Download - Psikologi Anak2 Dan Remaja
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SGDY 3023PSIKOLOGIkANaK-KanAKDANREMAJA
Lecturers Name: Dr. Fauziah Abdul Rahim
0.95 BSKP [email protected]
Hope youll learn, have fun and do well in this course!!!
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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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Some rules to remember
Everyone has the:- capability to think and learn
obligation to respect ones own and others
intellectual opinion
opportunity to learn from their mistakes
responsibilities to help others if they needhelp
right on themselves to be committed and dowell in whatever that they do and learn
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Perspektif perkembangan life
span Paul Baltes (1987)Perkembangan satu proses yg memberi kesan sepanjang hayat
Berlaku pelbagai arah
Melibatkan gain and loss
Melibatkan ciri kekenjalan plasticity Dibentuk/pengaruhi oleh konteks sosio-budaya
Dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor Wachs (2000) school shootings gene for agression,
permissive parenting, the availability of guns or too much
violence in the media Untuk memahami perkembangan kita perlu
pelbagai disiplin
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Apa perbezaannya
Pertumbuhan
Kuantitatif- boleh
diukur
cth: berat badan,
tinggi
pertumbuhan umum
dan khusus
Perkembangan
Kualitatif- tidak boleh
diukur
cth: pemikiran,
perasaan
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What is the difference between growth
and development?
Growth
Physical growth asphysical changes thatoccur from conceptionto maturity
Development
Systematic continuities and changes inthe individual that occur betweenconception and death
Include psychological, physical,emotional, social and intellectual (+spiritual)
Maturation and learning processinvolved in development
Maturation- developmental changes inthe body or behaviour that result fromthe aging process rather than fromlearning, injury, illness, or other lifeexperiences influenced by heredity
Learning-a relatively permanentchange in behaviour (or behaviouralpotential) that results from onesexperiences or practice
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Perkembangan/development
Perubahan yg berlaku pd manusia
daripada percambahan hingga lahir
fizikal
personaliti
sosial
kognitif
kematangan
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What is Developmental Psychology (DP)?
Shaffer (2002:p.2)
A branch of psychology devoted to
identifying and explaining the
continuities and changes that
individuals display over time
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What is Developmental Psychology (DP)?
Cook and Cook (2005)
Physical development
Cognitive development Social development
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What is Developmental Psychology (DP)?
Woolfolk (1998) development
Refers to certain changes that occurbetween conception and death
changes that remain for a reasonablylong period
Physical
Personal Social
cognitive
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General Principles of
development
People develop at different rates
Individual differences
Development is relatively orderly
E.g people learn to sit before they walk,
babble before they talk
Development takes place gradually
Does not occur over night- any change is
likely to take time
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Prinsip perkembangan
pertumbuhan berlaku pd kadar berbeza
(perbezaan individu)
kadar perkembangan mengikut susunan
yg umum (cth: merangkak & berdiri
sebelum berjalan)
perkembangan berlaku secara
mendadak & juga perlahan
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Prinsip perkembangan
Berlaku dgn interaksi baka danpersekitaran
kadar perkembangan boleh diterangkan
dalam bentuk tahap perkembangan dipengaruhi oleh
persekitaran bergntg pada masa (cth:
perkembangan bahasa kedua dsb.) setiap indivisu itu unik tetapi wujud
perbezaan yg boleh diramalkan
berdasarkanjantina 12
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Controversial issues about human
development: Do we know the answer?
Nature/nurture
Active/passive
Continuity/discontinuity Quantitative/ qualitative
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Isu-isu dalam perkembangan
manusia
Adakah baka atau persekitaran yang memainkanperanan yang kritikal kepada perkembangan
manusia?
Adakah manusia berkembang secara menerus(continuity) atau secara mendadak mengikut tahap(discontinuity)?
Adakah manusia menjadi habuan persekitaran
(pasif) atau manusia secara aktif mempengaruhiperkembangan mereka secara unik dan tersendiri?
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What is the difference between nature
and nurture?
Nature (Baka)
Wiggam (1923,p.42) heredity is the chief maker of people
and theres nothing that you can do about it
Watson (1995,p.82) give me a dozen healthy infants I can
train them to become doctors, lawyers even thief andbeggar
Nurture (Persekitaran)
How can nurture influence development?
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Baka (nature) lwnpersekitaran (nurture)
Faktorbaka
kromosom
gen
kelenjar hormon
Pengaruh baka:
buta warna
kecerdasan kesihatan mental/fizikal
skizofrenia /gangguan personaliti
terencat akal
penagihan dadah/gila
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Baka (nature) lwnpersekitaran(nurture)
Faktorpersekitaran
pralahir
kesihatan ibu mengandung & usia
pemakanan
tekanan psikologi perkembangan janin
semasa bersalin
Pengaruh persekitaran:
pemakanan ibu & bayi
keluarga
rakan sebaya/sekolah
media massa
budaya hidup
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What is the difference between active and
passive?
Active
Are children born curious and active
creatures?
Passive
Are children the product/ shaped by the
environment?
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What is the difference between continuity
and discontinuity?
Continuity (berterusan)
Additive process occurs gradually and
continually
Discontinuity (bertahap)
Series of abrupt changes each of which
elevates the child to a new and presumablymore advanced level of functioning
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Quantitative vs Qualitative
changes Quantitative
Changes in degree Height, weight
Qualitative
Changes that make the individual
fundamentally different in some way Tadpole into a frog
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Kaedah Kajian
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Penyelidikan
Kajian ke atas pasangan kembar
Gould (1981) the only really adequatenatural experiment for separating
genetic from environmental effects inhumans - esp. identical twins (termedmonozygotic)
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Penyelidikan
Kajian ke atas anak angkat
DeFries, Plomin & Fulkner (1994)
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Penyelidikan
Kajian ke atas prasekolah & rumah
(2009)
Zigler (1994) - kanak2 yg ke pra
sekolah IQ tinggi drpd yg tak pergi
Molfese, DiLalla & Bunce (1997) -
persekitaran rumah yg menggalakkan
perkembangan kognitif dan sosial-emosi.
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Apa rumusan penyelidikan?
Most human behaviours are not influenced by natureornurture but by nature andnurture (Robert Plomin,1995)
Genes are never expressed directly in behaviour.There is a long chains of events involving genes,
physiological processes, and the environment. The
way heredity is expressed depends on the specific
environment in which this expression occurs (Miller,1996)
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KAEDAH KAJIAN PSIKOLOGIPERKEMBANGAN
Stanley Hall baik untuk kaji setiap tahapperkembangan sepanjang hayat (life-span)manusia
Pd abad ke 20 penyelidikan mengikut tahap umur
Bermula pada tahun 1960an-1970an Ada yg fokus
Bayi
Kanak-kanak
Remaja
Dewasa
Warga tua gerontology
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Bagaimana menyelidik
perkembangan? Kaedah Saintifik
Mencari dan mendapatkan maklumat secara pencerapan yg
sistematik sebelum berfikir dan membuat analisis
Dapatan daripada penyelidikan akan memberi penerangan yang
jitu dengan bukti yang kukuh dan konsisten. Kaedah saintifik melibatkan proses penjanaan idea dan menguji
idea tersebut semasa membuat pengamatan sebelum sesuatu
teori dapat dihasilkan.
Teori menghasilkan penjanaan jangkaan dan hipotesis
mengenai sesuatu pengamatan. Jika sesuatu hipotesis yg diujimempunyai bukti yg kukuh maka teori itu diteruskan jika tidak
teori itu dapat diubah.
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Cara mengumpul data (bukti)
Kaedah penyelidikan bergantung kepadaapa yang hendak diuji dan pendekatanapa yg sesuai yg dapat memberi
jawapan kepada persoalan kajiantersebut.
Self report
Behavioural observation
Naturalistic observation
Structured vs unstructured observation
Microgenetic method28
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Kaedah Penyelidikan Umum
Experimen independent vs dependent variables
Manipulasi variable independent
Random assigned individuals masalah etika penyelidikan
Dua kumpulantreatment vs control; kajian dijalankan dalam makmal/laboratorysituation
Memperihalkan kesan treatmentcausal relation ship
Quasi experiment tidak randomly assigned; selalunya dalam situasi diluar makmal
Survey Korelasi Memperihalkan hubungkait variables lihat ada hubungkait yang sistematik
Singer dan Singer (1981) kesan pengaruh TV (ganas) dan tahap keganasan
Hampir mendekati +1.00 hubungkait positif yang tinggi/kuat
Hampirt mendekati -1.00 hubungkait yang negative (inverse) yang tinggi dan kuat
Hampir mendekati 0.00 tiada hubungkait
Pencerapan(Observation) naturalistic
Soal selidik (Interview)
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D l t l R h
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Developmental Research
Design
Cross sectional
Longitudinal
Sequential
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D i f S d i
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Designs for Studying
Development
Longitudinal
Same participants studied repeatedly at
different ages.
Cross-sectionalParticipants of differing ages all studiedat the same time.
Sequential
Several similar cross-sectional or
longitudinal studies are conducted atvarying times.
MicrogeneticParticipants are presented with a novel
task and their mastery is followed over
a series of sessions.
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Strengths and Limitations of Research Designs
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Sequential Designs
C M i l E i
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Can Musical Experience
Enhance Intelligence?
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Childrens Research Rights
Protection from harm
Informed consent
Privacy
Knowledge of results
Beneficial treatments