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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Developmental Psychology
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Life is sexually transmitted
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Zygote The.. enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo
Embryo The…
Fetus The…
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Teratogens agents, such as…
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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Infant Abilities
6
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
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Infant Reflexes
• Rooting –
• Sucking –
• Babinski -
8
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Infant Reflexes
• Moro –
• Grasping -
9
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Methods for Studying Infants
Researchers observe habituation to assess what infants see and remember.
Habituation =
10
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Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
Maturation Biological…
relatively uninfluenced by experience At birth 3 months 15 months
Cortical Neurons
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Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
Babies only 3 months old can learn that…
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Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
Cognition All the mental activities associated
with…
SchemaA…
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Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
Assimilation Interpreting…
Accommodation adapting one’s…
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Piaget’s approach
• Primary method was to ask children to solve problems and to question them about the reasoning behind their solutions
• Discovered that children think…
• Proposed that development occurs as…
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Sensorimotor Stage (birth - 2)
• Information is gained through…
• In this stage child perceives and manipulates but does not…
• Symbols become internalized…
• Object permanence is acquired
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Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
Object Permanence The…
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Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
• Lack of…
• Emergence of symbolic thought through…
• Egocentrism• Lack the concept of conservation
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Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
Egocentrism (during pre-operational stage) the inability…
Theory of Mind (beginning in pre-operational stage)
Autism
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Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
Conservation (developed during concrete operational phase) the principle that
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Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years)
• Understanding of mental operations leading to…
• Classification and categorization• Less egocentric• Inability to reason abstractly or hypothetically• Can conserve• Can understand mathematical operations.
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Formal Operational Stage (age 12 - adulthood)
• Abstract reasoning using imagined realities and symbols.
• Potential for mature moral reasoning.• Understanding of religion develops.• Can spot hypocrisy.
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Typical Age Range
Description of Stage
Developmental Phenomena
Birth to nearly 2 years SensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)
•Object permanence•Stranger anxiety
About 2 to 6 years
About 7 to 11 years
About 12 through adulthood
PreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
•Pretend play•Egocentrism•Language development
Concrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
•Conservation •Mathematical transformations
Formal operationalAbstract reasoning
•Abstract logic•Potential for moral reasoning
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
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Piaget’s Theory Challenged• New studies indicate infants do
more than sense and react• Receptive language is much
larger than previously believed.• One study had 1 month old
babies suck one of two pacifiers without ever seeing them
• When shown both pacifiers, infants stared more at the one they had felt in their mouth
• This requires a sort of reasoning
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Critique of Piaget’s Theory
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Social Development
Stranger Anxiety fear of… beginning by about 8 months of age Have schemas for faces they know and can’t assimilate
new faces causing distress. Attachment
An… shown in young children by their seeking closeness to
the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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Social Development
Critical Period
Imprinting
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Social Development
Harlow’s Surrogate Mother Experiments
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Social Development
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Social Development
Basic Trust (Erik Erikson) a sense…
said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Approximateage Stage Description of Task
Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants(1st year) develop a sense of basic trust.
Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they
doubt their abilities.
Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel
guilty about efforts to be independent.
Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying(6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.