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REDISTRICTING BOOTCAMP:LAYING THE GROUNDWORK
Presented May 5, 2011
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank State Representative ArthurTurner, Jr., State Representative La Shawn Ford andCommissioner Robert Steele for lending their
support to this non-partisan event. We thank Toni Pitchford, Nikol Miller and Steve
Laue of the US Census Bureau for their technicalassistance.
We also thank the Tutor Mentor Connection forallowing us to use their maps.
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Partners
Lawndale Alliance
Illinois Campaign for Accountable Redistricting (ICAR)
Independent Voters of Illinois-Independent Precinct
Organization (IVI-IPO)
Open Door Foundation
Empowered Citizens of North Lawndale (ECONL)
The United Congress of Community and ReligiousOrganizations
North Lawndale Community News
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Planning Committee
Richard Barnett
Melva Brownlee
Michael Evers
Millie Goldsmith Bruce Jackson
Mickey Johnson
Jimmy Lee Lard Valerie F. Leonard
Isaac Lewis
Fred Mitchell
Gene Moreno
Josina Morita
Aviva Patt Sondra Spellman
Dwayne Truss
Jeffery Turner Jocelyn Woodards
Gladys Woodson
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Presented by Jimmy Lee Lard
The What, Why, When, Who, and How
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What is Redistricting?
Redistricting is the process of redefining the political
geographic boundaries including representative
districts, senate districts, and congressional districts.
The State of Illinois Constitution gives the GeneralAssembly the responsibility for redrawing
legislative boundaries every ten years after the
release of the decennial Census.
Source: Illinois Redistricting Website
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Apportionment
"Apportionment" is the process of dividing the 435memberships, or seats, in the House of Representativesamong the 50 states based on the population figurescollected during the decennial census. There are 435
seats in the House of Representatives. The State of Illinois has 19 representatives and will lose
a seat Although the States population has grown 3% since the last
Census, other states in the Southwest have grown at much
faster rates
Source: Census.gov
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Apportionment
On the state level, most states maintain a fixed number oflegislators, but some let the size of the legislature grow orshrink as the population grows or shrinks Illinois has 118 seats in the House of Representatives and 59
Senators
Each Illinois Senate District is nested, meaning they arecomprised of 2 Representative Districts
Each district must have equal population.
Reapportionment, then, is the process every ten years ofdeciding, based on population, how many representatives astate will receive. This also happens on the state and locallevels.
Source: Brennan Center for Justice
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When is redistricting done?
Redistricting is done every 10 years, after the decennial Census In March of years ending in 0 (1980, 1990, 2000, etc.),the Census Bureau
sends out questionnaires and census workers to count the population, andcompiles basic demographic data like gender, age, and race.
Citizenship is not taken into account
By December 31st of years ending in 0, the Census Bureau sendspopulation counts to the President.
The President, in turn, passes the population figures along to Congress,along with a calculation of how many federal Congressmembers areapportioned to each state, using a formula set by federal statute.
Within one year of the federal Census, the Census Bureau also sendspopulation data to the states.This information includes population counts byage and race, down to individual blocks.
Source: Brennan Center for Justice
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Who Draws the Lines?
In Illinois, the StateLegislature draws thelines, if a plan may bedrawn and approved byJune 30th .
If there is no agreement,then the processcontinues as outlined onthe following timeline.
Source: ildcca.org
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Redistricting Timeline
December 21, 2010 State Populations and congressional apportionment delivered to President
Obama. Illinois loses one of its 19 Congressional Districts.
January 12, 2011 Inauguration of 97th General Assembly
June 30, 2011 If no redistricting plan becomes effective by this date, a Legislative
Redistricting Commission shall be constituted.
July 10, 2011 Deadline for formation of Redistricting Commission. The Commission shallconsist of eight members, no more than four of whom shall be members of
the same political party.
August 10, 2011 Deadline for Redistricting Commission to file an approved plan with the
Secretary of State approved by at least five members.
September 1, 2011 If the Redistricting Commission fails to file an approved plan, the Supreme
Court shall submit the names of two persons, not of the same political party,to the Secretary of State no later than this date.
September 5, 2011 No later than this date the Secretary of State shall draw by random
selection the name of one of the two persons to serve as the ninth member
of the Commission.
October 5, 2011 Last day for Redistricting Commission to file a redistricting plan with the
Secretary of State approved by at least five members.
Source: Illinois Redistricting Website
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Why does redistricting matter?
Allows politicians to choose their voters, rather than
have voters choose them
May be used to eliminate incumbents, or
consolidate their power May be used to eliminate challengers
Example: After Barack Obama won 30% of the vote
against Congressman Bobby Rush, the district was re-drawn to eliminate Barack Obamas house
Source: Brennan Center for Justice
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Why You Should Care About Redistricting
May be used to pack partisans
Draw districts in such a way as to get as many people
as possible in a district who are most likely to vote a
certain way Split communities
Divide communities among several representative
districts such that they never gain power
Dilute the minority vote
Source: Brennan Center for Justice
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How are the lines drawn?
States have a number of options to start the process
By evaluating current districts
By drawing around minority communities to ensure
compliance with Voting Rights Acts Start at northeast corner and work to the southwest
Start at southeast corner and work to northwest
Start at center and branch outwards
Transparency Allowing the public to understand the process and
provide input into how and where the lines are drawn
Source: Brennan Center for Justice
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Presented by Valerie F. Leonard
Legal Considerations
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14th Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution:
The U.S. Constitution provision that includes the
Equal Protection Clause, which prohibits the states
from denying persons equal protection of the law.The Equal Protection Clause is the primary basis of
the one-person, one-vote principle.
Source: Illinois Redistricting Website
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15th Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the
United States Constitution prohibits each
government in the United States from denying a
citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race,color, or previous condition of servitude" (i.e.,
slavery).
Ratified on February 3, 1870.
Source: Wikipedia
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
Based on the 15th Amendment
Prohibits states from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite tovoting, or standard, practice, or procedure ... to deny or abridge the rightof any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color. Congress intended the Act to outlaw the practice of requiring otherwise
qualified voters to pass literacy in order to register to vote, a principal meansby which Southern states had prevented African-Americans from exercising thefranchise.
Established extensive federal oversight of elections administration,providing that states with a history of discriminatory voting practices (so-called covered jurisdictions) could not implement any change affectingvoting without first obtaining the approval of the Department of Justice, a
process known as pre-clearance. The Act has been renewed and amended by Congress four times, the most
recent being a 25-year extension signed into law by President George W.Bush in 2006.
Source: Wikipedia
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Illinois Voting Rights Act of 2011
Legislative Districts and Representative Districts must bedrawn to create majority-minority districts, crossoverdistricts, coalition districts, or influence districts
Provides definitions for the new districts.
The Voting Rights Act of Illinois cannot override anyprovision in the US Constitution or Illinois Constitution
Any violations of the Act will lead to the creation of a
new redistricting plan that will correct the violation. Creates the Redistricting Transparency and Public
Participation Act.
Source: ilga.gov
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New Districts Defined by the Illinois
Voting Rights Act of 2011
Coalition district: A district where more than one group ofracial minorities or language minorities may form a coalitionto elect the candidate of the coalitions choice.
Crossover district: A district where a racial minority or
language minority constitutes less than a majority of thevoting-age population but where this minority, at leastpotentially, is large enough to elect the candidate of itschoice with help from voters who are members of themajority and who cross over to support the minorityspreferred candidate.
Influence district: A district where a racial minority orlanguage minority can influence the outcome of an electioneven if its preferred candidate cannot be elected.
Source: Illinois Redistricting Website
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Illinois Redistricting Transparency
and Public Participation Act
Senate and House of Representatives must each establish acommittee to consider proposals to redistrict the Legislative Districtsor Representative Districts, as applicable After every decennial Census
They have the option of creating a Joint Committee
Each committee or joint committee must conduct at least 4 publichearings statewide to receive testimony and inform the public on theapplicable existing Districts
All hearings must be open to the public.
The Chairperson of each committee or the Co-Chairpersons of a
joint committee, as applicable, must provide a minimum of 6 daysnotice before any proposed hearing,with the Secretary of theSenate, Clerk of the House, or both, as applicable.
Source: ilga.gov
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Guidelines to Drawing District
Boundaries in Illinois
Districts must be compact when practical
Districts must have equal population
Districts must be contiguous
Districts must not be drawn in ways that violate
state and federal voting rights laws
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Presenter: Aviva Patt
The Real Deal: Case Studies
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The Project
The Players
Objectives
The Map
The Suit
Case Study:1980 Remap
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Examples from Illinois, Cook County and Chicago
Gerrymandering Lessons from Home
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What is gerrymandering?
Gerrymandering is a practice of political corruption thatattempts to establish a political advantage for a particularparty or group by manipulating geographic boundaries tocreate partisan, incumbent-protected, and neutral districts. Used to achieve desired electoral results for a particular party,
or may be used to help or hinder a particular group ofconstituents, such as a political, racial, linguistic, religious or classgroup.
Gerrymandering may be used for positive or negative purposes Negative Use: To give a party or group of constituents
disproportionate power Positive use: in US federal voting district boundaries that produce a
proportion of constituencies with an African-American or otherminority in the majority (these are thus called "minority-majoritydistricts").
Source: Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_(politics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority-majority_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority-majority_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority-majority_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority-majority_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority-majority_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority-majority_districtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_(politics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption -
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The History of Gerrymandering The Original Gerry-Mander
First printed in March 1812, this political
cartoon was drawn in reaction to the state
senate electoral districts drawn by the
Massachusetts legislature to favour the
Democratic-Republican Party candidates of
Governor Elbridge Gerry over the
Federalists. The caricature satirises the
bizarre shape of a district in Essex County,
Massachusetts as a dragon. Federalist
newspapers editors and others at the timelikened the district shape to a salamander,
and the word gerrymanderwas a blend of
that word and Governor Gerry's last name.
Source: Wikipedia
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Packing and Cracking
The two aims of gerrymandering are to
maximize the effect of supporters' votes and to
minimize the effect of opponents' votes.
Packing-Concentrates as many voters of one typeinto a single electoral district to reduce theirinfluence in other districts.
Cracking-spreads out voters of a particular type
among many districts in order to deny them asufficiently large voting bloc in any particular
district.
Source: Wikipedia
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Congressional District 4
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL04_109.gif
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Congressional District 15
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL-15_congressional_district.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL-15_congressional_district.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL-15_congressional_district.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL-15_congressional_district.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL-15_congressional_district.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/IL-15_congressional_district.gif -
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Congressional District 17
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL17_109.gif
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Cook County Districts
Source: Cook County Clerk
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City of Chicago Ward Map
Source: http://thesixthward.blogspot.com
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Further Information
Questions regarding this presentation and ways you
may get involved may be addressed to
Valerie F. LeonardCo-Founder
Lawndale Alliance
773-521-3137
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]