Download - Principles of Molecular Virology
Index
AAbortive infection, 196, 202Acute infection, 198Acyclovir, 209t, 211ADCC, see Antibody-dependent
cellular cytotoxicityAdenovirusgene therapy vectors, 207tgenomecoding strategy, 143features, 76f
transcription of genome, 159f,160f, 161f, 161e162
transformation, 235t, 237,237t
AIDS, see Humanimmunodeficiency virus
Alimentary canal, virus interactions,189e190, 190t
Alper, Tikvah, 259e260ALV, see Avian leukosis virusAlzheimer's disease, 260Amantadine, 209tAmbisense, 55, 81e82, 83, 152,
153fAntibody, see also Monoclonal
antibodyimmunoglobulin classes, 174e175virus neutralization, 175
Antibody-dependent cellularcytotoxicity (ADCC), 176,178, 188
Antigenic drift, 195, 196fAntigenic shift, 195, 196fApoptosisdefinition, 179overview, 180fpathogenesis, 218repression, 181
responses, 180e181Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), 257Arbovirus, transmission, 246fArenavirus, genome features, 82f, 83Assembly, replication cycle, 125ASSVd, see Apple scar skin viroidAttachment, replication cycle, 110,
111f, 113f, 114f, 115Attenuated virus, 6, 203e204Avian leukosis virus (ALV),
transformation, 234Azidothymidine (AZT), 209t, 210,
212AZT, see Azidothymidine
BBacteriophagegene expression controll, 135, 136f, 137f, 139fprinciples, 134, 140
genomes, 3, 30e31history of study, 6human disease, 227l genome features and integration,
70e71, 71e73, 72fM13genome features, 70e71, 71e73helical symmetry, 30fproteinenucleic acid
interactions, 51mu genome, 89fplaque assay, 9freplication, 105, 105f, 107e108T4assembly pathway, 45fgenome, 28, 71e73introns, 28
Baculovirus, particle structure,44e46, 46f
Bcl-2, 181Beijerinick, Martinus, 5e6Bioinformatics, 22f, 42Bioterrorismn, 251Bipartite genome, 87fBovine papillomavirus (BPV),
transformation, 235t, 238Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE), 261f, 263BPV, see Bovine papillomavirusBSE, see Bovine spongiform
encephalopathyBudding, 39, 40f, 127e129, 128f,
129Bunyavirus, genome features, 82f, 83
CCadang-cadang coconut viroid
(CCCVd), 257CaMV, see Cauliflower mosaic virusCancer, virus pathogenesis, 238,
242fCapsid, see also Nucleocapsidprocessing in picornavirus, 38fstructure, 16e17symmetry and virus architecturehelical capsids, 28, 29f, 32ficosahedral capsids, 33, 34f, 35f,
36f, 37f, 38foverview, 27
CAR, see Cocksackieeadenovirusreceptor
Caspases, 181Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV),
genome features, 96e97,97f
CCCVd, see Cadang-cadang coconutviroid
CD4, 116, 222, 222e223
Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” denote figures and tables, respectively.
297
Cell culture, 9, 9fCell cycle, phases, 233fCell-mediated immunity, 176, 176f,
177, 178Cellular origins theory, 98Centrifugation, virus particles, 15fCFS, see Chronic fatigue syndromeChemotherapeutic index, 208Chikungunya virus (CHIKV),
247e248CHIKV, see Chikungunya virusChromatin, 48e49, 56, 229Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS),
pathogenesis, 226Chronic infection, 198Chronic wasting disease (CWD), 262Cis-acting sequences, 163e164CJD, see CreutzfeldteJakob diseaseCocksackieeadenovirus receptor
(CAR), 115e116Cocoa swollen shoot virus, 244tCold-sensitive mutant, 66Complement, evasion by viruses,
188Complementation, 67e68, 67f,
68e69Contact inhibition, loss in
transformation, 228e229Coronavirusgenome coding strategy, 149fgenome features, 80
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV),movement proteins,171e172
c.p.e., see Cytopathic effectCPMV, see Cowpea mosaic virusCreutzfeldteJakob disease (CJD),
264, 265tCrohn's disease, 226e227CTL, see Cytotoxic T-lymphocyteCWD, see Chronic wasting diseaseCytokines, inhibition by viruses, 187Cytopathic effect (c.p.e.), 216Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), 177,
180
DDelbruck, Max, 6Deletion mutant, 65Dengue viruspathogenesis, 224e225transmission, 245e246
d'Herelle, Felix, 6
DNA repair, 230DNase, 140Doppel (Dpl), 270e271DPL, see Doppel
EEbola virus, 251EBV, see EpsteineBarr virusECHO viruses, attachment, 113Eclipse period, 107EGF, see Epidermal growth factorElectron microscopy, 18, 17f, 19ELISA, see Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assayEMCV, see Encephalomyocarditis
virusEmergent viruses, 243, 244t, 246fEncephalomyocarditis virus
(EMCV), attachment, 113Endemic, 4e5, 243Enders, John, 9e10Endocytosis, 117, 119fEnhancer, 58, 142, 154e155, 234Envelopebaculovirus particle structure,
44e46, 46fbudding, 39, 40ffusion, 117, 120fmodification, 41e42proteinenucleic acid interactions,
52proteins, 41fstructure, 39uncoating, 118e120
Enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), 11
Epidemic, 97e98, 226, 243, 245Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 229Epithelial cell, virus infection, 194fEpsteineBarr virus (EBV)cancer pathogenesis, 239, 240immunodeficiency, 220
Evolution, virus orders, 99, 100tExon, 56
FFamilial fatal insomnia (FFI), 265tFas, 181Fc receptor, 116e117Feline spongiform encephalopathy
(FSE), 262FFI, see Familial fatal insomnia
Flavivirus, genome features, 80Frosch, Paul, 5e6FSE, see Feline spongiform
encephalopathyFusionenvelope, 117, 120fpathogenesis, 217, 218e219,
219fFusion protein, oncoproteins,
232e234
GGancyclovir, 209tGel electrophoresis, 59e60, 94fGeminivirusemergent viruses, 248genome coding strategy, 145genome features, 55, 87fstructure, 36f
Gene expressionbacteriophage control
l, 135, 136f, 137f, 139fprinciples, 134, 140
eukaryotes, 140, 141tgenome coding strategies by virus
classClass I, 143, 144Class II, 145Class III, 146Class IV, 148Class V, 151Class VI, 153Class VII, 153shared strategies, 142
overview, 133posttranscriptional control, 158,
160f, 161f, 165f, 166ftranscriptional control, 154, 155f,
156f, 157f, 160fGene therapyoverview, 206virus vectors, 207t
Genetic analysisbiochemical analysis, 61epidemiology, 97evolution of virus orders, 99,
100tinteractions between viruses
genetic, 66nongenetic, 69
large DNA genomes, 75, 76f, 77fmaps, 62, 62e63mutants, see Mutants
298 Index
negative-strand RNA viruses, 81,82f, 83, 84
positive-strand RNA viruses, 78,79f, 79, 80, 81
reverse transcription andtransposition, 88, 92f, 97t
segmented genomes, 84, 85t, 86fsmall DNA genomes, 70, 71f, 72f,
73f, 74fGenetically modified crops, 8Genome, see also specific virusesbacteriophage, 3, 30e31, 55,
78e79bipartite, 87fcoding strategies by virus classClass I, 143, 144Class II, 145Class III, 146Class IV, 148Class V, 151Class VI, 153Class VII, 153shared strategies, 142
comparison between organisms,19t, 27
packaging, 48, 51freplication, see ReplicationRNA, 32e33, 53segmented, 49, 84, 85t, 86f
GerstmanneStrausslereScheinkerdisease (GSS), 265t
Glycoproteins, envelope, 41f,42, 52
Granzymes, 179e180GSS, see GerstmanneStrausslere
Scheinker diseaseGuillaineBarré syndrome,
pathogenesis, 226
HHantavirus, 247HBV, see Hepatitis B virusHCC, see Hepatocellular carcinomaHDV, see Hepatitis delta virusHelical symmetry, 28, 29f, 32fHelper virus, 68fHemagglutination, 10e11, 114Hemorrhagic fever with renal
syndrome (HFRS), 247Hemorrhagic fever, shock causes,
225fHendra virus, 244tHepatitis B virus (HBV)
cancer pathogenesis, 240e241,241, 242f, 242e243
genome features, 95f, 95e96, 96vaccine, 202
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), 258t,258e259, 258f, 259
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),pathogenesis, 240e241,241, 242f, 242e243
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)immunodeficiency, 220latent infection, 200pharmacotherapy, 209t, 211syncytia, 218e219
Herpesvirusesgene therapy vectors, 207tgenomecoding strategy, 143, 144ffeatures, 76e78, 77f
types, 76, 77tHersheyeChase experiment,
107e108, 110fHFRS, see Hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndromeHHV-6, see Human herpesvirus-6HHV-7, see Human herpesvirus-7HHV-8, see Human herpesvirus-8Hirst, George, 10e11HIV, see Human immunodeficiency
virusHLVd, see Hop latent viroidhnRNA, 159e160Hop latent viroid (HLVd), 257Horizontal transmission, 191, 192tHost systems, 6HPV, see Human papillomavirusHRV, see Human rhinovirusHSV, see Herpes simplex virusHTLV, see Human T-cell leukemia
virusHuman herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), 248Human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7), 249Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), 249Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), 250AIDS pathogenesis, 221, 222, 223attachment, 116cell fusion, 219e220, 219fcourse of infection, 221fimmune response, 175mutations, 63pharmacotherapy, 209t, 212provirus, 69
release, 129e130transcriptional control of gene
expression, 156, 157f, 158f,162, 164
Human papillomavirus (HPV),transformation, 235t,237e238, 237t
Human rhinovirus (HRV),attachment, 112, 113f
Human T-cell leukemia virus(HTLV)
leukemia induction, 239transcriptional control of gene
expression, 156, 157f, 158f,162, 162e163, 164
transformation, 235Hybridization, nucleic acids, 20f,
59e60
IICAM-1, see Intercellular adhesion
molecule-1Icosahedral symmetry, 33, 34f, 35f,
36f, 37f, 38fImmortalized cell line, 9e10Immune evasionapoptosis inhibition, 187complement cascade evasion, 188cytokine inhibition, 187humoral immunity evasion, 188MHC-I-restricted antigen
presentation inhibition, 186MHC-II-restricted antigen
presentation inhibition, 187Immunodeficiency, 220, 221fImmunoglobulin, classes, 174e175Inclusion body, 126e127, 218Infectionapoptosis, 179, 180fchemotherapy, 208, 209tcourseabortive infection, 196, 203acute infection, 198chronic infection, 198latent infection, 200persistent infection, 198, 199f
host interactions with virus, 188,189f, 190t, 191t, 196f
immune responseevasion mechanisms, 186, 187,
188overview, 174, 174f, 176f, 178f
interferon response, 181
299Index
Infection (Continued )localized versus systemic, 193tplants, 169prevention, see Vaccines
Influenza virusantigenic drift and shift, 196fattachment, 114, 114f, 115complementation groups,
67e68, 67fgenome segments, 85tpandemics, 197fterminal sequences in RNAs, 86f
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), 112, 113
Interferonsdiscovery, 182finduction, 183e184receptors, 184therapeutic uses, 186ttypes, 182e183
Intergenic complementation, 68Internal ribosome entry site (IRES),
80Intragenic complementation, 68Intron, 56, 159IRES, see Internal ribosome entry siteIssacs, Alick, 182
JJacob, Francois, 135Jenner, Edward, 4e5, 203e204
KKawasaki disease, pathogenesis,
226Koch, Robert, 5Koch's postulates, 5Kohler, George, 11Kuru, 265t, 265l, see Bacteriophage
LLatency-associated transcript (LAT),
200Latent infection, 200Latent period, 107LCMV, see Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis virusLederberg, Esther, 135Lindenmann, Jean, 182Lipid raft, 126Loeffler, Friedrich, 5e6
Long terminal repeat (LTR), 93f,93e94, 156f
Low-density lipoprotein receptor,113
LTR, see Long terminal repeatLuria, Salvador, 6Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
(LCMV), persistentinfection, 198, 199f
Lysogeny, 135, 139fLytic replication, 135, 138,
156e157, 195e196
MM13, see BacteriophageMajor histocompatibility complex
(MHC), 176, 186, 187Matrix proteins, envelope, 41f, 42,
52Maturation, replication cycle, 127Maxiphage, 30e31McClintock, Barbara, 88Measles viruspathogenesis, 224, 226e227transmission, 245
Mechanical transmission, plantviruses, 171
MHC, see Major histocompatibilitycomplex
Milstein, Cesar, 11Mimivirusgenome, 55, 78structure, 47f, 48
Miniphage, 30e31miRNA, 200Mixed infection, 66e67, 70, 71fMLV, see Murine leukemia virusMMTV, see Mouse mammary tumor
virusMonocistronic mRNA, 81, 141, 146,
152, 159, 163e164Monoclonal antibody, 14fMonod, Jacques, 135Mouse mammary tumor virus
(MMTV), transformation,234
Movement proteins, plants, 172fMu, see BacteriophageMucosa, virus interactions, 189,
190tMultiplicity of infection, 108fMurine leukemia virus (MLV),
translational control, 167
Mutantsclassification, 64induced mutations, 64overview, 64spontaneous mutations, 63
NNatural killer (NK) cell, 177, 187Necrosis, 179Negative-strand RNA viruses,
genome, 81, 82f, 83, 84Nervous system, virus spread, 193Neuraminidase, 114, 114e115Nipah virus, 244tNK cell, see NK cellNMR, see Nuclear magnetic
resonanceNonpropagative transmission,
86e87Nonpropagative vector, 257e258Nonsense mutant, 65Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
16Nucleocapsid, 31e32, 32e33, 41,
44e46, 48e49, 52, 53, 86,117, 151, 152
2',5'-Oligo A synthetase, 184e185,185f
OOncogenefunctions, 230e231insertional mutagenesis and
activation, 234fsignal transduction, 232fsubcellular localization of proteins,
231ftransformation, 229e230types, 230t
Orthomyxovirus, genome features,82f
Oseltamivir, 130, 209t
Pp53, 181, 235e236Packaging signal, 49e50PAGE, see Polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresisPandemic, 195, 197fPapillomavirus, genome coding
strategy, 143Paramyxovirus
300 Index
genome coding strategy, 152fgenome features, 82f, 83
Particles, see also specific particlesarchitecturecomplex structures, 42, 43f, 45f,
46f, 47fenveloped viruses, 39, 40f, 41fhelical capsids, 28, 29f, 32ficosahedral capsids, 33, 34f, 35f,
36f, 37f, 38foverview, 27
cell receptor recognition andbinding, 52
centrifugation, 15fgenome packaging, 48, 51frationale for study, 25shapes and sizes, 26ftranslocation, 117, 118f
Parvovirusgene therapy vectors, 207tgenomecoding strategy, 145, 146ffeatures, 73e74, 74f
Pasteur, Louis, 5, 5e6, 6Pathogenesisbacteriophages and human disease,
227cancer, 238, 242fcell injury mechanisms, 216chronic fatigue syndrome, 226degree of harm to host, 216dengue virus, 224e225emergent viruses, 243, 244t,
246fGuillaineBarré syndrome, 226immunodeficiency, 220, 221fKawasaki disease, 226measles virus, 224, 226e227transformation, 228, 230t, 231t,
231f, 232, 233f, 234f, 235,235t, 237t
zoonoses, 250Pathogenesis-related proteins, 173PCR, see Polymerase chain reactionPDGF, see Platelet-derived growth
factorPenetration, replication cycle, 117,
118f, 218e219Perforin, 179e180Persistent infection, 198, 199fPFGE, see Pulsed-field gel
electrophoresisp.f.u., see Plaque-forming unit
Phage, see BacteriophagePhenotypic mixing, 70, 71fPhocine distemper virus, 244tPhysical map, 62Picornavirusattachment, 112, 113f, 113capsid processing, 38fgenome coding strategy,
149f, 163genome features, 79penetration, 120e121structure, 36e37, 37f, 38f
PKR, 181, 184e185, 185f, 257Plaque assay, 9f, 49, 61Plaque-forming unit (p.f.u.),
105e106, 106fPlatelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF), 229Poliovirusepidemic and vaccination,
243, 244penetration and uncoating,
120fPolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(PAGE), 59e60, 94fPolymerase chain reaction (PCR)detection of viruses, 97e98mutagenesis, 64principles, 21f, 58e59
Polyomavirusgenome coding strategy, 143genome features, 74, 75f
Polyphage, 30e31Polyprotein, 80, 80, 148Positive-strand RNA viruses,
genome, 78, 79f, 79, 80, 81Poxvirusgene therapy vectors, 207tgenomecoding strategy, 144features, 78f, 78
structure, 43f, 44Primary cell culture, 9e10Prionconformational changes, 270definition, 3history of study, 259e260molecular biology, 267pathology, 260prion hypothesis, 267, 272structure, 268ftransmissible spongiform
encephalopathies
animalsbovine spongiformencephalopathy, 261f, 263
chronic wasting disease, 262feline spongiformencephalopathy, 262
scrapie, 260transmissible minkencephalopathy, 262
humanscauses, 264e265CreutzfeldteJakob disease,264, 265t
familial fatal insomnia, 265tGerstmanneStrausslereScheinker disease, 265t
Kuru, 265t, 265PrP gene mutations, 266fvariant CreutzfeldteJakobdisease, 265e266
species barrier, 266, 268fProcapsid, 34Productive infection, 85, 86e87,
114Productive infection, 229Promoter, 47e48, 58, 134e135,
153e154, 154e155, 156,234
Prophage, 135Proto-oncogene, 229Provirus, 69, 153, 156e157, 201PrP, see PrionPrusiner, Stanley, 259e260, 272Pseudoknot, formation in RNA,
166fPseudorevertant, 66Pseudotyping, 70Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
(PFGE), 59e60, 94f
RRabbit hemorrhagic disease virus,
244tRabies virus, human versus animal
infection consequences,216
Rb, see Retinoblastoma proteinReassortment, 69, 85Reassortment map, 62Receptor, virus attachment, 110,
111f, 113f, 114f, 115
301Index
Recombinationbacteriophage l, 137e138frequency, 66e67intramolecular recombination,
68e69, 69reassortment, 69
Recombination map, 62Reed, Walter, 6Regressive evolution, 98Release, replication cycle, 128f, 129Reovirus, genome expression, 147f,
148tReplicase, 149, 151, 173Replicationbiochemistry, 109fcompartmentalization in
eukaryotes, 130cycle
assembly, 125attachment, 110, 111f, 113f,
114f, 115genome replication and gene
expression by virus class,121, 122f, 123f, 125f, 126f
maturation, 127overview, 109, 111fpenetration, 117, 118frelease, 128f, 129uncoating, 118, 120f
HersheyeChase experiment,107e108, 110f
overview, 103phases, 105, 105fplaque-forming unit analysis,
105e106, 106fReplicon, 58Respiratory tract, virus interactions,
190, 191tRestriction map, 62Retinoblastoma protein (Rb),
236Retrotransposon, 3, 88, 90fRetrovirusgenome organization, 90fimmunodeficiency, 220e221integration, 94fmaturation, 127e129ribosome frameshifting and
termination, 165ftransformation, 231t, 232, 233f,
234fRev, 162Reverse mutation, 66
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors,209t
Reverse transcription, 88, 92f, 97tRex, 162Reye's syndrome, 225e226Rhabdovirusgenome features, 82f, 84particle structure, 32fproteinenucleic acid interactions,
52Ribavirin, 209tRift valley fever virus (RVFV),
246e247RNA interference, 23, 205, 205fRNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
61RNA polymerase, types in
eukaryotes, 141tRVFV, see Rift valley fever virus
SSARS, see Severe acute respiratory
syndromeSatellite, 3, 255, 256tSCID, see Severe combined
immunodeficiency diseaseScrapie, 260Seeds, virus transmission, 170Segmented genomes, 84, 85t, 86fSerologyhistorical perspective, 10virology techniques, 12fe13f
Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS), 250e251
Severe combined immunodeficiencydisease (SCID), genetherapy, 206
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichiacoli (STEC), 227
Skin, virus interactions, 188Smallpox, 4e5, 245Splicing, 145, 151e152, 159,
159e160, 163e164, 257Stanley, Wendell, 13e16STATs, 184STEC, see Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coliStrain, 63Superinfection, 66e67, 70, 71f,
86e87Suppression, 66, 167SV40, see also T-antigengenome, 236e237
infection outcomes, 236molecular biology, 58transcriptional control of gene
expression, 154e155,155f
transformation, 235tSyncytia, 218e219Systemic infection, 193t, 220
TT4, see BacteriophageT-antigenDNA-binding domain, 23fproteineprotein interactions, 236,
237fTat, 156e157, 162Tax, 239Taxonomy, viruses, 285e289Temperate bacteriophage, 89Temperature-sensitive mutant,
65e66Terminal redundancy, 71e73,
73fTerminator, 58Thymidine kinase (TK), 211Titre, 107TK, see Thymidine kinaseTME, see Transmissible mink
encephalopathyTMV, see Tobacco mosaic virusTobacco mosaic virus (TMV)assembly, 50, 51fdenaturation, 16f, 18genome features, 81, 81fhelical symmetry, 28, 29fmovement proteins, 171e172particles, 1ultrastructure, 13e16
Tobacco yellow dwarf virus,genome, 64e66
Togavirus, genome features, 80Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV),
248Trans-acting factor, 134e135, 143,
156, 159e160, 237Transcriptase, 146, 151, 157e158Transcription, see Gene expressionTranscription map, 62Transfection, 60Transformation, 159e160, 184,
220e221, 228, 230t, 231t,231f, 232, 233f, 234f, 235,235t, 237t
302 Index
Transgenic animals, 4, 8Translation map, 62e63Translocation, penetration, 117,
118fTransmissible mink encephalopathy
(TME), 262Transmissible spongiform
encephalopathy (TSE)animalsbovine spongiform
encephalopathy, 261f,263
chronic wasting disease, 262feline spongiform
encephalopathy, 262scrapie, 260transmissible mink
encephalopathy, 262humanscauses, 264e265CreutzfeldteJakob disease, 264,
265tfamilial fatal insomnia,
265tGerstmanneStrausslere
Scheinker disease, 265tKuru, 265t, 265PrP gene mutations, 266fvariant CreutzfeldteJakob
disease, 265e266species barrier, 266, 268f
Transmission, viruses, 191e193,192f, 192t
Transposon, 88Triangulation number, 35fTropism, 115e116, 193, 220TSE, see Transmissible spongiform
encephalopathyTSWV, see Tomato spotted wilt virusTumor suppressor gene, 229Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV),
ultrastructure, 13e16
Twort, Frederick, 6TYMV, see Turnip yellowmosaic virusType, 63
UUlcerative colitis, 226e227Uncoating, replication cycle,
118, 120fURE3, 271e272
VVaccinationhistorical perspective, 6immune response, 174fmeasles, 224
VaccinesDNA vaccines, 202efficacy, 201recombinant vaccines, 202subunit vaccines, 202synthetic vaccines, 201e202virus vectors, 202e203, 204
Vaccinia virus, vaccine vectors,202e203
van Leeuwenhoek, Antony, 5Variant, 63Variant CreutzfeldteJakob disease
(vCJD), 265e266Varicellaezoster virus (VZV),
225e226Variolation, 4e5, 6vCJD, see Variant CreutzfeldteJakob
diseaseVertical transmission, 191, 192tVesicular stomatitis virus (VSV),
particle structure, 32fVidarabine, 209tViral, 2VirionVirophage, 256activity, 53
DNA packaging, 86e87Viroid, 3, 255, 256f, 256t, 257fVirologyhistorical perspective, 4, 245,
291e296molecular biology techniques, 19,
20f, 21f, 22f, 57, 59fserological techniques, 12fe13f
Virusdefinition, 2live status 4, 3origins, 250taxonomy, 285e289
Virus-attachment protein (VAP),110e112, 114e115, 193,209e210
Virusoid, definition, 3VSV, see Vesicular stomatitis virusVZV, see Varicellaezoster virus
WWest Nile virus (WNV), 247Wickner, Reed, 272WNV, see West Nile virus
XXenotropic murine leukemia
virus-related virus(XMRV), 226
XMRV, see Xenotropic murineleukemia virus-relatedvirus
YYellow fever virus, 245e246
ZZanamivir, 130, 209tZoonoses, 250
303Index