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Focus on Grammar 5Part I, Unit 2By Ruth Luman, Gabriele Steiner, and BJ WellsCopyright © 2006. Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
1Isabel Allende:Precious Past Moments
Past Time
In the 1950s, she attended a private school in Bolivia.
Use the simple past to describe actions, events, or states at a specific past time.
Simple Past
past
now
future
Isabel Allende grew up in South America.
Past Progressive
Use the past progressive to express an action that was in progress (not finished) in the past.
past
now
future
1962
Allende was working for the United Nations. . .
. . . when she married her first husband in 1962.
She has done numerous lecture tours in America and Europe.
Isabel Allende has lived in Peru, Chile, and Venezuela.
past
now
future
Use present perfect to express actions, events, or states completed at an indefinite time in the past.
Present Perfect
Isabel Allende has traveled all over Europe.
In 1964, she traveled all over Europe with her husband and daughter.
past
now
future
1964
Simple Past vs. Present Perfect
Present perfect: for events at an indefinite time in the past
Simple past: for events at a definite time in the past
Form sentences with present perfect orsimple past.
Practice 1
pastnow
future
(have) her daughter in 1963
1. (work) for several magazines
2. (move) to Venezuela with her family in 1975
3. (marry) her second husband in 1988
Example:
She had her daughter in 1963.
4. (live) in the U.S. for over 15 years
She has worked for several magazines.
She moved to Venezuela with her family in 1975.
She married her second husband in 1988.
She has lived in the U.S. for over 15 years.
Past with Used To
Use used to + base form to show habitual events that were true in the past but not today.
past
now
future
She used to be on the editorial staff of a Chilean magazine called Paula.
She used to write many humorous and feminist articles for that magazine.
Past Perfect 1
past
now
future
before past event
past event
Use the past perfect to express events that happened before a past event.
Allende had published many magazine articles . . .
. . . before she wrote her famous novel House of Spirits.
Past Perfect 2
The past perfect is often used with by or by the time. The by clause may precede or follow the main clause.
past
now
future
1976 1991
fifteen years
By the time Isabel Allende returned to Chile in 1991 . . .
. . . fifteen years had gone by.
Form sentences with simple past and past perfect using before.
Practice 2
past
now
future
1. (be) a contributor to Mampato Magazine
Example:(work) for the United Nations
2. Isabel (publish)several novels
(have) her son Nicolas
(direct) the magazine
(start) a trilogy for young adults
Isabel had published several novels before she started a trilogy for young adults.
She had been a contributor to Mampato magazine before she directed the magazine.
She had worked for the United Nations before she had her son Nicolas.
Past with Was / Were Going To
Use was / were going to + base form to describe events that were supposed to happen but did not.
past
now
future
Isabel Allende was going to stay in Chile, but after the military coup in 1973, she had to leave the country.
In 1978, they were going to separate, but Allende soon returned to her husband.
did not happen
Form sentences with was / were going to.Practice 3
Allende planned to live in Chile.
Example:
1
2
She had to flee the country.
Allende was going to live in Chile, but she had to flee the country.
She planned to write a letter.
The letter turned into a novel.
She was going to write a letter, but the letter turned into a novel.
They divorced in 1987.
They planned to stay together.They were going to stay together, but they divorced in 1987.
References
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education and its licensors. All rights reserved.
Photo Credits:
Isabel Allende © Loria Barra