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Reflections on Choice• Survey of Canadians in mid 80’s
– which of the following factors inhibits your participation in recreational activities
• ILL HEALTH, FAMILY TIES, FINANCIAL COST, LACK OF AVAILABLE FACILITIES, LACK OF A CAR, LACK OF TIME, OLD AGE, OTHER
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%
• Lack of Time 52
• Financial Cost 17
• Ill Health & Old Age 11
• Family Ties 11
• Lack of Available Facilities 9
• Lack of a Car 5
• Lack of Equipment 4
• Misc 9
• Don’t Know 4
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Conclusion
• Major factors in hindering participation in recreational activity are not physical
• Rather they are socio-cultural in nature
– also an indication that there are a great number of demands on our discretionary time - hence recreational participation will take up a small % of our time
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ASSUMPTION OF BENEFIT
• Further assumptions that if planners or managers provide opportunities they will be beneficial to the society
• Some on the edge
– gambling as an example
• dependent on culture and timing
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STATE OF MIND
• AVEDON
– Recreation: A personal sensation of well-being experienced in the process of anticipating, recalling, or engaging in any activity
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STATE OF MIND
• PIEPER
– Leisure is a mental and spiritual attitude, not the inevitable result of spare time, a holiday, a weekend or a vacation. It is, in the first place an attitude of the mind, a condition of the soul.
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STATE OF MIND
• GRAY AND GREBEN
– Recreation is an emotional condition within an individual human being that flows from a feeling of well being and self satisfaction. It reinforces a positive self-image.
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STATE OF MIND
• DICTIONARY OF SOCIOLOGY - 1944
– Recreation has its own immediate appeal and is not impelled by a delayed reward beyond itself
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SUMMARY
1 Recreation is in the eyes of the participant
2 Feeling of well being/attitude of uplift
3 Satisfaction from an individual standpoint
4 Immediate gratification
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• This area - psychological, behavioural motivations - is one of the least researched by geographers.
• Reflected by various writers such as WALL - recreational research is about do-able things.– Study things that can be measured
• Not an accurate picture of a system that is very dependent on attitudes and feeling
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CONSISTENCY?
• Recreation then is highly individually oriented - possibility of conflicts?
• Do we always have feelings of gratification from recreational activity?
• Can gratification be delayed so that future enjoyment is enhanced?
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WHY INVESTIGATE?
• Definite reasons why we become concerned with the concepts of recreation and leisure
1 Leisure time has increased in our society for each individual• with the exception of this decade we assume
that this long term trend should continue
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INDUSTRIAL WORKWEEK SINCE 1850
• Late 1800’s– 6 days work - 12 to 14 hrs per day– work week 78 hrs– weekly free time - 13 hrs
• Early 1900’s– 6 days work - 10 hrs per day– work week 60 hrs– weekly free time - 31 hrs
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INDUSTRIAL WORKWEEK SINCE 1850
• 1920’s– 5 1/2 days work - 9 hrs per day– work week 50 hrs– weekly free time - 41 hrs
• 1950’s– 5 days work - 8 hrs per day– work week 40 hrs– weekly free time - 51 hrs
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INDUSTRIAL WORKWEEK SINCE 1850
• 1980’s to present– 5 days work - 7 hrs per day– work week 35 hrs– weekly free time - 56 hrs
• Note: this is “in official notice” and assuming 8 hrs sleep and 3 hrs essential activities each day– increase in free time since 1850
• 331 %
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• With these assumptions - Leisure time assumes about 33 to 40 % of an individuals time
• If leisure time increases then so should recreation time
• as this is an activity then corresponding expenditures will increase– equipment costs, fees, travel, development, and so on
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• Leisure is also seen as an important social force that shapes and individuals attitude toward life.
• It is seen as an opportunity or challenge for an individual
• Association with the constructive use of free or discretionary time