Download - Primary sector farming
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farming
Primary sector
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Where does your food come from?
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If you ate today, thank a farmer!
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WHAT IS FARMING?
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What is FARMING?
Is the production of foodand other resources
through thegrowing of
plants
and the raisingof domesticated
animals.
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FARMING AS A SYSTEM
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Farmingas a
system
Inputs
Process
Outputs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtU4uDos42I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ew1pfqgbjJ8
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INPUTS: PHYSICAL FACTORS
Natural things that are either found on a farm or
are added to a farm.
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PHISICAL FACTORSRELIEF
Sunny and shady
sides of mountains.
Sunny south-facing
sides are more
appropiate for crops. Shady north-facing sides
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PHISICAL FACTORSRELIEF
Exposure to the wind: strong winds can damage crops.
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PHISICAL FACTORSRELIEF
Incline of slopes:
flat surfaces facilitate agricultural work and very steep slopes make itmore difficult.
Gradients of terrain above 10ºC make it impossible to cultivate the land.
Where it´s necessary, hard work can transform mountainsides intocultivated terraces.
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RELIEFIf land is flat then it is easier for arable farmingto take place.
If land is hilly then pastoral farming is more likely to take place.
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PHISICAL FACTORSRELIEF
Altitude:
for every 100 m of altitude, temperatures fall by 0.6ºC.
For this reason, after a certain altitude, cultivation is no longer possible.
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PHISICAL FACTORSTEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL
Plants need to grow:
minimum temperatures: 10ºC - 45ºC
Rainfall (900-1200 mm annually)
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PHISICAL FACTORSADVERSE PHENOMENA
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PHISICAL FACTORS
SOIL
Thickness
Deep soil is more appropiate
for the cultivation of most
crops because roots have more
space to expand.
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PHISICAL FACTORS
SOIL
Nutrients
The more appropiate nutrients the soil has, the better it is for
agriculture.
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PHYSICAL FACTORSIf soil is fertile then
arable farming is likely
to take place.
If it is less fertile and
can only support grass
then pastoral farming is
likely to take place.
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PHISICAL FACTORS
VEGETATION
Vegetation provides the soil with humus, so the more vegetation an
area has, the more fertile the soil will be.
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STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL SPACELAND
Shape: Regular or
geometrical plots of landShape: Irregular plots of land
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LANDCULTIVATED SPACE: PLOT BOUNDARIES
BOCAGE
• Small fields are separated
by hedges, trees, stone or
wooden fences.
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LANDCULTIVATED SPACE: PLOT BOUNDARIES
OPENFIELD
• Fields are open
• Fields can only be
differentiated by the type of
crops ore the way they are
used.
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INPUTS: HUMAN FACTORS
Things that are built or made by humans and added
to a farm.
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FARM BUILDINGSBARNS
To keep the grain and
the straw.
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FARM BUILDINGSSILOS
To keep the grain.
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TRANSPORT
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LABOUR
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SUBSIDIES and POLICIESAGRICULTURAL POLICY
Measures and actions taken by:
National government
International institutions
These measures affect crop agriculture and livestock farming.
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CAPITAL
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PROCESSES
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REARING
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SHEARING
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PLOUGHING
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FERTILISING
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WEEDING
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IRRIGATING
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CULTIVATING
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HARVESTING
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SLAUGHTERING
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PLANTING
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GRAZING/FEEDING
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CUTTING GRASS FOR SILAGE/HAY
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MILKING
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LAMBING
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CALVING
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AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
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Agriculturalsystems
Arable farming
Pastoral farming
Mixedfarming
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ARABLE FARMINGArable farmers grow crops.
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PASTORAL FARMINGPastoral farmers keep animals.
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MIXED FARMINGA mixed farm does arable and pastoral farming.
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TYPES OF LIVESTOCK
COWS OXEN BULLS
CATTLE
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TYPES OF LIVESTOCK
SHEEP GOATS MULES HORSES
RABBITS PIGS
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TYPES OF LIVESTOCK
HENS CHICKENS TURKEYS DUCKS
POULTRY
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Agriculturalsystems
Extensivefarming
Intensivefarming
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EXTENSIVE FARMINGE
XT
EN
SIV
E
FA
RM
ING
Low input of capital
Low input of material
Low input of labour
Large amounts of land
It produces a low yield of product from a large areaof land
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EXTENSIVE FARMING
Extensiveagriculture
Extensivelivestock farming
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INTENSIVE FARMINGIN
TE
NS
IVE
FA
RM
ING
High input of capital
High input of fertilisers
High input of labour
High input of labour-saving technologies such as pesticides or machinery
Object: to get as high a yield of product as possiblefrom a small area of land
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INTENSIVE FARMINGA lot of food is obtained at a relatively low price.
Intensiveagriculture
Intensivelivestock farming
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Agriculturalsystems
Subsistencefarming
Commercialfarming
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SUBSISTENCE FARMING
SU
BS
IST
EN
CE
FA
RM
ING
Produce enough crops and keep just enough animals tofeed their families
Any surplus will be stored or sold in a local market, but theprimary object is to produce enough food to survive
Most subsistence farming takes places in LEDCs.
In rainforests: shifting cultivation
In deserts: nomadic herding
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SUBSISTENCE FARMING
Shiftingcultivation
Nomadic herding
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NOMADIC HERDINGMany farmers live a nomadic life herding their animals
between areas where they hope to find water or better
grazing land.
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Page 147
Doc. D and E
Tasks 4 and 5
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SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURESlash-and-burn agriculture
To
prepare the
land, the
vegetation is
cut down and
burnt, and the
ashes are used
as fertiliser.
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SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURESlash-and-burn agriculture is used to grow millet
sorghum tapioca
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SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTUREIntensive agriculture of Monsoon Asia
Rice is grown
on small plots.
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Rice production in Indonesia, 1990-2010
Area harvested (million hectares)
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Rice production in Indonesia, 1990-2010
Yield (tonnes/hectare)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Rice production in Indonesia, 1990-2010)
Total production (million tonnes)
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Rice production in Indonesia, 1990-2010
Total fertiliser consumption (milliontonnes)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Tractors used in agriculture (nearestthousand)
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COMMERCIAL FARMINGCommercial farmers produce crops and/or animals to sell in
order to make a profit.
Most of commercial farming takes place in MEDCs.
It also takes place in some LEDCs where cash crops are grown
mainly for export.
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COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
Commercialagriculture
Highinvestment
Advancedtechniques
Drip irrigation, greenhouses, fertilisers…
Highproductivity
High yield
Crops are produced for commercialpurposes
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COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE: PlantationsPlantations are owned by big multinational companies.
Cocoa
Bananas Pineapples
Tea Coffee
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CASE STUDYAN EXAMPLE OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
AN ARABLE FARM IN LINCOLNSHIRE, UK
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an arable farm in lincolnshire
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THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE
COMMON AGRICULTURAL
POLICY
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THE EUROPEAN UNIONThis is an organisation of 28 countries and over 500 million
people that trade with each other as a common market.
In 2017 the U.K. is going to leave the European Union (E.U)
after a referendum in their country in 2016 (Brexit).
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the european unionThe E.U. is a group of European countries that have joined
together to create an area for free trade of goods and
services as well as movement of people.
- This means that the exports of goods and services among
the E.U. members don´t have to pay a customs duty when
crossing the borders.
- This means, as well, that the citizens of the E.U. can
travel to other member states withour passport. Moreover,
they can cross the borders without being stopped at
Customs
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the european unionThe common trading, economic and social policies intend to be
beneficial to all member countries.
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the european unionEach member country must contribute some money to a central
fund to belong to the EU.
This money is available to farmers as grants and subsidies
(see Glossary).
These were used to produce the food required by the whole of
the EU.
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the european union and the common agricultural policyThe EU has developed the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP):
- Strategies for the control and develpment of farming that
have been adopted by all members of the EU.
- These strategies are for commercial farming:
- Farmers whose main aim is to grow crops or keep livestock to sell for
a profit.
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the european union and the common agricultural policyUnder the CAP, farmers can produce what they want but only
get grants and subsidies if they meet the EU production
targets.
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the european union and the common agricultural policyIn the past decade EU funding for agriculture has changed.
Grants and subsidies are still available but they have been
partly replaced by direct payments.
- These are EU payments which are given directly to farmers
who meet certain requirements of the EU for growing crops,
keeping livestock or looking after the countryside:
- farm size
- environmental protection
- animal welfare
- keeping the land in good condition
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the european union and the common agricultural policy- Farmers can grow what they like depending on market
conditions.
- Other payments are given for conservation measures such
as keeping hedges for wildlife and keeping footpaths
open.
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the european union and the common agricultural policy- Consequences of CAP:
- It has affected the inputs, processes and outputs on the farm.
- It has influenced the farmer´s choices.
- It has changed the appearance of the rural environment in the UK.
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COMMENTARIES OF PICTURES
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Market gardens of Valencia and
Murcia