![Page 1: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Refractories
©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul
Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College, The Robitics Institute-
Carnegie Melon, Tasaclips.com, Webmineral.com, gc.maricopa.edu, rocks-rock.com, Cochise Community College, mii.org, USGS
![Page 2: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What Are Refractories
• Linings put in equipment to withstand high temperatures– Many devices are made of metal– But the temperatures inside the vessels would melt
the metal– They must be lined with something that takes a lot of
heat without breaking up or melting
• Base brick ingredient in clay– Flint clays or Kaolin with fusion temp over 425C
• Low alkali content helps with temp resistance
![Page 3: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Alumina Refractories
• Alumina refractories hold shape at higher pressure and take more heat.– Mix incorporates
• Bauxite• Kyanite• Sillimanite• Andalusite
– Raw materials are calcined at high temperature– Action forms mixtures of silica and mullite glass– Glass is ground and dry pressed into form of bricks
![Page 4: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bauxite
gibbsite, Al(OH)3 boehmite, AlO(OH) diaspore, AlO(OH)
Really a combination of oxides andHydroxides
S.G. 2-2.5Hardness 1-3
![Page 5: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Kyanite
Al2SiO5
S.G. 3.61Hardness 4-7Streak - White
![Page 6: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sillimanite
Same composition-Different crystal form thanKyanite
![Page 7: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Andalusite
Same composition asKyanite and SillimaniteDifferent crystal structure.
![Page 8: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What Are Alumina Refractory Raw Materials Worth
Record is forKyanite
About $240/ton
![Page 9: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Magnesia Refractories
• They are not easily eaten by molten slags• Raw materials
– Magnesite– Brucite– Dolomite– Olivine– Serpentine (with extra step)
• Calcine them to make MgO magnesia– Can be used as a chemical but– Fired to Perclase makes a very resistant refractory
![Page 10: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Magnesite
MgCO3
S.G. 3-3.3Hardness 3.5-4
![Page 11: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Brucite
Mg(OH)2
S.G. 2.39Hardness 2.5-3
![Page 12: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dolomite
CaMg(CO3)2
S.G. 2.84Hardness 3.5-4
Limestone with a partial replacement ofCalcium with magnesium.
![Page 13: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Olivine
Peridot(gem qualityOlivine)
Forsterite = Mg2SiO4
Olivine (Chrysolite) = (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Fayalite = Fe2SiO4
Olivine is a solid solution with variable amountsOf iron and magnesiumS.G. 3.2 – 4.2Hardness 6.5-7
![Page 14: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Serpentine
((Mg, Fe) 3Si 2O 5(OH)4)Hydrous magnesium iron silicateOne mineral variation is AsbestosS.G. 2.59Hardness 2.5-3
![Page 15: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Value of Magnesia (MgO)
Around$500/$600/ton
(this price doesRequireProcessing ofThe raw material)
![Page 16: Refractories ©2009 Dr. B. C. Paul Credit is given to “Industrial Minerals” (SME), Geology.com, Yuprocks.com, Geology.about.com, Glendale Community College,](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649d925503460f94a78f5b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Other Refractories
• Zircon based– Fine ground pressed into bricks often used in
borosilicate glass manufacture
• Zirconia– Ultra high melting point 2710 C
• Artificial minerals – Silicon Carbide (also an abrasive)– Made from coke (a carbon source) and sand (a silicon
source) with sawdust and salt– Cook the mix at about 2200 C– Refractory very good at resisting oxidation