Regents Biology
Peppered moth: Evolution in actionYear % dark % light1848 5 951895 98 21995 19 81
clean air, light-colored bark
pollution, dark-colored bark
Clean Air Act, light-colored bark
industrial melanism
Regents Biology
Peppered moth Why did the population change?
early 1800s = pre-industrial England low pollution lichen on trees = light colored bark
late 1800s = industrial factories = soot coated trees killed lichen = dark colored bark
mid 1900s = pollution controls clean air laws return of lichen = light colored
bark
Regents Biology
What data from the Genome Project can tell us about evolution of humans
What data from the Genome Project can tell us about evolution of humans
Regents Biology
Chromosome Numbers in the great apes:
human (Homo) 4646chimpanzee (Pan) 48gorilla (Gorilla) 48orangutan (Pogo) 48
Chromosome Numbers in the great apes:
human (Homo) 4646chimpanzee (Pan) 48gorilla (Gorilla) 48orangutan (Pogo) 48
Change in chromosome number?Change in chromosome number? If these organisms share a common ancestor, then is there evidence in the genome for this change in chromosome number
Change in chromosome number?Change in chromosome number? If these organisms share a common ancestor, then is there evidence in the genome for this change in chromosome number
Regents Biology
Chromosome Numbers in the great apes (Hominidae):
human (Homo) 46chimpanzee (Pan) 48gorilla (Gorilla) 48orangutan (Pogo) 48
Testable prediction:Testable prediction: If common ancestor had 48 chromosomes (24 pairs) then humans carry a fused chromosome; orIf common ancestor had 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) then apes carry a split chromosome.
Centromere
Telomere
Ancestral Chromosomes
FusionHomo sapiens
Inactivated centromere
Telomere sequences
Regents Biology
“Chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage of evolution, having emerged as a result of head-to-head fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes that remained separate in other primates. The precise fusion site has been located in 2q13–2q14.1 (ref. 2; hg 16:114455823 – 114455838), where our analysis confirmed the presence of multiple subtelomeric duplications to chromosomes 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21 and 22 (Fig. 3; Supplementary Fig. 3a, region A). During the formation of human chromosome 2, one of the two centromeres became inactivated (2q21, which corresponds to the centromere from chimp chromosome 13) and the centromeric structure quickly deterioriated (42).”
“Chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage of evolution, having emerged as a result of head-to-head fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes that remained separate in other primates. The precise fusion site has been located in 2q13–2q14.1 (ref. 2; hg 16:114455823 – 114455838), where our analysis confirmed the presence of multiple subtelomeric duplications to chromosomes 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21 and 22 (Fig. 3; Supplementary Fig. 3a, region A). During the formation of human chromosome 2, one of the two centromeres became inactivated (2q21, which corresponds to the centromere from chimp chromosome 13) and the centromeric structure quickly deterioriated (42).”
Homo sapiens
Inactivated centromere
Telomere sequences
Hillier et al (2005) “Generation and Annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4,” Nature 434: 724 – 731.
Hillier et al (2005) “Generation and Annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4,” Nature 434: 724 – 731.
Human Chromosome #2 shows the exact point at which this fusion took place
Human Chromosome #2 shows the exact point at which this fusion took place
Chr 2
2006-2007 Regents Biology
Evolution is "so overwhelmingly established that it has become irrational to call it a theory."
-- Ernst Mayr What Evolution Is
2001Professor Emeritus, Evolutionary Biology
Harvard University
(1904-2005)