Download - Radiation Protection Course
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Radiation Protection Course
Radiation Protection Service
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Radiation Protection Course
Background Physics
Michael Watt
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Contents
• Atomic Structure
• Types of Radiation
• Attenuation & Shielding
• Activity & Half Life
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Nucleus
Electrons
-ve charge
Atomic Structure 1
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Atomic Structure 2
Proton +ve
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Neutrons
Atomic Structure 3
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Carbon 12
C12
6
Atomic Number - No. protons
Atomic Mass -no. protons and neutrons
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Carbon 12
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Definition of Isotope
Atom protons fixed – number of neutrons can vary to form different isotopes.
Example carbon has 2 stable isotopes 126C, 13
6C
To be stable number of N and P must be about equal
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Stability Curve
p=nNo..ofProtons
No. of Neutrons
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Definition of Radioactive Isotope
This occurs when the ratio of Neutrons to protons is too great or too small, and the atom
spontaneously attempts to become stable
Example carbon has five radioactive isotopes
C-10, C-11, C-14, C-15, C-16
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Carbon 14
C14
6
Atomic Number - No. protons
Atomic Mass -no. protons and neutrons
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Ion
• An atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons
• An ion will have a positive or negative electrical charge
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Ionisation
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Types of ionising radiation
-VE or +VE
Alpha(2n+2p)
Smoke detectors
Beta(electron or positron)
Biological work
Gamma &
X-ray(electromagnetic radiation)
Some biological work (I-125) and Medical imaging
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Sources of Ionising Radiation
Alpha Americium 241 (& γ)
Radon 222
Polonium 210
Beta Tritium (Hydrogen-3)
Carbon-14
Sulphur-35
Phosphorus-32/33
Gamma Iodine-125
Cobalt-60 (& β)
Fluorine-18
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X-Rays
Produced by accelerating electrons from a cathode onto an anode inside an evacuated glass tube. Less than 1 % of energy converted to x- rays, rest to heat.
X-rays have the same physical properties as gamma photons.
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Energy of Ionising radiation
The energy of Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiations is measured in ELECTRON VOLTS eV, normally keV and MeV
1eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
Higher energy = more penetrating (for a given type of radiation)
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Alpha Americium 241 (& γ) 5.4 MeV
Beta Tritium (Hydrogen-3)
Carbon-14
Sulphur-35
Phosphorus-32
Phosphorus-33
18.6 keV
157 keV
167 keV
1710 keV
250 keV
Gamma Iodine-125
Cobalt-60
Fluorine-18
36 keV
1.17 MeV & 1.33 MeV
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Shielding Materials
• Alpha particles – Paper, dead layer of skin
• Beta particles – 1 cm perspex or tissue
• Gamma Photons – dense material such as lead or DU
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ActivityNew UnitBecquerel
1 disintegration per second.
Old UnitCurie
Based on number of disintegrations from 1 g of radium-226. 3.7 x 1010 dps.
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Specific Activity
Measure of the activity per unit mass or volume
Bq/g or Bq/ml
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Half Life ( T1/2 )
1 half life
1 half life
1 half life
Time
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Half Life
• Fluorine-18 110 min• Phosphorus-32 14.3 d• Phosphorus-33 25.6 d• Iodine-125 59.9 d• Sulphur-35 87.5 d• Cobalt-60 5.3 y• Tritium (Hydrogen-3) 12.3 y• Carbon-14 5730 y
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Radiation Dose
Gray (Gy) – absorbed dose.
Defined as 1 Joule of energy absorbed per kilogramme of material.
Sievert (Sv)– Unit of equivalent dose and effective dose
100 rad = 1 Gray ( 100 rem = 1 Sv)
1mrad = 10 µGray ( 1 mrem = 10 µSv)
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Next…
• Short video: – Working Safely with Radioactivity