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Project Managementfor the resource-challenged
Workshop for Museum Computer Network Conference 2010
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Agenda
• What is Project Management?• The PMI project management lifecycle• Components of a project• Understanding the bones of your project
– Work Breakdown Structure– Critical Path– Gantt Charts
• Risk Management• Agile Development and Project Management• Tools for Managing Projects• Where to go to learn more
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If we don’t manage projects…
• How do we know when they are done?
• How do we know if we succeeded?
• How will we do better next time?
• And in the middle, how will we know where we are and what it means?
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Project Plans that aren’t
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Project Plans that aren’t - 2
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Why do projects fail?
Group discussion 1
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Common reasons projects fail
• Too many projects competing for the same resources
• Insufficient or inadequate resources• Insufficient or inadequate business involvement• Project team isolated from the business• Team roles & responsibilities are unclear• Poor communications• Roadblocks are not resolved in a timely manner• Scope changes are not managed properly
[slide adapted from Lydia Milne, “Foundations of Project Management,” from Brandeis University Graduate Professional Studies.]
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Project Management is …PMBOK:• A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or
result.– Temporary -- not on-going
• Does not imply short in duration• Does not apply to the product or service
– Has a beginning and an end– Unique product or service -- not a commodity or ongoing operation– Can be a subset of a larger program or a stand-alone effort– Requires coordination of tasks and resources
Wysocki, Beck, & Crane:• A project is a sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities having
one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific time, within budget, and according to specifications.
[slide adapted from Lydia Milne, “Foundations of Project Management,” from Brandeis University Graduate Professional Studies.]
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The Triple Constraints
Quality
TimeCost
Scope
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Project Management Knowledge Areas
IntegrationManagement
Scope ManagementObjectives, needs,
specifications
Time ManagementSchedules, activities,
control
Cost ManagementBudget, control
Quality ManagementPlanning, assurance
control
Risk ManagementProbability, impacts, actions
Procurement ManagementSolicitation, sub-contractors
CommunicationsManagement
Information System
Human ResourceManagement
Productivity and efficiency
[from Lydia Milne, “Foundations of Project Management,” from Brandeis University Graduate Professional Studies.]
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Initiation (in 5 bullet points)
• This is where you take the idea
• Flesh it out
• Create a Project Charter (larger projects)
• Create RFP (in some cases)
• Identify and Engage Stateholders
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Copyright 2008, Project Management Institute. From A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)--Fourth Edition
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Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
In Agile development, we would talk about a “Feature Breakdown Structure (FBS), rather than a WBS
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Gantt Charts
• Used to Model dependencies, milestones
• Helps visualize critical path
• Overall activity snapshot of project
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Project Status
It’s 90% done
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Project Summary Dashboard
'Example Program'Multi-Project Summary Dashboard
Division: ACME Software Works Revision 1.9 Manager: Peter White
Project Name Manager Customer Week Schedule Incidents Requirements Staffing
1) Eager Beaver Byron Murray FPQR 1-Mar-98 (1 of 20) 100.0% G 100.0% G 100.0% G 100.0% G
2) The Big Dig Ron Holliday FMNO 15-Mar-98 (15 of 30) 81.0% Y ò 97.6% G ñ 99.0% G ñ 101.4% G ò
3) We Need Programmers Jim Hassey FJKL 15-Mar-98 (5 of 20) 77.3% Y ñ 100.0% G – 98.0% G – 50.0% R ñ
4) Too Good to be True Joel Lehrer FGHI 15-Mar-98 (9 of 12) 100.0% G – 100.0% G – 100.0% G – 97.6% G ñ
5) Churn and Burn Tom Carter FDEF 15-Mar-98 (6 of 20) 83.3% Y ò 93.3% G ò 89.0% R ò 96.1% G ñ
6) Too Many Bugs Bob Albanese FABC 15-Mar-98 (15 of 20) 92.3% G ò 82.9% Y ò 99.0% G – 101.4% G ò
Notes:
- Percentages represent indices for 'Schedule Performance', 'Incident Closure', 'Requirements Stability', and 'Staffing'
- Color-coded status is determined by ranges that are defined for each project.
- Arrows indicate whether the status is improving (up) or worsening (down).
- For more information about any of these statistics or status codes, see the relevant project dashboard workbook.
[from Lydia Milne, “Foundations of Project Management,” from Brandeis University Graduate Professional Studies.]
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Individual Project Dashboard
[from Lydia Milne, “Foundations of Project Management,” from Brandeis University Graduate Professional Studies.]
'The Big Dig'Project #: 998877005 Project Dashboard Manager: Ron Holliday
Division: ACME Software Revision 1.8 Customer: Pay More Inc
Staffing
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
12/7
/199
7
12/2
1/19
97
1/4/
1998
1/18
/199
8
2/1/
1998
2/15
/199
8
3/1/
1998
3/15
/199
8
3/29
/199
8
4/12
/199
8
4/26
/199
8
5/10
/199
8
5/24
/199
8
6/7/
1998
6/21
/199
8
Sta
ff W
ee
ks
0
50
100
150
200
Planned Actual Cum Planned Cum Actual
Requirements
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
12/7
/199
7
12/2
1/19
97
1/4/
1998
1/18
/199
8
2/1/
1998
2/15
/199
8
3/1/
1998
3/15
/199
8
3/29
/199
8
4/12
/199
8
4/26
/199
8
5/10
/199
8
5/24
/199
8
6/7/
1998
6/21
/199
8Ch
an
ge
s t
o R
eq
uir
em
en
ts
024681012141618
Added Modified Deleted Cum Changes
Incidents
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
12/7
/199
7
12/2
1/19
97
1/4/
1998
1/18
/199
8
2/1/
1998
2/15
/199
8
3/1/
1998
3/15
/199
8
3/29
/199
8
4/12
/199
8
4/26
/199
8
5/10
/199
8
5/24
/199
8
6/7/
1998
6/21
/199
8
Nu
mb
er
of
Inc
ide
nts
0
20
40
60
80
Opened Closed Cum Opened Cum Closed
Schedule
0102030405060708090
100
12/7
/199
7
12/2
1/19
97
1/4/
1998
1/18
/199
8
2/1/
1998
2/15
/199
8
3/1/
1998
3/15
/199
8
3/29
/199
8
4/12
/199
8
4/26
/199
8
5/10
/199
8
5/24
/199
8
6/7/
1998
6/21
/199
8
Re
ma
inin
g A
cti
vit
ies
Planned Actual Projected
Main Menu
Update Chart Update Chart
Update Chart Update Chart
Update All Charts
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Risk Management
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Risks?
• So many things can go wrong
• What are the risks you worry about on your projects?– Schedule?– Wrong requirements?– Stakeholder problems?– Budget overruns?– ….
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Levels of Risk Management
from “Rapid Development” by Steve McConnell, Microsoft Press c. 1996, pg. 84
• Crisis management – Fire fighting; address risks only after they become problems
• Fix on failure (important to fix but not crisis)– Detect and react to risks quickly, but only after they have
occurred• Risk mitigation
– Plan ahead of time to provide resources to cover risks if they occur, but do nothing to eliminate them in the first place
• Prevention– Implement and execute a plan as part of the project to
identify risks and prevent them from becoming problems• Elimination of root causes
– Identify and eliminate factors that make it possible for risks to exist at all.
• Crisis management – Fire fighting; address risks only after they become problems
• Fix on failure (important to fix but not crisis)– Detect and react to risks quickly, but only after they have
occurred• Risk mitigation
– Plan ahead of time to provide resources to cover risks if they occur, but do nothing to eliminate them in the first place
• Prevention– Implement and execute a plan as part of the project to
identify risks and prevent them from becoming problems• Elimination of root causes
– Identify and eliminate factors that make it possible for risks to exist at all.
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Cost of Correcting a Technical Problem
$1 ---
$10 ---
$100 ---
Normalized Projected Lifecycle
25
1000
$1000 ---
Why we accurate requirements matter
[from Lydia Milne, “Foundations of Project Management,” from Brandeis University Graduate Professional Studies.]
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K-J Technique1. Question: What are the next priorities for the MCN website?
2. Divide into two groups – 5 each
3. Now everyone write sticky notes: One note per priority
4. Stick notes to the wall so that you can see each other’s priority notes
5. Group similar items. Help each other. Talk about what belongs where. Don’t discuss the priorities, themselves, just how to group them.
6. Name the groups using the other sticky notes (2nd color). Each group , even with one item, should have a label. If you don’t like a label, change it, add your own, rearrange. Try, then discuss, until everyone is happy.
7. Now we’re going to figure out priorities:1. Write down individually the three most important items.
2. When you have your list, and only when you have your list, rank them.
3. Note your rankings on the group labels on the wall: Your top ranking gets three XXXs; 2nd gets two XXs; last gets one X.
8. Count the votes. If you realize that two groups are the same, combine them now, and add their votes together.
9. When you have consensus on what you have voted, you are done.
Source: http://www.uie.com/articles/kj_technique/
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Agile Development
• A range of development methodologies based on the idea that projects are divided into short sequences – “sprints”
• Commonly, index cards or similar medium used to note feature requests, requirements
• Next sprint is derived from which features matter most, that can be delivered in the sprint (usually defined as 1-3 months)
• Goal is to put working tools into people’s hands quickly for feedback and learning, rather than get to the end of a two year project and discover that it no longer makes sense
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Agile Core Values
• Delivering value over meeting constraints • Leading Team over Managing Constraints• Adapting to Change over Conforming to Plans
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Closing Processes
At JWA, for web development projects, we require the following deliverables before we will accept a project as “done”:
• Code must be checked into a source control repository (CVS, Subversion, etc.) and/or be available as an AWS AMI
• Documentation must be available, usually via wiki
• We are able to successfully check out the code, and by following the documentation, install it on our site.
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Final tests runContracts closedProject completedThen … Lessons LearnedAnd everything archived
Lessons Learned
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Some good tools
• The “traditional” project management information system:– MS Word– MS Excel– MS Outlook– MS Project – note that MS Project, in and of itself, is
not a PMIS– MS Visio
• An online hosted service with similar capabilities: Zoho: http://www.zoho.com
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www.zoho.com
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Basecamp - basecamphq.com
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Redmine - www.redmine.org
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Redmine – another project
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Additional Resources
• Project Management Institute (PMI)www.pmi.orgLook for local chapters!
• Brandeis University Graduate Professional Studies (includes distance learning using Moodle)www.brandeis.edu/gps/One good example of a Project Management Cert/Master program*
*Disclaimer: I have a degree from the program. I currently co-teach an online course in “Content Management” and am developing a new one in “Cloud Computing”
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Books
• Wysocki, Robert K. Effective Project Management. Wiley, 5e, 2009.
• Highsmith, Jim. Agile Project Management. Addison-Wesley, 2e, 2009.
• Don’t read the PMBOK unless you need it to get certified.
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FeedbackOn any convenient piece of paper, please write the name of this workshop and answer the following:
1.Why did you take today's workshop?
2.Were your expectations met?
3.If not, why not?
4.Would you recommend this workshop to a colleague?
Thank you, all!
Survey adapted from Avinash Kaushick’s http://www.kaushik.net/avinash/2007/04/the-three-greatest-survey-questions-ever.html