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Principlesof
ManagementLearning Session # 36
Dr. A. Rashid Kausar
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Re-capof
Session # 35
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Cognitive or Process Perspective Theories
1. Equity Theory2. Expectancy Theory3. Goal-setting Theory
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Goal-setting TheoryIt works by focussing attention on action,
mobilising effort, increasing persistence, & encouraging the development of strategy
to achieve goals.
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Goal-Setting Theory
Goal DifficultyExtent to which a goal is challenging and requires
effort.
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Goal-Setting Theory
Goal SpecificityClarity and precision of
the goal.
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Goal-Setting Theory
Goal AcceptanceExtent to which
persons accept a goal as their own.
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Goal-Setting Theory
Goal CommitmentExtent to which an
individual is personally interested in reaching
a goal.
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Goal-Setting Theory
Performance Feedback
Informationon goal progress
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Motivating with Goal-Setting Theory1. Assign specific, challenging goals2. Make sure workers truly accept organizational goals3. Provide frequent, specific performance-related feedback
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Integrated ModelMotivating with
the Basics
Motivating with Equity Theory
Motivating with Expectancy Theory
Motivating with Reinforcement
Theory
Motivating with Goal-Setting Theory
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Reinforcement THEORY
It explains the role of rewards as they cause behavior to change or remain the same over
time.
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Reinforcement ProcessStimulus
(situation)
Response(behavior)
Consequences(rewards and punishments)
Future Behavior
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Reinforcement THEORY
Positive Reinforcement
It strengthens behavior by providing a
desirable consequence.
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Reinforcement THEORY
(-ve) or Avoidance Withholding un-pleasent consequence
strengthens behavior .
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Reinforcement THEORY
Punishment It weakens behavior
by providing an undesirable
consequence.
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Reinforcement THEORYExtinction
It weakens behavior by not providing a
desirable consequence.
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Using Reinforcement Theory:Encourage desired behaviour,Be clear on what is desired. Use variable interval & variable ratio Punish promptly.
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Current Issues In Motivation
Open-Book Management1. Involve employees in workplace decisions by opening up the financial
statements.2. Workers treated as business
partners.
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Current Issues In Motivation
Open-Book Management3. Get workers to think like
an owner.4. May also provide
bonuses based on profit improvements.
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Current Issues In Motivation
Motivating Professionals1. They are more loyal to
their profession than their employer ?
2. They value challenging jobs and need the support
for their work.
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Current Issues In Motivation
Motivating ProfessionalsProfessionals tend to derive
intrinsic satisfaction from their work and receive
higher pay.
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Social Learning Theory
Theory arguing that learning occurs through continuous reciprocal interaction of our behaviours, various personal factors and environmental forces.
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Other Motivational Strategies
1. Empowerment2. Participation
3. Variable Work SchedulesCompressed work schedule
4. Flexible Work SchedulesFlextime
Job Sharing Telecommuting
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Designing Effective Systems
Reward system must meet an individual’s needs.
Rewards should compare favorably with other organizations.
Distribution of rewards must be perceived to be equitable.
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Designing Effective Systems
Reward system must recognize different
needs.Merit system.
Incentive system.
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Leadership