghana, Legon
GEOG 323: Regional Geography of Africa (East Africa)
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What is regional Co-operation?
It concerned with people and organizations in
a region working together to solve common
problems and pursue common ends.
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What is regional integration?
The study of regional integration is concerned withexplaining how and why states cease to be wholly sovereign,how and why -they voluntarily mingle, merge, and mix withtheir neighbours so as to lose the factual attributes ofsovereignty while acquiring new techniques for resolving
conflict between themselves(Haas 1970 p. 610).
Regional integration is a process in which neighboring statesenter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperationthrough common institutions and rules.
Regional integration is the process by which two or morenation-states agree to co-operate and work closely together toachieve peace, stability and wealth.
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Regional cooperation and integration
Regional cooperation and integration is a
process by which national economies become
more interconnected regionally.
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The case for regional cooperation and
integration in Africa Africa's unique physical, economic and political geography poses many
challenges to economic development and management of shared
public goods.
Political borders are often not aligned with economic and naturalresources and many countries are landlocked.
National economies and populations are generally quite small, but
cover large geographic expanses with poor connective infrastructure.
Regional integration and cooperation offers the means to overcome
these obstacles and to be competitive in the global marketplace.
World Bank 2013
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Rationale for Regional Integration
Unity among countries to form economic bloc can
expand bargaining power of each component country.
Markets & production capacities of smaller countries
can achieve economies of scale.
Merging or pooling resources to support infrastructure
that crosses boundaries: rail, roads, air transport,shipping esp. for landlocked countries such as Uganda,
Mali, Burkina Faso, etc.
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Rationale for Regional Integration
Sharing of research and scientificinformation for challenges that cross
national boundaries:
Environmental management
Disease vector control
Tourism development
Housing settlements
Employment & labor force migration
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Regional Co-operation Under Colonial
Rule in East Africa Unionisation in the sub region was a topic of interest to
the colonial powers.
This was essential to facilitate the mobilisation of
resources and coordination of services over a larger areafor economic development.
The issue of consolidating and administration andrationalising the provision of infrastructure services British,East Central and Southern Africa came to the fore.
After the British assuming control over Tanganyika andZanzibar at the end of WW 1
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The first move was made towards closer union andcoordination of policy in East Africa and CentralAfrica.
There was little local support for the idea of theunion among the European settlers and the Africans
were probably not aware of the proposal.
The idea was revived in 1929 but it again metopposition from the white settlers in the region.
Northern and Southern Rhodesia and Nyasalandwere later constituted into the Central AfricanFederation.
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However, the federation was disbanded under
African attack.
The three colonies became separate states and were
renamed Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi.
A scheme for coordination of common services in
East Africa was officially accepted in 1947.
The East African High Commission and the East
African Central Assembly was created and charged
with responsibility of implementing the scheme.
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The East African Community was set up in 1948 tooperate common services in transport and
communication, administration, education, banking andcurrency systems.
In the transition of independence, the EAC wasrecognised in 1961 and called East AfricanCommunity Organisation (EACO).
The organisation handled administration of thesocial, economic and scientific services in theregion.
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The Basis of Post-Independence Integration
Uganda is land-locked and depends on transportation network
of Kenya for access to the Indian Ocean to transact
international trade.
The problems arising from the division of several ethnic
communities by the colonial boundaries which have been
inherited by the African countries would be resolved by closer
co-operation among the three states.
Common histories & related cultures
Contiguous borders
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Common means of communicating:
Swahili is a lingua franca in the region: Uganda,Kenya, Tanzania
English is a unifying language, legacy of
colonialism.
Francophone former Belgium colony, Rwanda
adopted English as language for university
instruction
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East African Economic Community The EAC was treaty was established in 1967.
The EAC is a regional intergovernmental organisation that aims to
promote regional integration through increased trade in the
region by ensuring free movement of people, goods and the
factors of production among the member states.
Coordinating role
It also sought to promote cooperation and integration among
member states in a wide variety of policy areas, including science
and technology, environment and natural resources management,
and health, social and cultural activities.
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Challenges of Integration
Political and ideological differences
Trans-boundary disputes
Competing industries The rise to power of Idi Amin, horrors
committed and the breakdown of Ugandas
economy.
Poor infrastructure
Now: Emergent terrorism
http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.ppda.go.ug/eapf2013/&ei=upZrVOnxF5D0igLpxICgBw&bvm=bv.79908130,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNGHzhQvC4JZANxfBRQaCin_73hdRg&ust=1416423467371512http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.ppda.go.ug/eapf2013/&ei=upZrVOnxF5D0igLpxICgBw&bvm=bv.79908130,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNGHzhQvC4JZANxfBRQaCin_73hdRg&ust=1416423467371512http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.ppda.go.ug/eapf2013/&ei=upZrVOnxF5D0igLpxICgBw&bvm=bv.79908130,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNGHzhQvC4JZANxfBRQaCin_73hdRg&ust=1416423467371512http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.ppda.go.ug/eapf2013/&ei=upZrVOnxF5D0igLpxICgBw&bvm=bv.79908130,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNGHzhQvC4JZANxfBRQaCin_73hdRg&ust=1416423467371512 -
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The East Africa Community Revived
Following Amins ouster, leaders of the three membercountries agreed again in 1984 to explore futurepossibilities for cooperation.
A treaty was signed in 1999 to re-establish the EAC, andthis was formally reconstituted in 000 when the treaty
went into force.
In January 2005 the EAC established a customs unionthat eliminated duties on goods traded with in the EAC.
Burundi and Rwanda joined in 2007 and also becamepart of the customs union.
Intention to form a federation.
E t Af i C it
http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.ppda.go.ug/eapf2013/&ei=upZrVOnxF5D0igLpxICgBw&bvm=bv.79908130,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNGHzhQvC4JZANxfBRQaCin_73hdRg&ust=1416423467371512http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.ppda.go.ug/eapf2013/&ei=upZrVOnxF5D0igLpxICgBw&bvm=bv.79908130,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNGHzhQvC4JZANxfBRQaCin_73hdRg&ust=1416423467371512http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.ppda.go.ug/eapf2013/&ei=upZrVOnxF5D0igLpxICgBw&bvm=bv.79908130,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNGHzhQvC4JZANxfBRQaCin_73hdRg&ust=1416423467371512http://www.google.com.gh/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://www.ppda.go.ug/eapf2013/&ei=upZrVOnxF5D0igLpxICgBw&bvm=bv.79908130,d.d2s&psig=AFQjCNGHzhQvC4JZANxfBRQaCin_73hdRg&ust=1416423467371512 -
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East Africa Community
http://www.eac.int/
Member States:
Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda
http://www.eac.int/http://www.eac.int/ -
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Organizations that promote
Regional Integration &
Cooperation
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Other Regional Organizations COMESA
Common Market for Eastern & SouthernAfrica
SADC
Southern African Development Community.Includes East African countries
ICAD (Inter-Governmental Authority forDevelopment)-regional trading bloc
consisting of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Kenya,Uganda
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Group Presentation Exercise
The role of mineral and energy resources in
East Africa.
Why is regional integration an option for
development in East Africa.