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Beneficios de proyectos de estufas mejoradas: relaciones entre proyectos de estufas mejoradas y aspectos de género
27 March 2013
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Contents
• Solid Fuel “The Silent Killer in the Kitchen”
• Colombia Perspective
• Role of Women • Why Women & Children ?
• Women’s Invisible time and effort
• Fuel Collection: Women health & Safety
• Why gender perspective is relevant for Cookstove Sector?
• Best Practice Examples
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Solid Fuel(s): “The Silent Killer in the Kitchen”
• 3 billion people in more than 600 million of the world’s households still using solid fuels in inefficient cookstoves and open fires.
• Approximately One life is lost every 8 second
• More men, women, and children die each day from diseases that could be entirely prevented by using advanced or “clean” cookstoves and fuels than die from malaria or tuberculosis
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Why wood burning is Harmful?
• If your Cookstove efficiency is 100%, the firewood shall convert to CO2 and H2O.
• The traditional cookstoves like three stone fire, the efficiency is in the range of 7-15%.
• Due to the poor combustion in traditional stove, around 20% of wood carbon is converted to toxic pollutants like CO, HC, PM etc.
• Lack of ventilation, chimney makes the kitchen a smoke factory, which is being used or other purposes.
Typical Cookstove releases
400 cigarettes per hour
worth of smoke.
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Population (%) Cooking with Solid Fuel
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Why so many people are cooking using solid fuel?
• Poverty
• Access to cleaner fuel and modern technologies
• Traditional practice
• Lack of Awareness
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Colombia: Socio- Economic Profile
• 2nd Most biodiverse in the world
• Home of 45 million people
• 75% Urban and 25% Rural – 11.6 Million urban Households
– 2.9 Million rural households
• 45% population lives under the National Poverty line
5%
66%
16%
33%
26%
1%
27%
0%
27%
0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Urban Rural
Highest
High
Medium
Low
Lowest
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• Fuel Consumption pattern
• Over half of rural population still cook with solid fuel, mostly wood that they collect for themselves
• Approximately 1.7 million (15% of total) Households are getting exposed to adverse impact of solid fuels
Colombia: Fuel Consumption Pattern
Natural Gas; 64,30%
LPG; 26,60% Electricity; 4,50%
Wood & Charcoal;
2,00%
Other; 2,70%
Coal ; 0,00%
Urban
Natural Gas;
4,60%
LPG; 40,40% Electricity; 2,70%
Wood & Charcoal; 49,30%
Other; 1,90%
Coal ; 0,90%
Rural
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Colombia: Health Impacts
• Around 1,100 - 1,900 annual deaths attributable to solid fuel use (Year 2007)
• $193 million USD annual cost of health impacts of IAP (Indoor Air Pollution) associated with use of traditional fuels
• Indoor/outdoor air pollution damages represent 1% of Colombia’s GDP Of
which
Acute
respiratory illness (ARI);
47%
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease; 28% Respiratory
Mortality; 12%
87%
Women and Children
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• Women and Children are most exposed to household Air Pollution – Women is primary cook and in charge of Kitchen
– Women & children spend a lot of time in the kitchen
– In 79% cases, kitchen also functions as a dining room or bedroom
Mother 79%
Mother & Kid 18% Father &
child 3%
Father 0%
Who is the Cook at home?
70%
48%
13%
9%
22%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Converse
Get Warmth
Watch TV or Radio
Study
Nothing
Other activities done in the room with the wood stove?
Why Women and Children ?
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Women’s Invisible Time and Effort
• Women and girls are primary collector – Around 3.34 Hrs per trip
– Time spent collecting fuel is wasted human capital time that could be better spent on • income generation,
• education,
• or other activities.
– Women’s Invisible Time and Effort are • Unpaid,
• Unrecorded and
• Undervalued
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Fuel Collection: Women health & Safety
Fuel Collectio
n
Head and Spinal Injuries
Pregnancy Complications
Rape & Assault
Animal Attacks
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Why Gender Perspective is relevant for Cookstove Programme?
• Can we provide any solution to these problems by implementing the improved Cookstove ?
• Can Improved Cookstove programme contribute to Women Empowerment and Gender Equality ?
• Women and Girls are the core of Cooking sector.
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Benefits of Improved Cookstove Programme
Improved Cookstove
Women Empowerment
+
Environment
(Indoor Air Quality)
+
Avoiding deforestation
+
Health
+
Poverty alleviation
+
Time and Fuel Saving
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How Women Can Contribute to Cookstove Value Chain ?
1. Product design
2. Production 3. Consumer
Finance 4. Supplier
Finance 5. Distribution
6. After Sales Services
• Women’s input in Design is Critical – The Cookstove designed in collaboration with the women involvement
are more likely to be accepted and used by the women
• Best Practice Example – The Zoom Plancha was first introduced in Mexico through a pilot project
– The local women participated in-home trials over a two-month period
– The Zoom Plancha model underwent several changes to become La Mera Mera means “the all-knowing woman”
– Reported Uptake is around 97%
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• Production related activities such as production, assembly, and installation may provide income generation opportunities for women
• Best Practice Example – GERES, a French NGO began the Cambodian Fuelwood Saving Project in urban areas of
Cambodia and developed and distributed the New Lao Stove (NLS).
– Started production of different model for rural areas with the help of local women groups
– Production and distribution rate is 8000 stove per month
– Women income generation increased around 61%
1. Product design 2. Production 3. Consumer Finance
4. Supplier Finance
5. Distribution 6. After Sales
Services
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1. Product design 2. Production
3. Consumer
Finance
4. Supplier Finance
5. Distribution 6. After Sales
Services
• Clean cooking solutions are often too expensive for outright payment by end users but not expensive enough to be attractive to financial institutions.
• Women has difficulty in accessing finance
• Best Practice Example – Potential Energy launched Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) with the seed capital from GACC
– Innovative financing mechanisms where Women Development Associations (WDAs) who serve as the retail partners selling cookstoves on installment basis to their women members
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1. Product design 2. Production 3. Consumer
Finance
4. Supplier Finance
5. Distribution 6. After Sales
Services
• Women have direct and unique access to purchasers and users of the cooking devices
• Women have opportunities to fully participate in order to truly impact as many households as possible.
• Best Practice Example – GVEP International (Global Village Energy Partnership) an NGO is working to increase
access to modern energy and reduce poverty in developing countries
– GVEP involved women in the cookstove programme by recruiting women’s groups, and conducted door-to-door recruitment.
– In Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania there are around 150 improved cookstove businesses groups led by women only.
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1. Product design 2. Production
3. Consumer Finance
4. Supplier Finance
5. Distribution
6. After Sales Services
• Women can be the key to scaling distribution of cookstoves.
• Women have access to hard-to-reach households, can utilize woman-to-woman marketing techniques, and are trusted promoters of household products among their peers.
• Best Practice Example – The Paradigm Project is utilizing the wide reach of women as a trained and branded
clean energy sales force in East Africa.
– Paradigm aims to recruit a minimum of 50 percent female sales agents in Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Kenya over the next two years. The overall project goals are to deploy 5 million improved cookstoves over the next 10 years.
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1. Product design 2. Production 3. Consumer
Finance 4. Supplier
Finance 5. Distribution
6. After Sales Services
• The women as primary users of clean cookstoves, it is logical that they are the ones who can become experts in their maintenance and encourage their long-term adoption.
• Woman-to-woman communication can be very effective, particularly in rural and conservative areas, and can help in ensuring that cookstove are being used regularly and correctly.
• Best Practice Example – Sakhi Unique Rural Enterprise (SURE), founded in India in 2009, engages rural women in the
supply chain to bring improved cookstoves, to last mile consumers.
– In partnership with over 400 Sakhis (women), SURE has already sold over 86,000 improved cookstoves.
– 25% of these are well trained in after sale services.
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Summary
• Women is core of cooking sector.
• Along with other environment, social, health benefits, the cookstove programme can help in women empowerment by
- engaging women in income-generating opportunities
- especially in the marketing, distribution, sales, and after-sales servicing of cookstove programme.
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The Gold Standard Foundation
Vikash Talyan
+41 22 788 70 80
www.goldstandard.org
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Colombia: Fuel Consumption Pattern
20% 19%
12%
16% 16%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Caribbean East Bogoto Central Pacific Amazons
Overall % Using Solid Fuel , by Region