Internet Applications
Introduction
BUPT/QMUL
2018-03-05
2
Agenda
What is the Internet?
How does it work?
When & how did it come about?
Who controls it?
Where is it going?
Refer to Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 of the Textbook
3
Q1: What is the Internet?
4
Q1: What is the Internet?
So many different definitions‥‥‥ http://www.whatis.com
http://www.webopedia.com
http://www.webcurrent.com
http://linux.about.com
http://www.boutell.com
‥ ‥ ‥
The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net“, is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).
A global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions.
Simply put, the Internet is a networkof linked computers allowing participants to share information on those computers. You should want to be a part of it because the Internet literally puts a world of information and a potential worldwide audience at your fingertips. Internet: A worldwide network of networks. It is also the network of networks that connects more than three million computers (called hosts).
"The Internet" refers to the worldwidenetwork of interconnectedcomputers, all of which use a common protocol known as TCP/IP to communicate with each other.
network
worldwide
computers
communicate
interconnected
TCP/IP
5
Q1: What is the Internet?
Internet vs. internet Internet
internet
Internet vs. WWW (World Wide Web) Internet
WWW
Internet vs. Intranet Internet
Intranet
Internet: Different Viewpoints
Various User Groups
Service and Content Providers
Network and Computing
Service Providers
Manufactures and Software Industry
Research and Standardization Organization
Legal framework and Government Governance
6
7
internet vs. Internet
internet: a set of computer networks that are connected to each other.
Local Area Network
“Ruby”152.2.81.1
“www.whitehouse.gov”198.137.240.91
8
internet vs. Internet
Internet: a worldwide sets of networks that interoperate using TCP/IP protocols.
9
Internet vs. WWW
Internet
FTP EMail Telnet ……
(a networking infrastructure and the related communication standards)
(An information sharing model on top of the
Internet)
WWW
10
Q2: How does the Internet work?
11
Q2: How does the Internet work?
How do machines communicate with one another on the Internet?
What are the components of the Internet? Physical infrastructure Domain Name System Internet protocols Internet applications
Important design concepts Layered model of networking Client-server paradigm
12
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— communication on the Internet
Local Area Network
“Ruby”152.2.81.1
A
“www.whitehouse.gov”198.137.240.91
B
• The source computer• One application produces
the data to send• The software “packetize”
the data
• The cables connecting the computers to the network
• The network device receives the data and pushes them out
• The software chooses the path for data delivery
• The destination computer• The software “depacketize” the data
• The counterpart to the sender application reads the data
13
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— communication on the Internet
Application
(e.g., IE)
Data
Network Software
(i.e. TCP/IP)
Packet Packet Packet
Application
(e.g., Web Server)
Data
Network Software
(i.e. TCP/IP)
Packet Packet Packet
Physical (Hosts, Routers, Wiring)
14
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the minimum requirements for communication on the Internet
Postal Analogy
A common language
A letter
A stamped and addressed envelop
Physical delivery via the postal stream
Internet counterpart
Applications speaking a common language
Digitized data (eg. packet)
Communication protocols
Physical connection to the Internet
15
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet
Internet applications Telnet, Email, Web browser etc.
Internet protocols TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP,HTTP etc.
Internet addresses IPv4, IPv6, Domain Name System
Physical infrastructure hosts, routers, wiring
16
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet
Physical infrastructure
Hosts
Routers
Wiring
an internet-connected computer with an internet address
a device that routes data packets towards the destination
fiber-optic, telephone, twist pair cable, satellite
1717
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet
Internet addressing
Machines want identity
IP Address
= network interface address
Be assigned by IANA
E.g., 211.68.71.174
E.g., 2001:DB8:0:8::1
Humans want names
Hostname
Be assigned to a host for the benefit of humans
E.g., www.is.bupt.cn
LAN
Modem
IPv4 IPv6
IEEE 802.11
DNS
Converting between IP Address and Hostname
18
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet
Internet addressing: an example of DNS
Root.
.org .net .com
.kz
.gov.kz
aic.gov.kz
.lk
.jp
.tv
.in198.41.0.4
www.aic.gov.kz
131.181.2.61
128.250.1.21
212.154.242.148
212.154.242.144210.84.80.24
210.80.58.34
“Ask 131.181.2.61”
“Ask 128.250.1.21”
“Ask 212.154.242.148”
“Go to 212.154.242.144”
localDNS
IP addr. of
www.aic.gov.kz?
“go to
212.154.242.144”
www.aic.gov.kz?
www.aic.gov.kz?
www.aic.gov.kz?
www.aic.gov.kz?
19
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet
Internet protocols Protocol = A set of rules for communicating
Internet Protocol (IP) Basic data transport: the glue of the Internet Unreliable delivery Versions
IPv4 with 32 bit/4 Byte address IPv6 with 128 bit/16 Byte address
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Reliable data transmission Connection-oriented
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Unreliable data transmission Connectionless-oriented
Network layer
Transport layer
All Internet Applications use at least IP, most use TCP/UDP and IP
20
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet
Internet Protocols
Application protocols File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Used by file exchange applications
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Used by email applications
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Used by WWW applications
……
21
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— the components of the Internet
Internet applications
E.g., ftp, telnet, email, www, … …
Most are based on client-server model
Different applications use different protocols in addition to TCP/UDP and IP
ftp: FTP
telnet: TELNET
Email: SMTP
WWW: HTTP
22
Layered networking model
Client-server paradigm
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts
23
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts
Application
(e.g., IE)
Data
Network Interface
(i.e. TCP/IP)
Packet Packet Packet
Application
(e.g., Web Server)
Data
Network Interface
(i.e. TCP/IP)
Packet Packet Packet
Physical (Hosts, Routers, Wiring)
Layered networking model
24
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts
Layered networking model
Postal Analogy Network Counterpart Layer
Common language
Envelop and return address
Address
Mail boxes, trucks, planes; physical delivery
Applications (Telnet, FTP, HTTP etc.)
Reliable delivery (TCP)
Source to destination (IP)
Wires, cables, hardwares etc
APPLICATION
TRANSPORT
NETWORK
PHYSICAL
25
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts
Layered networking model
ISO’s 7 layer model
26
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts
Client-server paradigm Client – the user of the service
Initiated interaction through requests
Server – the provider of the service Must be listening Waits and responds to the incoming requests
Clients and servers need a protocol that defines the interaction between them
client server
request
response
27
Q2: How does the Internet work?—— important concepts
Client-server paradigm
The client/server/protocol relationship
IP Addr: 152.2.81.103 IP Addr: 152.2.81.1
client
server
Client application
(an program running on this machine)
Server application
(an program running on this machine)
Protocol
28
Q3: When and how did the Internet come about?
29
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet
The history of the Internet
a DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) research project
a NSF (National Science Foundation) -sponsored research project
a full global infrastructure
ARPANET
NSFNET
INTERNET (the most important
information source today)
30
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet
The important events
1945-1995
Memex
Conceived
1945
WWW
Created
1989
Mosaic
Created
1993
A
Mathematical
Theory of
Communication
1948
Packet
Switching
Invented
1964Silicon
Chip
1958
First Vast
Computer
Network
Envisioned
1962
ARPANET
1969
TCP/IP
Created
1972
Internet
Named
and
Goes
TCP/IP
1984
Hypertext
Invented
1965
Age of
eCommerce
Begins
1995
31
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet
The important events
1996-2015
First
Mobile
Phone
Released
1996
The IANA
IPv4
Address
Depleted
2011
Worldwide
Internet
Users
Breaks
2.4 Billion
2012
ICANN
Created and
Wi-Fi
Standardized
1998
Web 2.0
2004
Dot com
Bubble
Bursts
2000
First
Internet
Cell Phone
Released
2001
Google Hits
1 Trillion
URLs
2008
ICANN
Gains
Autonomy
2009
Hits 400
Million
Active
Users
2010
Youtube
Launches
2005
Internet
Plus and
Industry 4.0
2015
32
ARPANET — a packet switching network
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet
1964 Paul Baran realized packet switching
in the military network.
1965 the experiments by MIT showed the
packet transmission in the circuit switching
network was slow, unreliable and with high
cost.
1967 ARPA of USA planned ARPANET.
Lawrence Roberts proposed that ARPANET
adopted packet switching network based on
the queuing theory of Leonard Kleinrock.
Kleinrock and the first node of ARPANET
33
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the evolution of the Internet
The development stages
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
theory
universityprototypes
production usein research
commercialearly residential
broadbandhome
emailftp
DNSRIPUDPTCP
SMTPSNMP
ATMBGP, OSPF
IPsecHTTPHTMLRTP
100 kb/s 1 Mb/s 10 Mb/s
XMLOWLSIP
Jabber
100 Mb/s 1 Gb/sPort speeds
Internet protocols
queuingarchitecture
routingcong. control
ATMQoSVoD
p2pad-hocsensor
Important technologies
2015
100 Gb/s
6LoWPANIPv4/IPv6
PIMv6OpenFlow
IoTMobility
SDN
34
Father of the Internet (by the Charles Stark Draper Prize of NAE in 2001)
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons
Roberts Kahn Kleinrock Cerf
Lawrence G. Roberts
The creator of ARPANET
Leonard Kleinrock
The creator of the
packet switching
protocols for network
information exchange
Vinton G. Cerf
Robert E. Kahn
The inventors of TCP/IP
The Turing Award in
2004
35
Douglas E. Comer
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons
The internationally
recognized expert on
computer networking and
the TCP/IP protocols
The Vice President of
Research for Cisco
System Inc.
The Distinguished
professor of Computer
Science in Purdue
University
36
The inventor of WWW — Tim Berners Lee
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons
The Director of the World Wide
Web Consortium
Senior Research Scientist at MIT’s
CSAIL
In March 1989, he proposed the
idea of sharing information through
hypertext
In the summer of 1989, he
developed the first web server and
web client in the world
In December 1989, he named his
invention WWW(World Wide Web)
In May 1991, WWW began to be
used in the Internet
In 1994, he found the WWW
Consortium
37
The representative of eCommerce (Electronic Commerce) — Jeff Bezos
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons
The founder of the famous Amazon
A great Internet strategist
In 1994 he began to think about how to
create infinite commercial chance in the
Internet with surprising high growth
speed
In July 1995, the Amazon Inc. was
founded as a network bookshop
38
The founders of IM (Instant Messaging)
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons
ICQ means “I seek you”
The first one IM software in the
world, and OICQ, QQ etc. later
Invented by four young Jews
without any professional
educations or trainings -- Yair
Goldfinger (26 years old), Arik
Vardi (27), Sefi Vigiser (25),
Amnon Amir (24) Only in 3
months
They found the Mirabilis Inc. at
Israel in Nov. 1996.
Purchased by AOL with
$300,000,000 in 1999.
39
The inventor of BT (BitTorrent) — Bram Cohen
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons
The concept of seed is used for data
sharing between users in the
network firstly in 1999.
The Beta version of BT was
completed in 2001.
Bram opened the source codes of BT
in 2002 and gained lots of users.
BT has become the preferred
downloading tools
Still be a disputed topic today
40
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the famous persons
The founder and CEO of Facebook -- Mark Zuckerberg
Facebook is the first and biggest
Internet social networking website.
He started the website in his college
dorm room in 2004 in Harvard.
In 2010, he was named Time
Magazine's Person of the Year.
41
Q3: When & how did it come about?——Internet today
How many networks running are there: Active BGP Entries (Forwarding Table: FIB) By Geoff Huston , at Wed Feb 24 02:10:12 2018 (UTC+1000).. URL: http://bgp.potaroo.net/as1221/bgp-active.html
657954
42
Q3: When & how did it come about?——Internet today
By CNNIC, Jan. 2018
http://www.cnnic.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201801/P020180131509544165973.pdf
How many Internet users are there in China?
43
Q3: When & how did it come about?——Internet today
More and more ordinary people can access it
The speed is faster
More information
More applications
Extended to IoT – Internet of Things
Cloud Computing & Big Data
44
Q3: When & how did it come about?——the elicitations from the success of the Internet
A process full of innovations
Open standards
The broad application is the vitality of the Internet
2006:“You”
1982:“PC”
45
Q4: Who controls it?
46
Q4: Who controls it?—— who is in charge?
ARPA managed for 15+ years
1986: NSF took over
1994: NSF ceased direct support Now funded by “the market,” government, industry
Internationally deployed
1998: ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
2004: WGIG Working Group on Internet Governance founded at the United Nations in Geneva
47
Q4: Who controls it?—— the major organizations
ISOC (Internet Society) Official gatekeeper To promote evolution and growth of Internet http://www.isoc.org
IAB (Internet Architecture Board) Technical oversight and coordination ~15 international volunteers ISOC oversees IAB http://www.isi.edu/iab
ARIN/RIPE/APNIC/LacNIC/AfricNIC Regional Internet Registry (RIR) providing allocation and
registration services http://www.nro.net/ NRO (Number Registration Organizations)
48
Q4: Who controls it?—— the major organizations
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Develops near-term Internet standards 9 areas, each with an area director Areas are routing and addressing, security, etc. Under the IAB http://www.ietf.org
IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) Focuses on long-term research projects Under the IAB http://www.irtf.org
IETF & IRTF develop official Internet standards Technical working in WGs (Working Group) Open to all Documents progress through stages: RFCs, drafts
49
Q4: Who controls it?—— the major organizations
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) / PTI
Hands out globally unique Internet addresses
Supported by NTIA of U.S. government in the past
Public Technical Identifiers (PTI) now is responsible for the operation of the IANA functions
http://www.iana.org/
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers)
Stop contract with U.S government in Oct.2016
Replacement organization for IANA
Not-for-profit organization with international board
http://www.icann.org/
50
Q5: Where is it going?
51
Q5: Where is it going?—— information growth
55,000 new books annually
> 1,000,000 magazine articles
9,600 periodicals: > 800 new per year (some all digital)
40,000 scientific articles ( 1 every 30 seconds)
95% of all information is generated digitally
Top libraries would have to double in size every 14 years
Over 1 billion websites worldwide according to online tracker Internet Live Stats
52
Q5: Where is it going?—— language of Internet growth
Talk about exponential growth... 10 Ten Byte
103 Thousand Kilobytes
106 million megabytes
109 billion gigabytes
1012 trillion terabytes
1015 quadrillion petabytes
1018 quintillion exabytes
53
Q5: Where is it going?—— are the original assumptions still tenable?
End-to-end
Host-centric
Best effort service
Trusty service stream
Unrelated to commercial application
Original assumptions
No, maybe Peer-to-peer
No, data-centric is proposed
No, QoS is important
No, security is important
No, appropriate profitable mode is needed
Tenable today ?
54
IPv6: Motivation
Problems of IPv4
Insufficient addressing space
Real-time application is not provided
Short of security support
Short of mobility support
IPv6 is getting more popular around world
55
Q5: Where is it going?—— research works of Next Generation Internet
Patching on today’s network Resulting in more and more complexity
Designing new architecture for the next generation network, like SDN and future Internet technologies NewArch
GENI
FIND
Ambient Network
ANA
HAGGLE
… …
56
Key words today
Local definition: A set of computer networks that are connected to each other (an internet)
Global definition: A world-wide set of networks that interoperate using TCP/IP protocols (the Internet)
Protocol: A set of rules to control the means by which information is communicated between entities
TCP/IP: A suite of protocols for transporting any data over an internet between access points
57
Abbreviations (1)
ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency
AS Autonomous System
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
CNGI China Next Generation Internet
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DNS Domain Name System
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
FTP File Transfer Protocol
HTML HyperText Markup Language
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
IAB Internet Architecture Board
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers
58
Abbreviations (2)
IE Internet Explorer
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IP Internet Protocol
IRTF Internet Research Task Force
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LAN Local Area Network
MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
NSF National Science Foundation
P2P Peer to Peer
POP3 Post Office Protocol
RFC Request for Comments
59
Abbreviations (3)
RTCP Realtime Control Protocol
RTP Realtime Transport Protocol
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
WGIG Working Group on Internet Governance
WWW World Wide Web
60
Questions
Internet/Intranet
What are the problems incurred by the traditional design principles of the Internet?
What contribution could you do for Internet?
backup
这是一个变化的世界
http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA5MTM4NTAzNA==&mid=200209294&idx=1&sn=cda403c6c65d75c525b559c08a985d3b#wechat_redirect