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Ministry of Higher Education
and Scientific Research
University of Ishik
College of education
Department of Biology
Practical comparative anatomy
Grade four (2018-2019)
1st Lab.
Yadasht Haydar
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Comparative anatomy : is the study of
similarities and differences in the anatomy of
different biology and phylogeny .
species. It is closely related to evolutionary
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Comparative anatomy is an important tool that
helps determine evolutionary relationships
between organisms and whether or not they
share common ancestors. However, it is
also important evidence for
evolution. Anatomical similarities between
organisms support the idea that these organisms
evolved from a common ancestor.
What is the importance of comparative
anatomy ???
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studying, cataloguing and maintaining
biodiversity is of prime importance, because it allows biologists to better
understand conservation issues and the
consequences that follow from the loss
of species.
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Thomas Huxley 1825-1895 Published Comparative Anatomy of
Vertebrates in 1871. established the modern
concept of the evolution of the vertebrate
skull.
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the arrangement of animals and plants
in taxonomic groups according to their
observed similarities (including at least
kingdom and phylum in animals,
division in plants, and class, order,
family, genus, and species).
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The advantages of classifying organisms
are as follows:
(i) Classification facilitates the
identification of organisms.
(ii) helps to establish the relationship
among various groups of organisms.
(iii) helps to study the phylogeny and
evolutionary history of organisms.
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Phylum: Chordates
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Characteristics of chordates
-Notochord. a flexible rod like structure that forms the
supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and
lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates.
-Pharyngeal Gill Slits. characteristic of both hemichordata
and chordate, are used by organisms in feeding. ...
-Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord.
-Postanal Tail.
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Classification of Chordates. Existing species of
chordates are classified into three major subphyla:
- Urochordata
-Cephalochordata
-Vertebrata.
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Terms and Concepts of comparative anatomy
Homologous structure The structure that are similar in different species
because the species have common descent , while
may or may not have the same function.
example: the skeletons of the forelimbs of cats, the
wings of birds, the arms of humans, and the wings of a
bat
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Analogous structureStructure that are similar in different organisms because
they evolved in a similar environment, rather than were
inherited from a recent common ancestor , also they are
sharing common function.
example: the fin of a fish and the flipper of a whale the
scales of fishes and reptiles
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Ontogeny-The developmental history of an organism Begins with
embryogenesis, the development after fertilization .
- Includes post embryonic changes: aging or senescence
and death.
-Genes are the primary operable.
A single lifetime
phylogeny -The evolutionary history of group of species.
-It requires hundreds or thousands to hundred of millions of
year
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
ANY QUESTIONS ????????