I verbi inglesi si coniugano su 3 MODI:
INFINITIVE (infinito)
PAST SIMPLE (passato)
PAST PARTICIPLE (participio passato)
PLAY
EAT
PLAYED
ATE
PLAYED
EATEN
PRESENT PERFECT: LA STRUTTURA
Occorre studiare e imparare a memoria la forma del participio passato
dei verbi irregolari (e regolari)
Alcuni esempi:
Present Past Past Participle
be was / were beenhave had hadmake made madedrive drove drivenvisit visited visitedcelebrate celebrated celebratedcut cut cutbreak broke broken
Forma affermativa
We have climbed a mountain
Mark has driven to the waterfalls
SOGGETTO + HAVE/HAS + PARTICIPIO PASSATO
forma negativa:
We haven’t climbed a mountain
Mark hasn’t driven to the waterfalls
SOGGETTO + HAVEN’T / HASN’T + PARTIC. PASSATO
Forma interrogativa:
Have you climbed a mountain?
Has Mark driven to the waterfalls?
HAVE / HAS + SOGGETTO + PARTIC. PASSATO
Risposte brevi:
Yes, we have / No, we haven’t
Yes, he has / No, he hasn’t
La risposta breve si completa con l’ausiliare
PRESENT PERFECT: L’USO
Essendo un tempo passato, occorre distinguere quando usarlo
rispetto al Past Simple, come nei seguenti casi:
a) Quando si danno notizie recenti, si raccontano fatti o avvenimenti, anche speciali:
I HAVE DONE BUNJEE JUMPING!
d) Con i seguenti avverbi: JUST – ALREADY – EVER/NEVER – YET – RECENTLY
I’ve never been to London (mai)They have already had lunch (già)Susan has just got home (appena)Susan hasn’t got home yet (non ancora)He has recently passed an English exam(di recente)Have you ever visited the Uffizi Gallery?(mai, in frasi interrogative)
IL VERBO ESSERE: OSSERVA
Present Past Past Participle
I am I was I have beenyou are You were You have beenHe is He was He has beenShe is She was She has beenIt is It was It has beenWe are We were We have beenYou are You were You have beenThey are They were They have been