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Primary & middle school education theory & practice
Dr Robert ShawSchool of ManagementGuangdong University of Foreign Studies
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Teachers’ Law of the People’s Republic of China
Article 7 Teachers shall enjoy the following rights:
(1) to conduct educational and teaching activities and carry out reform and experiment in education and teaching;
(2) to engage in scientific research and academic exchanges, join professional academic societies and fully express their views in academic activities …
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Today
1. How do you become a good teacher?
2. Teaching-learning in the west
3. William James
4. Traditional teaching methods
5. John Dewey
6. Modern educational practice
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How do youbecome a good teacher?
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Truths about learning
1. The child / student learns – focus on their needs
2. As adults we teach ourselves
3. Give the students space in which to learn
4. The more you want your students to be creative the more you must leave them alone
5. If you want your students to be responsible give them a chance to practice responsibility
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Which is the best teacher?
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There are no silver bullets in education
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There are no silver bullets in education
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The silver bullet
1. Simple questions do not have simple answers
2. Teachers sometimes look for “tips” that will help them –but you cannot avoid thinking!
3. What sort of teachers does China need?
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CurriculumWhat you teach
EvaluationHow you assess
PedagogyHow you teach
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What teachers need to know
1. Child development
2. How students learn, including, for example, how language and literacy develop at each age level
3. Subject content
4. Many instructional strategies, for example, direct and indirect instruction, experience-based and skill-based approaches, lecture and small group work
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What teachers need to know
1. Child development PSYCHOLOGY
2. How students learn, including, for example, how language and literacy develop at each age level
PSYCHOLOGY
3. Subject content ACADEMIC DISCIPINES
4. Many instructional strategies, for example, direct and indirect instruction, experience-based and skill-based approaches, lecture and small group work
PEDAGOGY
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1. Child development PSYCHOLOGY
2. How students learn, including, for example, how language and literacy develop at each age level
PSYCHOLOGY
3. Subject content ACADEMIC DISCIPINES
4. Many instructional strategies, for example, direct and indirect instruction, experience-based and skill-based approaches, lecture and small group work
PEDAGOGY
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What skills teachers need
1. Diagnose diverse students
2. Devise programmes for specific learners
3. Select and use educational media (presentations & e-learning)
4. Teach in different modes (lecture, group, tutorial, distance
5. Time management and multitasking
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1. Diagnose diverse students
2. Devise programmes for specific learners
3. Select and use educational media (presentations & e-learning)
4. Teach in different modes (lecture, group, tutorial, distance
5. Time management and multitasking
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1. Become a reflective teacher
2. See the literature on this
3. This is vital!
4. Journals are a good way to start
5. Support groups also good
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Teacher reflection
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What stops students learning?
1. Boredom (rote learning, drills, memorising)
2. Meaningless material
3. Learning without a goal
4. Fatigue
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What de-motivates students?
1. De-motivated = bored
2. What do students find boring?
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CurriculumWhat you teach
EvaluationHow you assess
PedagogyHow you teach
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Teaching-learning in the west:two approaches to education
1. Traditional approach
2. Modern way
3. .
4. .
5. .
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Teaching-learning in the west:two approaches to education
1. Traditional approach
2. Modern way
3. These ideas apply to all student grades/levels
4. Various version of the ways
5. Key peoplea. William James - traditionalb. John Dewey - modern
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Traditional approach
1. Ideas about schooling came from the family and the army
2. Professional teachers
3. Scientific approach
4. Needs of mass education
5. William James was influential
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William James
1. American
2. 1842 – 1910
3. Philosopher, psychologist, physician
4. Pragmatist
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1. Comprehensive textbook
2. Scientific appraoch
3. Attention
4. Motivation
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How do we motivate students? Traditional approach
1. Positive reinforcementa. Rewards for success, rubber stampsb. Kind commentsc. Stars, certificates, notes to parents
2. Negative reinforcementa. Punishmentsb. Negative comments
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Two kinds of motivation
1. External motivationa. Motivation based on something external to
the task itselfb. Operant rewards & punishmentsc. Examination learning is an example
2. Internal motivationa. Motivation that comes from within the
student’s relationship to the taskb. Learning because you love to learnc. Learning incidental to some activity
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Modern approach
1. New goals: thinking, creativity, originality
2. Education as a way of life
3. Humanistic approach
4. Needs of the individual
5. John Dewey was influential
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John Dewey
1. American
2. 1859-1952
3. Philosopher, psychologist, educational reformer
4. Advocate for pragmatism & liberalism
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1. Thinking is like breathing
2. Reflective thinking is what is important
3. We cannot require it of students
4. All we can do is set up the right conditions
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1919-1921
Columbia University
Student Hu Shih became a leader
in the New Culture
Movement
Arrived a few days after 4 May
1919
Effect on university leadership
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John Dewey
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The On-going Dance of John
Dewey and China: A Western
Philosopher becomes a Second
Confucius
西风东渐化孔子,今世前缘谈杜威
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Modern approach
1. Motivation relates to curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation
2. Internal motivation best
3. Let them learn
4. Child centred
5. Encourage and support
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CurriculumWhat you teach
EvaluationHow you assess
PedagogyHow you teach
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TextbookWhat you teach
ExaminationHow you assess
TeacherHow you teach
Traditional education
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The three evils of teaching
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1. Curriculum
2. Evaluation
3. Pedagogy
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The three evils of teaching
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1. CurriculumTextbooks
2. Evaluation
Examinations
3. PedagogyDesks
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The harm done by textbooks
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Textbooks
1.Kill student motivation
2.Stop the teacher from developing
3.Freeze the curriculum
4.Give a foreign view of what is important
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Qiu Ying 仇英 c.1540 Civil service examination
candidates wait for their marks
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The harm done by examinations
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Examinations
1.Kill long-term student motivation
2.Reinforce external motivation
3.Make education unjust for students
4.Waste time and energy
5.Focus on low order skills (next slides)
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Examinations & student diversity
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Benjamin Bloom
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The harm done by desks
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Desk layouts
1.Say who is in control – teacher centred
2.Limit the forms of motivation available
3.Levels the student experience
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1. Reinforces the idea the teacher is the authority
2. Undermines student confidence
3. Make us teach classes & not individuals
4. Limit our teaching methods (tutorials)
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Pedagogy for motivation
1. Be a creative thinker yourself
2. Do not teach EnglishSet up the conditions for thinking and encourage the students to work in English
3. Base projects on the students’ interests
4. Personal glossaries work
5. Reward, reward, reward ……
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Thank you - your questions please