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Punctuation
Terresa Fontana, BSEd.,
MAEd.
High School English
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Road S
igns
in
Wri
ting
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End M
ark
sPeriodQuestion MarkExclamation Point
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Period Declarative Sentence Gives a statement Imperative Sentence
Makes a command
End M
ark
s
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Write a declarative sentence.
Write an imperative sentence.
End M
ark
s
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Period Indirect Question Mentions asking someone
else a ?
Polite Request Command disguised as a
question
Abbreviations Organizations that are not
well-known
End M
ark
s
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Give an example of an
indirect question.
Give an example of a polite
request disguised as a
question.
Name an organization
whose abbreviations should
have periods.
End M
ark
s
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Question Mark Interrogative Sentence Asks a question
Write an interrogative
sentence.
End M
ark
s
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Exclamation Point Exclamatory Sentence Surprise, fear, excitement
Strong command (imperative)
Write two exclamatory
sentences.End M
ark
s
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Com
mas
• To join independent clauses (one comma)• WITH coordinating
conjunctions• and• but• or• nor• for• so• yet
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Com
mas
Add commas as needed to the
following sentences.1) We are going to the mall
but we can’t watch a
movie.
2) I have to study so I can’t go
to the party.3) I am thirsty for I have been
talking too much.4) I study yet I don’t understand.
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Com
mas
• To show words omitted (one comma)• Separate 3+ items• words• phrases• clauses
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Com
mas
Add commas and delete words as
needed in the following sentences.1) I have homework in English
and Biology and Algebra and
History.2) I love to go shopping and to
eat pizza and to ride my
motorcycle to school.3) Mom said that we have to
buy school supplies then I
have to do my homework and
then I can go online to chat
with my friends.
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Com
mas
• Between 2+ coordinate adjectives
before a noun (one comma)• coordinate = similarhappy, jolly elfcold, dark nightdamp, dank basement
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Com
mas
Add commas only between coordinate adjectives in the following phrases.steel gray pipenarrow winding road
long tedious practicebrown-haired blue-eyed child
two oversized blueberry
muffins
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Com
mas
• To avoid misreading (one comma)
Before we ate my brother John
prayed.
Let’s eat Grandma.
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Com
mas
• To set off non-essential
elements (pair of commas)
• Non-essential• If removed, sentence makes
sense• Just gives extra info• If first/last in sentence, only
one comma used (no pair)• Appositive (AP) = noun follows
noun = explain/identify• Short = usually essential
• Participial phrases• Adjective clauses• Adverb clauses
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Com
mas
Mrs. Fontana, my English
teacher, has two children. (AP
Phrase)
My son Steffan teaches
TaeKwonDo. (Essential AP)The boys, having finished their
homework, went outside to play.
(Part. Phrase)After I ran to the car, I
realized I had forgotten
my keys. (Adverb Clause)
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Com
mas
• After a direct address• Person spoken to in
sentence• After interjection @ beginning of sentence• well, yes, no, etc.
• To set off parenthetical
expressions• in fact, indeed, I think,• however, of course, etc.
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Com
mas
Add commas as needed to the following
sentences.1) Sara please set the table.
2) My sisters Carrie Sue and Maggie will be here for
dinner.
3) I do indeed need to finish my homework.
4) Of course if you don’t study you’ll probably fail.
5) If you eat at Chili’s be sure to order the chips and
salsa.
6) You’re doing fine Michael.7) My daughter Morgan graduated last year.
8) Yes I do believe Jesus is my Savior.
9) Please Marcus read on page 9 of your book.
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Com
mas
• After introductory phrases/clauses • Only if NOT used as the
subjectExercising regularly is good
for your health.Exercising regularly, I
improved my health.
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Com
mas
• Separate parts of addresses /
dates in a sentenceMarch 1994 = NO comma
March 23, 1994 = one comma
On March 23, 1994, Morgan was born.
= 2 commas!
• No comma btwn state + zip
codeEugene, Oregon 97404
• If no zip code, one comma
after the stateEugene, Oregon, is a nice town.
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Com
mas
• After salutation (friendly letter)
Dear John,
With love,
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Sem
icolo
n
• Between IND clauses
(that don’t have a comma + coord conj)• With coordinating conj• Commas within clauses
• Long clauses• With transitions
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Sem
icolo
n
• Between items in a series that includes commasExample:I have visited Atlanta,
Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; and Jackson, Mississippi.
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Colo
n
•Before listed items• Esp after “follows” / “following”• NOT before direct
object, indirect object, or object of preposition
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Colo
n
• Before formally announced quotation
• Between IND clauses• When 2nd explains 1st
• Between chapter/verse
(Bible)• Between hour/minute• After salutation (business)
Dear Sirs:To Whom it May Concern:
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Dash
•After a series / before a statement (opposite of colon)• To show stutter /
break in speech• To show emphatic parenthetical element
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Pare
nth
ese
s•Brief confirming information•Confidential comments to reader
• Explanatory info (for clarity)
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Bra
ckets• Editorial comments•As parentheses within parentheses
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Quota
tion
Mark
s•Direct quotations (exact words of speaker)• Capitalize 1st word of
DQ• If interrupted, don’t capitalize 2nd part
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Quota
tion
Mark
s
•Direct quotations (exact words of speaker)• Set off by punctuation• , or . = inside = .” or ,”• ; or : = outside = ”; or ”:
• ! or ? = depends• DQ = inside = !” or ?”• Not DQ = outside = ”! Or
”?• @ Begin 1st sentence /
end last sentence
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Quota
tion
Mark
s
•New quotations for each new speaker• Titles of short works• Poems• Stories• Songs• Chapters• Articles• Single ‘quotation marks’ =
quote within a quote
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Italic
s
• Titles of BIG works / things
• Books• Magazines• Newspapers• Plays• Art• Paintings• Sculptures• Long musical compositions
• Trains• Ships• Submarines• Air/Spacecraft
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Italic
s
• Words, letters, numbers =
referred to as such• A’s• 3’s • the words affect and effect
• Foreign words/phrases (not
common in English)• NOT proper names
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Hyp
hens
• Divide word at end of line
• Compound numbers
(twenty-one to ninety-nine)
• Fractions as adjectives• Two-thirds majority• NOT two thirds of the class
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Apost
rophe
• Possessive case = Noun
• = ‘s or s’• NEVER with plural nouns
• Joint possession• Last word = ‘s• Tom and Sue’s dog• Tom’s and Sue’s cars
• Possessive case = indefinite pronouns• anybody’s• someone’s
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Apost
rophe
• Show letters / #s omitted• don’t• you’re• ’90s• Pluralize letters/#s/signs/
words referred to as words• +’s -’s
and’s but’s
• NOT for years = 1990s
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Road S
igns
in
Wri
ting
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Punctuation
Terresa Fontana, BSEd.,
MAEd.
Kearny Christian Academy