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Practical Model-based Testing With Papyrus and RT-Tester
Jan Peleska and Wen-ling Huang University of Bremen
Verified Systems International GmbH Fourth Halmstad Summer School on Testing,
2014-06-11
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Acknowledgements. This presentation has been elaborated in the context of the EU FP7 COMPASS project under grant agreement no.287829.
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Overview
• Model-based testing
• Test Modelling With Papyrus
• Model-based Testing With RT-Tester
• Requirements, test cases, procedures, results, and Traceability
• Demonstration and Practical Exercises
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Overview
• Model-based testing
• Test Modelling With Papyrus
• Model-based Testing With RT-Tester
• Requirements, test cases, procedures, results, and Traceability
• Demonstration and Practical Exercises
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Our MBT Approach
Instead of writing test procedures,
• develop a test model specifying expected behaviour of SUT ➔ the first MBT variant
• use generator to identify “relevant” test cases from the model and calculate concrete test data
• generate test procedures fully automatic
• perform tracing requirements ↔ test cases in a fully automatic way
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MBT-Paradigm
Model System
Abstract Tests Executable Tests
Is a partial description of
can be run against
Are abstract versions of
Are derived from
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Overview
• Model-based testing
• Test Modelling With Papyrus
• Model-based Testing With RT-Tester
• Requirements, test cases, procedures, results, and Traceability
• Demonstration and Practical Exercises
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Papyrus
• Modelling with EMF-based formalisms
• EMF – Eclipse Modelling Framework
• Papyrus provides UML, SysML, DSL support
• Open source – free to use
• http://www.eclipse.org/papyrus/
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SysML
• Block definition diagrams
• Internal block diagrams
• Item flows
• State machines with timers
• Operations
• Requirements
• <<satisfy>> relationship between requirements and model elements
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Case Studies With SysML
• Simplified version of the turn indication and emergency flashing function in Daimler vehicles
• Full model available under
http://www.mbt-benchmarks.org!
➔ Benchmarks!
➔ Turn Indicator Model Rev. 1.4
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Case Studies With SysML
• New model available: the Ceiling Speed Monitor of the ETCS (European Train Control System)
• Full model available under
http://www.mbt-benchmarks.org!
➔ Benchmarks!
➔ openETCS/ceiling-speed-monitoring
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Model Introduction With Papyrus
• System interface – block diagram
• Requirements
• System Under Test – internal block diagram
• Further decompositions – internal block diagrams and block references
• Behaviour associated with block leaves – state machines and operations
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Overview
• Model-based testing
• Test Modelling With Papyrus
• Model-based Testing With RT-Tester
• Requirements, test cases, procedures, results, and Traceability
• Demonstration and Practical Exercises
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RT-Tester Internals
Further reading. Industrial-Strength Model-Based Testing - State of the Art and Current Challenges. In Petrenko, Alexander K. and Schlingloff, Holger (eds.): Proceedings Eighth Workshop on Model-Based Testing, Rome, Italy, 17th March 2013, Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 111, pp. 3-28 (2013). DOI:10.4204/EPTCS.111.1
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Reference Tool RT-Tester
• Supports all test levels – from unit to system integration testing
• Software tests and hardware-in-the-loop tests
• Test projects may combine hand-written test procedures with automatically generated procedures
➜ The tool capabilities are presented here to stimulate benchmarking activities
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Eclipse – Papyrus – RT-Tester Integration
Your Laptop – Client
Eclipse
Papyrus Plugin
RT-Tester Plugin
Server
RT-Tester MBT Server
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Eclipse – Papyrus – RT-Tester Integration
Your Laptop – Client
Eclipse
Papyrus Plugin
RT-Tester Plugin
Server
RT-Tester MBT ServerFree for academic use
Free
Server located at University of Bremen
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling ToolTool Components and Data Structures
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling ToolTool Components and Data Structures
Modelling Tool • UML/SysML subset • Enterprise Architect • Artisan Studio • Rhapsody • Papyrus !
• Alternatively: • DSL • MetaEdit+
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling Tool
Parser Front Ends • transform model representations in XMI format into abstract syntax tree
• AST = Internal Model Representation IMR
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling Tool
Model Transformers provide alternative AST representations • Cone of influence reduction • Test oracles • Equivalence class abstraction
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling Tool
Test Case Generator • identifies “relevant” test cases • uses ASTs as identification basis • exploits traceability information from requirements to model elements
• encodes test case goals as propositions
G(s0, s1, . . . , sc)
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling Tool
Transition Relation Generator • encodes operational semantics of the model by relating pre-states to post states
�(s, s0)
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling Tool
SMT-Solver • calculates solution of test goals which are compatible with the transition relation
J(s0) ^n̂
i=0
�(si, si+1) ^G(s0, . . . , sn+1)
Can handle Boolean, Integer, Float, Array data types
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling Tool
Concrete interpreter • executes the model from current pre-state with the input data calculated by the solver
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling Tool
Abstract interpreter • speeds up SMT-solver by • calculating minimal number of steps required for finding solutions
• restricting the ranges of inputs and other model variables in traces leading to a solution of
J(s0) ^n̂
i=0
�(si, si+1) ^G(s0, . . . , sn+1)
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Model (XMI)
Transition Relation
Concrete Test Data
Test Case-Specific Goal
RT-Tester Model Parser
Transition Relation GeneratorTest Case Generator
SMT-Solver SONOLAR
Test Procedure Generator
RT-Tester Test Procedure
Model Transformers
RT-Tester IMR (AST)
Model State Abstractions
Concrete Interpreter
Abstract Interpreter
Modelling Tool
Test Procedure Generator • is a compile back-end for transforming test case solutions to executable test procedures
• provides different compile back-ends for RT-Tester Real-Time Test Language, PROVEtech:TA, and TTCN-3
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Overview
• Model-based testing
• Test Modelling With Papyrus
• Model-based Testing With RT-Tester
• Requirements, test cases, procedures, results, and Traceability
• Demonstration and Practical Exercises
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Model Semantics
• Based on Kripke Structures
• Equivalent to alternative operational semantics based on labelled transition systems
K = (S, S0, R, L)
S : State space
S0 ✓ S : Initial states
R ✓ S ⇥ S : Transition relation
L : S ! 2
AP: Labelling function
AP : Atomic propositions
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Requirements
• Each requirement is reflected by set of model computations
⇡ = s0.s1.s2 . . .
• Computation sets can be characterised by Linear Temporal Logic (LTL)
G� : Globally � holds on path ⇡
X� : In the next state on path ⇡, formula � holds.
F� : Finally � holds on path ⇡
�U : F and � holds on path ⇡ until is fulfilled
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Requirements Tracing – Complex Requirements
• Computations contributing to complex requirements require full LTL expressions
• Insert LTL formula in constraint
• Link constraint to requirement via <<satisfy>> relation
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Test Cases
• Test cases are finite witnesses of model computations
• Trace = finite prefix of a computation
• If computation satisfies LTL formula associated with a requirement, trace prefixes must at least not violate this formula
• Some formulas can only be verified on an infinite computation (liveness formulas, e.g. fairness properties)
• But these properties can only be partially verified by testing
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Test Data Computation
• LTL formulas interpreted on finite traces can be transformed into first order expressions
tc ⌘ J(s0) ^n̂
i=0
�(si, si+1) ^G(s0, . . . , sn+1)
• Recall. These formulas can be solved by an SMT solver
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Model Coverage StrategiesStrategies currently realised in RT-Tester
• Basic control state coverage
• Transition coverage
• MC/DC coverage
• Hierarchic transition coverage
• Equivalence class and boundary value coverage
• Basic control state pairs coverage
• Interface coverage (under construction)
• Block coverage (under construction)
• Equivalence class partitioning (under construction)
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Overview
• Model-based testing
• Test Modelling With Papyrus
• Model-based Testing With RT-Tester
• Requirements, test cases, procedures, results, and Traceability
• Demonstration and Practical Exercises
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Test Generation Context and Test Execution Context
• Test generation context. Configure the test procedure to be generated
• Test execution context. Execute the test procedure against the system under test
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Work Flow
• Create the test model (Papyrus perspective)
• Create RT-Tester project (RT-Tester perspective)
• Import model to RT-Tester project
• Configure and create initial test procedure – model-coverage approach
• Configuration file
• Signal map
• Analyse signal flow
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Work Flow
• Optional: create a simulation
• Compile and run test procedure
• Replay test procedure
• Analyse requirements and test cases
• Create new generation context
• Allocate test cases to procedure to be generated