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The theoretical perspective and argument for UNICEF’s focus on Equity
Christian Salazar VolkmannUNICEF
Programme Division
May 10, 2012Oslo
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EAP Economies doing very well …but income inequality has increased a lot!
Source: ADB (2007), except for Thailand (TDRI, 2007)
China
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Korea, Rep.
Vietnam
Philippines
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
-2 0 2 4 6
Changes in Gini Coefficient, Percentage Points (1990s - Latest)
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Food Prices
Source: Ortiz, Chai and Cummins (2011) UNICEF
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In Southern Asia, progress in combating child undernutrition is bypassing the poorestProportion of under-five children who are underweight in Southern Asia, by household wealth, around 1995 and 2009 (%)
Source: UNICEF global databases, Statistics and Monitoring Section/ Division of Policy and Practice.Published in: The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2011.
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Multiple Deprivations, Severe deprivation and Income Poverty, 2006
Prepared by Alberto Minujin I October 2010
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Thailand
Philippines
Viet Nam
Lao
Cambodia
Severe deprivation Multiple severe deprivation Income Poor (NPL)
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Child Vulnerability: Dimensions and ThresholdsDimension Severe Deprivation Less Severe Deprivation
FoodChildren whose height and weight were more than 3 SDs below the median of the international reference population.
Children whose height and weight were more than 2 SDs below the median of the international reference population.
Shelter Children in dwellings with 5 or more people per room or with no flooring material .
Children in dwellings with 3 or more people per room or living in a house with no flooring or inadequate roofing.
Water… …
Sanitation… …
Health… …
Education… …
Information… …
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Observed rate of U5MR reduction (ARR, 2000-2010)
Und
er-fi
ve m
orta
lity
rate
in 2
010
(per
1,0
00 li
ve b
irths
) Levels and trends in under-five mortality2010
Global average:57 per 1,000
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1) Somalia (180 per 1000 live births)
2) Mali3) Burkina Faso4) Sierra Leone5) Chad6) Democratic Republic of the Congo7) Haiti8) Angola 9) Central African Republic10) Guinea-Bissau
11) Afghanistan12) Niger and Nigeria 13) Burundi14) Cameroon 15) Mozambique 16) Guinea17) Côte d’Ivoire18) Equatorial Guinea19) Benin20) Zambia and Mauritania (both111 per 1000 live births)
Source for mortality rank: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation 2011; Fragile Situation countries are shown in red (source: World Bank 2011)
8 of the 10 countries with the highest under five child mortality rates are affected by violence or in ‘fragile situations’
13
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Disparity of Incidence of Severe Deprivation, ca. 2006
Prepared by Alberto Minujin I October 2010
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Viet Nam (39.2%)
Mongolia (64.1%)
Lao (75.2%)
Cambodia (90.1%)
Ratio
Ethnicity (Highest / Lowest inc.) Sub-national region (Highest / Lowest inc.)Area (Rural / Urban) Education of household head (Primary and less / Secondary and more)Household size (7+ /up to 4)
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Context specific indicators for key determinants to identify barriers & bottlenecks
Determinants Description
Enabling
Environme
nt
Social Norms Widely followed social rules of behaviour
Legislation/Policy Adequacy of laws and policies
Budget/expenditure Allocation & disbursement of required resources
Management /Coordination Roles and Accountability/ Coordination/ Partnership
Supply
Availability of essential commodities/inputs
Essential commodities/ inputs required to deliver a service or adopt a practice
Access to adequately staffed services, facilities and information
Physical access (services, facilities/information)
Demand
Financial access Direct and indirect costs for services/ practices
Social and cultural practices and beliefs
Individual/ community beliefs, awareness, behaviors, practices, attitudes
Timing and Continuity of use Completion/ continuity in service, practice
Qty Quality of care Adherence to required quality standards (national or international norms)
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