Refrigerators and air-conditioners with natural refrigerants –
a safe, energy efficient and climate friendly solution
Energy Efficiency and Climate
Benefits from Household Appliances
Centre for Science and Environment’s (CSE) Media Briefing Workshop
Markus Wypior
GIZ Proklima
7th November 2014, New Delhi
Introduction
CCl2F2
Ice Harvesting in Massachusetts, early 1850’s
1922 Frigidaire "iceless" refrigerator
newspaper ad.
In the late 1920’s CFC replaces
ammonia (NH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl) and
sulfur dioxide (SO2) as a refrigerant
Some Facts and Figures
� HVAC market size: approx. 100 bn USD
� HVAC sector accounts for roughly 40% of commercial building energy
consumption worldwide
� China manufactures approx. 100 mn split air-conditioning units per year
(growing at about 14% p.a. over the last 5 years)
� Sales of air-conditioner in India approx. 3.1 mn units in 2013/14
(expected to grow by 10-12 % p.a. in the next 5 years)
� AC penetration (AC per capita) approx. 30% (100 mn units)
� AC penetration (AC per capita) approx. 3% ( 40 mn units)
Methane Derivatives With Chlorine and Fluorine
CClCCl44RR--1010
CFCl3CFCl3RR--1111
CHClCHCl33RR--2020
Toxic
Reclamation Training - 27/06/2008 4
CHFClCHFCl22RR--2121
CFCF22ClCl22RR--1212
CHCH22ClCl22RR--3030
CFCF33ClClRR--1313
CHCH33ClClRR--4040
CHCH22FClFClRR--3131
CHFCHF22ClClRR--2222
CHCH44
RR--5050
CHCH33FFRR--4141
CFCF44
RR--1414
CHFCHF33RR--2323
CHCH22FF22RR--3232
Higher PressureHigher PressureMore FlammableMore Flammable
Ethane Derivatives With Chlorine and Fluorine
ToxicRegion
C2Cl6R-110
C H Cl
C2F2Cl4R-112
C F Cl
C2FCl5R-111
C2H2Cl4R-130
C2HCl5R-120
C2HFCl4R-121
Reclamation Training - 27/06/2008 5
Higher PressureHigher PressureMore FlammableMore Flammable
C2H3Cl3R-140
C2H4Cl2R-150
C2H5ClR-160
C2F3Cl3R-113
C2F4Cl2R-114
C2F5ClR-115
C2F6R-116
C2 HF5R-125
C2 H2F4R-134
C2 H3F3R-143
C2 H4F2R-152
C2 H5FR-161
C2H6R-170
C2HF3Cl2R-123
C2H3FCl2R-141
C2HF2Cl3R-122
C2H2FCl3R-131
C2H2F2Cl2R-132
C2HF4ClR-124
C2H2F3ClR-133
C2H3F2ClR-142
C2H4FClR-151
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
Development of the ‘Ozone Hole’
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2007 2008
Source : http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov – no data available for 1995
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
ODS emissions 1960 - 2020
Source:
1987: Montreal Protocol
Actual F-Gas
Emissions
1987: Montreal Protocol
Actual F-Gas
Emissions
1987: Montreal Protocol
Actual F-Gas
Emissions
1987: Montreal Protocol
Actual F-Gas
Emissions
Achievements of the Montreal Protocol
Levels of ODS in the Stratosphere:
Source : MLFS
ODS emission reductions by the MP
Ozone Depleting Potential of F-Gases (ODP)
Maximum
Minimum
Projected F-Gas Emissions (Scenario without Montreal Protocol)
Ozone Depleting Potential of F-Gases (ODP)
Maximum
Minimum
Projected F-Gas Emissions (Scenario without Montreal Protocol)
Ozone Depleting Potential of F-Gases (ODP)
Maximum
Minimum
Projected F-Gas Emissions (Scenario without Montreal Protocol)
1987: Montreal Protocol
2010:
Completion of
CFC Phase-out
Actual F-Gas
Emissions
Abated
Emissions
Source:
1987: Montreal Protocol
2010:
Completion of
CFC Phase-out
Actual F-Gas
Emissions
Abated
Emissions
1987: Montreal Protocol
2010:
Completion of
CFC Phase-out
Actual F-Gas
Emissions
Abated
Emissions
Source:Source:
ODP & GWP of selected refrigerants
Substance ODP GWP
CFC-12 1 10,900
HFC-134a 0 1,430
HC 600a
(Isobutane)0 3R
efr
ige
ratio
n
HCFC-22 0.055 1,810
HFC-32 0 675
HFC 410A 0 2,100
HC-290 (Propane) 0 3
R-744 (CO2) 0 1
R-1234yf (HFO) 0 3
Air
-co
nd
itio
nin
gM
AC
Total CO2 Emissions
Maximum
Global Warming Potential of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
Total CO2 Emissions
Maximum
Global Warming Potential of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
Total CO2 Emissions
Maximum
Global Warming Potential of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
GWP-weighted emission reductions by the MP
Projected Emissions
from ODS (Scenario
without
Montreal
Protocol)
Actual ODS
Emissions
1987: Montreal Protocol
2010: Completion of CFC Phase-out
Minimum
Abated Emissions
Magnitude of
Kyoto Protocol
Reduction Target (2012)
Source:
Projected Emissions
from ODS (Scenario
without
Montreal
Protocol)
Actual ODS
Emissions
1987: Montreal Protocol
2010: Completion of CFC Phase-out
Minimum
Abated Emissions
Magnitude of
Kyoto Protocol
Reduction Target (2012)
Projected Emissions
from ODS (Scenario
without
Montreal
Protocol)
Actual ODS
Emissions
1987: Montreal Protocol
2010: Completion of CFC Phase-out
Minimum
Abated Emissions
Magnitude of
Kyoto Protocol
Reduction Target (2012)
Magnitude of
Kyoto Protocol
Reduction Target (2012)
Source:Source:
Estimated HFC emissions till 2050
Fig A: Predicted Growth of HFCs without constraint
Fig B: HFC share of global GHG-emissions (compare HFC high vs. 450
ppm stabilization szenario –> blue dotted line)
Source: Velders, Guus J.M. et.al., 2009
http://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/
Worldwide HFC-emissions projection till 2050
25
30
35
40
2e
q
total CO2 emissions target in order to
achieve 450 ppm atmospheric
concentration levels (IPCC 3rd
Assessment Report)
0
5
10
15
20
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Gt
CO
2
2050: 43,5% of
total CO2eq
emissions2010: 1,3% of total
CO2eq emissions
Assessment Report)
HFC-emissions
CFC-, HCFC- and HFC-consumption
in developing countries: Business as Usual
1,000
1,500
Su
bsta
nce
Prognosis
2,000
3,000
CO
2eq
.
Prognosis
0
500kt
Su
bsta
nce
FCKW HFCKW HFKWCFC HCFC HFC
0
1,000
Mt
CO
FCKW HFCKW HFKWCFC HCFC HFC
Source: UNEP and own projections
Total emission reduction potential including banks
Source: UN Dept. of Public Information, 2009 Source: UN Dept. of Public Information, 2009
Ozone Layer Protection
CFCs (MP)
Funding
Sector
Ozone Layer/Climate Protection in RAC and Foam Sectors
Controlled
SubstancesLang-term
Alternatives
Non - Market
HCFCs (MP)
Ind
ire
ct
E
mis
sio
ns D
ire
ct
Only ~20% of all
Cost efficient conversions to
„substances in kind) MontrealMontreal
Production
Climate Change
HFCs (KP)
End-user
(only KP)
Natural Gases
Energy efficiency CO2 (KP)
Market based
CDM
Ind
ire
ct
E
mis
sio
ns D
ire
ct
projects will avoid
2nd conversions
UNFCCC
/Kyoto
UNFCCC
/Kyoto
Production
(MP & KP)
So what can we do?So what can we do?
Types of refrigerants
CFC HCFC PFC HFE AmmoniaCarbon
dioxideHydrocarbonEthers
Fluorinated Non-fluorinated
Refrigerants
“natural” synthetic
HFC
un-
saturated
HFC
saturated
HFC
un-
saturated
HC
saturated
HC
R11
R12
R13
R113
R114
R115
R22
R123
R124
R142b
R318
R218
R1234yf
R1234ze
R1243zf
R161
R32
R125
R134a
R143a
R152a
RE245cb R717R744R1270
R1150
R170
R290
R600
R600a
R601
R601a
RE170
un-
saturated
HCFC
saturated
HCFC
R1233zd
R1233xf
Medium to low GWP alternativesMedium to low GWP alternatives
blends
6000
8000
GW
P (
kgC
O2eq
/kg)
HCFC-22
HFC-134a
HFC-32
Important to consider Important to consider
shortershorter--term warming term warming
impact of refrigerants (as impact of refrigerants (as
well as 100well as 100--year GWP)year GWP)
Source:
Data from
Overall global warming implications
0
2000
4000
1 10 100
Time horizon (y)
GW
P (
kgC
O2eq
/kg)
HC-290
HFC-152a
Data from
IPCC AR4
HC-290, HC-
1270, R744, R717, HFC-
1234yf, HFC-1234ze
120
140
160
Nu
mb
er
of
Reco
rds*
R-32
R-290
R-410A
HFO-1234ze and yf
HFO-1234ze or yf with R32 mixtures
Critical to be wise to the IPR implications
98
25 24
73 64
54
8 7
4644
36
7 4
2924
17
17
15
19
19
11
14
14
13
0
50
100
150
200
250
records patents active patents
applications active applications
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nu
mb
er
of
Reco
rds*
R-32 R-290 HFOs R-410A HFOs-R32
Total Records 977 170 198 179 25
Greenfreeze case study
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2006/3/greenfreeze-from-snowball-to.pdf
Global dissemination of Greenfreeze
https://www.greenpeace.de/themen/klimawandel/klimaschutz/der-greenfreeze-geschichte-eines-siegeszugs-0
Success of Greenfreeze
technology diffusion in China
o 1995: Company Quingdao
Haier introduced
Greenfreeze Technology,
supported by GIZ
o 1997: Company Kelon
changed its production to 50%
60%
70%
80%
% o
f P
rod
ucti
on
usin
g G
reen
freeze
Greenfreeze Technology Diffusion in Chinese Refrigerator and Freezer
Production
changed its production to
Greenfreeze
o 2008: 75% of Chinese
production uses Greenfreeze
Technology
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
1995 2003 2008
% o
f P
rod
ucti
on
usin
g G
reen
freeze
We did it 20 years ago. We did it 20 years ago.
Can we do it again?
07.11.201
Demo Projects in China and India
Target Group: Air-conditioner manufacturer, industry associationstechnical institutes; technical committees of international environmental agreements
Production capacity: approx. 100,000 units p.a. in China
Production capacity: approx. 180,000 units p.a. in India
07.11.201
Production capacity: approx. 180,000 units p.a. in India
Project elements: (1) Optimization of technical design(2) Installation of new production equipment(3) Pilot production(4) Training of service technicians
HC-290: Safety Considerations
� Lower explosion limit (LEL): 2.1% approx. 39 g/m³
� Upper explosion limit (UEL): 9.5% approx. 177 g/m³
� Minimum ignition temperature: 470 degr. C
� Safety Classification: A3
� Human occupied space (Max charge) - EN 378 : 1.5 kg
� Min room area - EN 378: 57 m2/kg of HC-290
07.11.201Plant inauguration on 31.03.2012
07.11.201
07.11.201
To date approx. 100,000 units sold in the market.
07.11.201
India Project
1.0 Ton unit
Refrigerant HC-290
Refrigerant charge ca. 300 g
Capacity 3375 W
Power Input 912 W
EER 3.7
07.11.201
1.5 Ton unit
Refrigerant HC-290
Refrigerant charge Ca. 360 g
Capacity 4900 W
Power Input 1325 W
EER 3.7
EER 3.7
China Project
07.11.201
China Project
07.11.201
China Project
07.11.201
China Project
07.11.201
Final Remarks� China HPMP includes conversion of 18 out of 32 production lines to HC-290 till 2015
(will lead to the introduction of millions of HC-290 ACs in the market)
� So far about 100,000 HC-290 split ACs introduced in India
� Service history, feedback, quality database and safety analysis implies high success
� General, use of HCs
— Impose new responsibilities on manufacturers for safe production practices
— Requires additions and changes to the existing production processes
— Products must be designed for safety, capacity and efficiency
— Infrastructure must be established to ensure safe environment
— Re-training of technicians must be concurrent with development processes
— Flammability risk is extremely low; >10,000 times below background fire risk
— Risk to S&M technicians also miniscule
� Compared to competing products, HC-290 has lower TEWI, low- to medium cost (per
kW) and higher efficiency
� Activities are ongoing to expand the range of products
� Developments include designs for greater integrated safety to further reduce the
flammability risk
Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attentionThank you for your attentionThank you for your attention