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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Precise Application of
Fertiliser
FAI meeting May 2017
Dermot Forristal Teagasc CELUP
Oak Park Crops Research
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But are we more precise today ?
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Why Consider Spreaders
Fertiliser is expensive and impacts on:
▶ Costs
▶ Production
▶ Environment
Need to spread:
▶ Accurately: Calibration
▶ Evenly: Even across spreading width
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
The spreader is important!
100 ha Farm: Winter Wheat 9t/ha 8 years
€7,000
Spreader
€266,000
Fertiliser
£1,008,000
Wheat (green)
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Striping: Need to Spread Evenly
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Striping: Need to Spread Evenly
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Lodging: Need to Spread Evenly
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Today’s Challenges
Wide bout widths:
▶ 12m► 18m ► 24m ► 27/28m ► 30m ► 42m ?
Fertiliser
▶ Variable Quality
▶ Urea products
Field Vs test hall conditions
All 3 in combination – biggest challenge
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Spreaders must spread Evenly!
Evenly across bout width
0
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Width (m)
Sp
read
ra
te (
%)
Coefficient of Variation (CV):
• Rates variation / evenness
• Good CV (Low): 4.4%
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Spreaders must spread Evenly!
0
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Width (m)
Sp
read
rate
(%
)
Poorer CV (Higher): 16%
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
CV & Wheat loss(€/ha): Sample
• CV to Loss relationship: Not universal • Different causes – different impacts • Lodging not included
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Even Spreading
Machine design
Fertiliser characteristics
Machine setting
Field conditions - Wind
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
The Machine !
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
The Machine !
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Machine Design
Spreading elements
▶ Discs (shape, speed)
▶ Vanes (length, shape, position)
▶ Fertiliser delivery point onto disc
Influences
▶ Basic spread pattern; overlapped pattern + bout width capability
▶ Impact of fertiliser type and wind
▶ Adaptability to Headland spreading, reducing bout width (short
ground) etc.
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Building up a spread pattern
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Width (m)
Sp
read
rate
(%
)
CV: 6.7%
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Triangular pattern: forgiving
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Lateral distance (m)
Ap
pli
cati
on
rate
(%
)
CV: 4.8 - 6.7 %
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Shouldered pattern: unforgiving!
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40
60
80
100
120
140
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Lateral distance (m)
Ap
pli
cati
on
rate
(%
)
CV: 8.7- 13.4 %
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Good Spreader
Good basic spread pattern
▶ Triangular – wide base –wide overlap
▶ Capable of required bout width with fert to be used
▶ Supported by test results – preferably independent
Easy to set for fertiliser and bout width
▶ Simple and/or clear method
▶ Good supporting material
▶ Fert classification and setting
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Fertiliser
Physical Quality
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Fertiliser characteristics
Granule size, shape, density and strength Influences:
– Movement on disc
– Throw off from vanes
– Movement through air
– Breakage into smaller particles and dust
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Fertiliser characteristics
Size: Larger: Captures more energy – easier throw
Shape: Rounded: Rolls easier on disc; smoother through air
Strength: Prevents breaking to dust / smaller particles
Ideal:
▶ 80% of particles in 2-4mm range
▶ But larger will be better i.e. 3.3mm+
▶ Rounded and smooth
▶ Blend components : mean particle size within 10% of overall mean
▶ Strong particles that do not break
Interaction between fertiliser and spreader
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Fertiliser characteristics
Density:
• High density: A given size with more weight to capture more energy
• Golf ball v table tennis ball
• Distance and wind
Fertiliser Types
Most: 1kg / litre
Urea: 0.7- 0.8 kg / litre
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Urea – (increased interest)
Lower Density – All Urea
Different size distribution: not always poorer
Particle Strength: may be weaker
Huge variation in size distribution and strength
Depends on manufacturing plant
Lots of options available to Irish suppliers
Farmers must seek good physical quality
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
CAN: Size distribution (%)
90%
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
NPK: Size distribution (%)
80%
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
UREA 1: Size distribution (%)
4%
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
UREA 2: Size distribution
92%
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Urea 3: Size distribution
98%
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Size distribution
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Urea-generally
Not a uniform product: supplier dependent
Density is always a challenge
More sensitive to wind
Will not throw as far as similarly sized high density
product. - May restrict tramline / bout width
Will suit some machines more than others
Needs careful setting
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Fertiliser characteristics
Prills or Granules - not really important
Depends on size, shape, density
Granules - Large Prills - Large Prills - Small
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Good Quality Fertiliser: Triangular
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Width (m)
Sp
read
rate
(%
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CV: 6.7%
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Good Quality Fertiliser: Triangular
0
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140
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(%
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Width (m)
CV: 6.7%
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Good Quality Fert: Windy conditions
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140
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ate
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Poorer Quality Fertiliser: Shouldered
0
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40
60
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100
120
140
0 5 10 14 19 24 29 34 38 43 48 53 58 62 67
Width (m)
Sp
read
rate
(%
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CV: 8.7%
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Poorer Quality Fertiliser: Shouldered
0
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ate
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Width (m)
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Poor Quality Fert: Windy conditions
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Fertiliser blends
Different components (N,P, K etc) – different
physical characteristics
Risk of segregated spread
Ideally:
▶ Blend components : mean particle size within 10% of mean
▶ Similar shape and strength
In practice:
▶ Similar spread characteristics required
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Fertiliser blends – Urea
Urea blends: N + S, N + K, N + P products
▶ Different density components!
▶ Risk of segregation
▶ (N near the tractor; S, P , K between trams ??)
▶ Not impossible to get a good spread, but difficult!
▶ Larger low density components matched with smaller high density?
▶ Onus is on the manufacturers to provide:
▶ machine specific information at desired bout width
▶ Even spreading of components must be verified
▶ Some fert supply companies very active in this area
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Setting the spreader
Evenness.
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Setting the spreader: Evenness
Determined by:
▶ Bout width
▶ Fertiliser quality
Setting / selection of:
▶ Disc type and speed
▶ Vane type, length, number, angle
▶ Fertiliser drop position
▶ Spreader / Disc angle and height over crop
Manufacturers resources
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Setting resources 1: Test halls
• Huge numbers of fertilisers
• Range of bouts
• But ‘perfect’ conditions
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Setting resources 2: characterisation
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Setting resources 3: Matching product
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Setting resources 4: getting setting
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Field checking of evenness
Tray tests
▶ Full width to check overall pattern
▶ Time consuming and difficult to set up
▶ Part widths to indicate correct setting
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Getting the Rate Right:
Calibration
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Applying the correct rate
Fertiliser Flow characteristics vary
▶ Between fertiliser types
▶ Between batches
▶ Depending on weather conditions
Individual machine settings can vary
Calibration essential
▶ Fertiliser flow rate
▶ Tractor forward speed
▶ Correct bout width
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Calibration practice
Manufacturers support
▶ Rate charts
▶ Web-based, Phone App material
▶ Tests of Irish fertiliser
▶ Test kits (sieve test and ID charts)
▶ Flow testers
▶ Calibration procedures and kits
On-board weighing and automatic
calibration
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Independent test: B
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Advanced Control systems
Constant application rate with:
▶ Variable forward speed or variable fert flow rate
Vary application rate ‘on the go’
▶ Manually (+/- certain percentages)
▶ Variable rate Precision Ag type system
Controlled headland operation
▶ Auto headland shut on/off
▶ Graduated shut off for angled headland etc
▶ Using GPS to determine position
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Spreader development
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
More Advanced Control systems !
Argus Twin
Radar
measurement
Adjust drop
point
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
More Advanced Control systems !
Argus Twin
Radar
measurement
Adjust drop
point
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Precision Fertiliser ?
Grid soil testing
Spatially variable
application P, K
and lime
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Precision Fertiliser ?
Crop reflectance
Spatially variable
application N
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Farmstar N sensing - France
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Yara N Sensor
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
E bee drone with Sequoia
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Crop Reflectance and N
BUT!!!
▶ Does it work?
▶ Not clear cut: 1% or 3-4% yield improvement?
Need to combine information on:
▶ Soil N supply; Cropping history; Soil type; winter rainfall
▶ Crop requirement: crop growth models
Not always clear cut benefits !
More immediate Concern:
Apply Fertiliser Evenly and Precisely
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Finally!
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Big Challenges !
Increased bout widths
Field vs Test Hall
▶ Wind
▶ Moving machine, ground contours
▶ Machine setting and wear
▶ Spreaders differ – good basic patterns: less impact
Urea
Spreader manufacturers show best results
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Will a manufacturer show this ?
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Same data in the brochure!
• Change the scale !!
• Looks far better but its still a poor spread.
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D. Forristal, Oak Park
Conclusions
Know the challenges
▶ Bout width
▶ Fertiliser physical quality
▶ Real field conditions
Fertiliser physical quality must be considered
▶ Fert blenders / suppliers; merchants; farmers
Choose spreader for bout width and fertiliser
Setting / Adjustment is imperative