-
Prof. Priyani Paranagama Senior Professor & Chair of Chemistry
University of Kelaniya Kelaniya
Potential Link between Ground Water Hardness, Arsenic and Prevalence of CKDu
-
Members of the research team • Prof. Priyani Paranagama-Chemistry - Uni. of Kelaniya • Prof. Mala Amarasinghe- Botany - Univ. of Kelaniya • Mr. Saranga Fonseka – Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya • Dr. Channa Jayasumana - Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University • Ashwin Fernando, Collage of Chemical Science, Institute of Chemistry,
Celon. • Ms. Kumudika Jayalath, University of Kelaniya
Team of medical doctors • Dr. Chinthaka Wijewardhane- Former MOIC-Padavi Sripura Hospital • Dr. Kumudu Dahanayake- Former JMO-Monaragala DGH • Dr. Dananjaya Samarasinghe - Karawanella Base Hospital • Dr. Panduka Mahamithawa - Faculty of Medicine,Rajarata University • Dr. Lakshitha Rajakaruna- Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University
• University of Ruhuna • Dr. Mangala de Silva, Department of Zoology
-
Why? 1) unique geographical distribution of the
CKDu
2) there was no CKDu 20-25 years back
-
• Literature Search on Causative Factors for CKDu
Initiated in December 2010
• With the concurrence of Ethics Committee of the Faculty
of Medicine and Allied Sciences of Rajarata University of
Sri Lanka.
• Written informed consent was obtained from all the
individuals who have participated in the study.
-
Objectives of the present study • To investigate the link between water
hardness and prevalence of CKDu
• To determine the prevalence of clinical features and analysis the arsenic content in biological and environmental samples
• To investigate the sources of arsenic contamination in the environment and biological samples
-
Clinical assessments of our Study
Study areas;
Endemic areas: Padavi-Sripura, Anuradhapura urban area, Polpithigama, Nikawewa, Mahawa-Siyambangamuwa, Medawachchiya, Matale, Kebithigollawa (Gonameriyawa)
Nonendemic areas:
Gampaha and Pasgoda
-
Endemic areas
-
Nonendemic areas: Gampaha and Pasgoda
-
Clinical assessments • Total no. of participants in the study (n) = 1293
• Endemic areas: CKDu cases - 801 & Controls – 346
• Non endemic areas : 146
• A door-to-door survey to gather background information on CKDu patients among the villagers
• Questionnaire form was used for the survey
• All subjects were interviewed
• Urine ACR were obtained and recorded
• Socio - demographic variables and Anthropometric characteristic, blood pressure and pulse recording of all subjects were obtained
-
Statistical analysis • MINITAB 14 statistical software
• Data obtained from CKDu cases in endemic area, controls in endemic and nonendemic area ; age, sex, education, occupation, type of agriculture, source of drinking water, use of agrochemicals were statistically analyzed .
• Linear regression analysis and correlation of water hardness and number of CKDu patients were statistically analyzed
• p values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
-
• At the beginning of the study, all selected house holds were mapped using Global Positioning System (GPS)
Moragollagama
Nikawewa
-
Siyabakangamuwa
-
Socio - demographic variables of CKDu cases
• Gender
– Male 85 %
– Female 15 %
male
female
85%
15%
-
0
50
100
150
200
250
15 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 35 36 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 -70 71 - 80 80-90
Age breakdown of the CKDu patients
No. of CKDu
Cases
Age category
CKDu primarily affects middle-aged farmers.
-
Level of education of CKDu cases
– Grade 1 to grade 5 21. 4 %
– Grade 6 to Grade 10 46. 2 %
– Up to O/L 18.3 %
– Up to A/L 13.5 %
– Degree or above 0.6 %
-
Employment status Farmers 77.5 %
House wives 14.2 %
Office employee 08.3 %
(farmers)
Marital status
Single 38.4 %
Married 61.6 %
-
Source of Drinking water Well water - 92 % Tube wells – 08 %
Type of agriculture - Use of Agrochemicals 100 %
The farming communities are predominantly affected; of which more than 90% live in rural areas
Kristina Jakobsson & Channa Jayasuman (2013) Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown origin in Sri Lanka, Proceedings of the First International Research Workshop on Mesoamerican Nephrophathy, Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET-UNA) and Program on Work, Environment and Health in Central America (SALTRA), Editors: Catharina Wesseling, Jennifer Crowe, Christ er Hogstedt, Kristina Jakobsson, Rebekah Lucas and David Wegman, 28-30 November, Costa Rica, pp 53.
-
Hardness of water from endemic area and nonendemic area
Collection of water samples
Endemic area (n = 381)
Non endemic area (n = 232)
Methodology
Total hardness was measured using EPA
130.2 method
EPA methods were used for detection of
anions in hardwater.
-
District Sampling locations Number of
samples
Anuradhapura
Kebithigollewa Spring 10
Medawachchiya 40
Padaviya 36
Anuradhapura city 45
Kurunegala Polpithigama, Nikawewa 60
Mahawa-Siyambalangamuwa 20
Mathale Mathale 49
Ampara Padiyathalawa, Dehiaththakandiya 83
Gampaha Kadawatha, Ja - ela, Katunayaka, Biyagama,
Kaduwela, Gampaha 212
Monaragala Monaragala 38
Mathara Pasgoda 20
-
District Sampling
locations
Number
of samples
Avg. Total
Hardness
(mg/L-1)
Minimum and
Maximum
Hardness
(mg/L-1)
Median
hardness
(mg/L-1)
Number
of CKDu
patients
Anuradhapura
Kebithigollewa
Spring 10 9.2 9.1 - 9.3 9.2 0
Medawachchiya 40 376.2 160.2 -
685.2 384.6 2783
Padaviya 36 323. 8 270.0 -
820.0 340 2378
Anuradhapura
city 45 112.4
108.2 –
312.5 122.5 5
Kurunegala
Polpithigama,
Nikawewa 60 352.5 90.0 - 615.0 307.5 2654
Mahawa-
Siyambalangamuwa 20 253 60.0 - 410.0 240 72
M.A.C.S. Jayasumana, P.A. Paranagama, M.D. Amarasinghe, S.I. Fonseka, Sri Lankan Agricultural Nephropathy and high ground water hardness Possible link, Proceedings of the First International Research Workshop on Mesoamerican Nephrophathy, Central American Institute for Studies on toxic Substances (IRET-UNA) and Program on Work, Environment and Health in Central America (SALTRA), Editors: Catharina Wesseling, Jennifer Crowe, Christer Hogstedt, Kristina Jakobsson, Rebekah Lucas and David Wegman, 28-30 November, Costa Rica, pp 195.
Endemic area
-
District Sampling locations Number
of samples
Avg. Total
Hardness
(mg/L-1)
Minimum and
Maximum
Hardness
(mg/L-1)
Median
hardness
(mg/L-1)
Number
of CKDu
patients
Kurunegala
Polpithigama,
Nikawewa 60 352.5 90.0 - 615.0 307.5 2654
Mahawa-
Siyambalangamuwa 20 253 60.0 - 410.0 240 72
Mathale Mathale 49 228 60.0 - 460 252.5 55
Ampara Padiyathalawa,
Dehiaththakandiya 83 259.4 18.9 - 943 260 977
M.A.C.S. Jayasumana, P.A. Paranagama, M.D. Amarasinghe, S.I. Fonseka, Sri Lankan Agricultural Nephropathy and high ground water hardness Possible link, Proceedings of the First International Research Workshop on Mesoamerican Nephrophathy, Central American Institute for Studies on toxic Substances (IRET-UNA) and Program on Work, Environment and Health in Central America (SALTRA), Editors: Catharina Wesseling, Jennifer Crowe, Christer Hogstedt, Kristina Jakobsson, Rebekah Lucas and David Wegman, 28-30 November, Costa Rica, pp 195.
Endemic area
-
District Sampling locations Number
of samples
Avg. Total
Hardness
(mg/L-1)
Minimum and
Maximum
Hardness
(mg/L-1)
Median
hardness
(mg/L-1)
Number
of CKDu
patients
Gampaha
Kadawatha,
Kelaniya, Ja -
ela, Katunayaka,
Biyagama,
Kaduwela,
Gampaha
212 94.6 9.4 -
140.0 67.3 0
Mathara Pasgoda 20 30.6 28.4-
54.6 33.7 0
M.A.C.S. Jayasumana, P.A. Paranagama, M.D. Amarasinghe, S.I. Fonseka, Sri Lankan Agricultural Nephropathy and high ground water hardness Possible link, Proceedings of the First International Research Workshop on Mesoamerican Nephrophathy, Central American Institute for Studies on toxic Substances (IRET-UNA) and Program on Work, Environment and Health in Central America (SALTRA), Editors: Catharina Wesseling, Jennifer Crowe, Christer Hogstedt, Kristina Jakobsson, Rebekah Lucas and David Wegman, 28-30 November, Costa Rica, pp 195.
nonendemic area
-
Relationship between water hardness and number of CKDu patients in sampling areas
M.A.C.S. Jayasumana, P.A. Paranagama, M.D. Amarasinghe, S.I. Fonseka, Sri Lankan Agricultural Nephropathy and high ground water hardness Possible link, Proceedings of the First International Research Workshop on Mesoamerican Nephrophathy, Central American Institute for Studies on toxic Substances (IRET-UNA) and Program on Work, Environment and Health in Central America (SALTRA), Editors: Catharina Wesseling, Jennifer Crowe, Christer Hogstedt, Kristina Jakobsson, Rebekah Lucas and David Wegman, 28-30 November, Costa Rica, pp 195.
-
Hardness of water in reservoirs in the endemic
area
-
Hardness of water in reservoirs in the endemic area
Location of the Reservoir Avg. Hardness
(ppm)
Padaviya 115 - 135
Tissa wewa 120 - 135
Bulankulama 130 - 140
Olugolla 105 - 125
Nikawewa 140 - 155
Siyambalangamuwa 100 - 120
Medawachchiya 130 - 145
Measured in three occasion of the year as Values may vary due to different climetic conditions.
-
Distribution and prevalence of
CKDu in Sri Lanka
Distribution of hardwater in Sri Lanka
(Technical data for groundwater
hardness in Sri Lanka, Water
Resources Board, Colombo 7)
-
Average values of total hardness and other ions in water samples of sampling areas
Location Avg.
Hardness
mg/L
Avg.
PO43-
mg/L
Avg.
SO42-
mg/L
Avg.
NO3-
mg/L
Avg.
CO32-
mg/L
Avg. F
mg/L
Avg.
Fe
mg/L
Pasgoda 30.60 0.14 2.40 0.21 60.82 0.20 0.22
Gampaha 94.60 0.93 25.10 1.02 82.38 0.20 0.28
Anuradhapura city 112.40 0.51 16.93 0.45 186.17 1.04 0.02
Monaragala 142.90 0.60 20.31 1.60 110.80 1.80 0.10
Mathale 228.00 0.37 9.57 0.41 294.27 0.72 0.09
Mahawa -
Siyambalangamuwa 253.00 10.41 63.79 3.07 178.58 1.40 0.24
Ampara 259.40 9.60 54.58 1.25 346.00 1.02 0.11
Padaviya 323.80 12.63 76.80 3.72 324.20 1.20 0.26
Polpithigama 352.50 11.21 72.89 4.07 192.77 1.20 0.36
Medawachchiya 376.20 12.80 80.10 4.86 366.75 1.50 0.60
Fonseka, S.I., Amarasinghe, M.D., Paranagama, P.A. (2013) Nitrate, phosphate and sulfate concentrations of well water in CKDu endemic areas and non endemic areas and their relation to water hardness, Proceedings of the 69th annual sessions of Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, Sri Lanka will be held on 2nd – 6th Dec. 2013, pp 271.
-
Fonseka, S.I., Amarasinghe, M.D., Paranagama, P.A. (2013) Nitrate, phosphate and sulfate concentrations of well
water in CKDu endemic areas and non endemic areas and their relation to water hardness, Proceedings of the 69th
annual sessions of Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, Sri Lanka will be held on 2nd – 6th Dec.
2013, pp. 271.
-
• To determine the prevalence of clinical features and analysis the arsenic content in urine and hair samples
• Abnormal spotty pigmentation observed in palms and soles of CKDu patients during clinical examinations of CKDu patients
• Different from Chronic Arsenic Toxicity present in Bangladesh
-
IN BANGLADESH
-
Endemic area
-
•Jayasumana, M.A.C.S., Paranagama, P.A., Amarasinghe, M.D., Wijewardane, K.M.R.C., Dahanayake, K.S., Fonseka, S.I.,
Rajakaruna, K.D.L.M.P., Mahamithawa, A.M.P., Samarasinghe, U.D., Senanayake, V.K. (2013) Possible link of Chronic
arsenic toxicity with Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka, Journal of Natural Sciences Research,
3(1), 64-73.
Percentage dermal manifestation observed in
the CKDu cases and control groups
Subjects from non-endemic area did not show hyperpigmentations or kerotosis
of palms and soles
-
Collection of biological samples
• Urine samples were collected
CKDu patients (n = 125)
controls from endemic area (n = 180)
controls from nonendemic area (n = 43)
• Hair samples were collected
CKDu patients (n = 125)
controls from endemic area (n = 180)
controls from nonendemic area (n = 43)
-
Measurement of Arsenic content in urine and hair samples
• GBC 932 plus Atomic Absorption Spectrometer-AAS (Australia) equipped with a hydride generation system (GBC 3000) and Graphite Furnace (GF 3000) with the background corrector
Analysis of arsenic content
-
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and Mercury Vapour Generator at Water Resources Board Colombo 07 -Sri Lanka
-
CONSOLAB, MALAYSIA
-
AAS analysis with EPA 7060A method
-
ALS Laboratory in Australia (http://www.alsglobal.com) ICPMS analysis
-
Digestion of samples –EPA 7060 A method
• Digestion of samples was carried out with concentrated nitric acid (70% AR) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd),
• concentrated sulfuric acid (98% AR) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd),
• perchloric acid (70% AR) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd), HCl (37% AR) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd),
• and high purity hydrogen peroxide (35.5%) (Sigma Aldrich Pvt. Ltd),
• Laboratory glassware was kept overnight in 10% (v/v) nitric acid. Before use, the glassware were rinsed with de-ionized
water and dried in a dust free environment.
• Spike samples were used in order to calculate the % recovery of biological samples
-
Urinary arsenic contents of CKDu patients
and individuals of the control groups
•Jayasumana MACS, Dahanayake KS, Paranagama PA, Amarasinghe, MD, Wijewardena C, Rajakaruna
L, Mahamithawa AMP, Samarasinghe UDS, Fonseka SI, Senanayake KV,Wijekoon, DVK (2012) Toxic levels of arsenic in
hair and urine samples of patients of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, Proceedings of
the research symposium on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown aetiology, Sri Lanka Medical Association, Sri Lanka, 11th
March 2012, pp12.
Toxic excretory level for arsenic in urine for south Asian population is 35μg/L.
(http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com).
Urinary arsenic
Concentration
(µg/L)
CKDu patients (%)
(n=125)
Controls 1 (%)
(n=180)
Controls 2
(%)
(n=43)
0-10 4.0 10.0 11.6
10-20 4.8 13.3 16.3
20-30 6.4 26.6 27.9
30-40 12.0 21.2 23.3
40-50 32.0 14.4 9.3
50-60 25.6 10.0 6.9
>60 15.2 4.5 4.6
Controls 1 – controls from endemic area control 2 – controls from
nonendemic area
-
Arsenic content in hair samples of CKDu patients and individuals of the control groups
• Jayasumana MACS, Dahanayake KS, Paranagama PA, Amarasinghe, MD, Wijewardena C, Rajakaruna
L, Mahamithawa AMP, Samarasinghe UDS, Fonseka SI, Senanayake KV,Wijekoon, DVK (2012) Toxic levels of arsenic in
hair and urine samples of patients of chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka, Proceedings of
the research symposium on Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown aetiology, Sri Lanka Medical Association, Sri Lanka,
11th March 2012, pp12.
Hair samples Arsenic -mg/kg
Mean-Normal (Muzumdar
2000)
0.46
Control group 1 0.22 to 4.58
Control group 2 0.15 to 2.59
CKDu patients 1.27 to 7.03
Controls 1 – controls from endemic area control 2 – controls from
nonendemic area
-
Arsenic content in Plants, Rice, Hard
water and Soil
-
Plant species As (µg/Kg) Calotropis gigantean (Wara) 80.5±2.1
Asteracantha longifolia (Ikiriya) 5.55±0.1
Calotropis gigantean (Wara) 157.6±1.4
Eichhornia crassipes 553.5±2.4
Marsilea hirsuta 80±1.0
Syzygium cumini ( (Dan) Root 17.85±0.6
Cynodon dectylon (A grass) 84.05±1.1
Terminalia arjuna Bark 115±2.4
Tamarindus indica (Siyambala) bark 45.05±1.0
Gliricidia sepium (Gliricidia) root 38.45±0.7
Schleichera oleosa (Kon) root 160.1±2.8
Diospyros ebenum (Kaluwara) leaves 53.2±1.0
Bauhinia racemosa (Maila) leaves 87.0±1.3
Memecylon sp. (Kuratiya) 40.5±1.1
Pephrosia purpurea (Pila) root ND
Schleichera oleosa (Kon) bark ND
Bauhinia racemosa (Maila) bark ND
Dichrostachys cinerea (Andara) root ND
Ocimum sanctum (Maduruthala) ND
Azadirachta indica (Kohomba) Bark high
Terminalia arjuna Root high Amarasinghe, MD, Fonseka SI, Jayalath, K, Senanayake KV, Paranagama PA, Jayasumana MACS (2012) Preliminary investigations on presence of arsenic in soils and plants from two CKDu prevalent areas in Sri Lanka, (2012) Proceedings of the 10th Annual Academic S essions of the College of Forensic Pathologists of Sri Lanka, 25th February 2012, Sri Lanka Medical Association, Sri Lanka, pp 15.
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Arsenic in rice
Sample name As g/L
• CRM 1 253.73
• CRM 2 256.94
• CRM 3 262.07
• CRM 4 257.31
Dr. Mangala C De Silva, University of Ruhuna
Analyzed by Prof. Andrew A. Meharg, Institute for Global Food
Security, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Malone
Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, U.K.
(ICPMS)
-
Sample name As ug/L
• SPIKE 1 8.17
• SPIKE 2 8.07
• SPIKE 3 8.12
• SPIKE 4 7.99
Mean 8.09
Recovery 80.87 %
Dr. Mangala C De Silva, University of Ruhuna
Analyzed by Prof. Andrew A. Meharg, Institute for Global Food
Security, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Malone
Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, Northern Ireland, U.K.
-
Sample As g/kg
1 101.5
2 183.0
3 115.9
4 100.6
6 179.2
7 87.9
8 55.9
9 122.9
10 68.2
14 114.5
14 77.4
15 108.8
16
71.3
110.4
17
18 51.2
19 79.5
20 106.3
21 51.9
22 67.7
23 92.7
24 76.1
25 51.9
26 64.3
Arsenic
content in Rice
samples
collected from
endemic and
nonendemic
area (n= 75)
Dr. Mangala de Silva,
University of Ruhuna
Andrew A. Meharg, Gareth Norton, Claire Deacon,‡ Paul Williams, Eureka E. Adomako, Adam Price, Yongguan Zhu, Gang Li, Fang-Jie Zhao, Steve
McGrath, Antia Villada Alessia Sommella, P. Mangala C. S. De Silva, Hugh Brammer, Tapash Dasgupta and M. Rafiqul Islam (2013) Variation in Rice
Cadmium Related to Human Exposure, Environmental Science and Technology, in press.
-
Dr. Mangala de Silva,
University of Ruhuna
-
Drinking water analysis for arsenic Levels of arsenic in dug wells used by CKDu ranged from 0.1 - 12.3 μg L-1
In most of the water samples below 10 µg/L Arsenic was detected.
Concentration of Arsenic in different water sources in endemic and non endemic areas DW(EN) = Dug wells in endemic areas;
TW(EN) = Tube wells in endemic areas; PF(EN) = Paddy field water in endemic areas; DW(nEN) = Dug wells in non endemic
areas; PF(nEN) = Paddy field water in non endemic areas (Reference limit for As: 10 µg/L)
Fonseka, S., Paranagama, P.A., Jayalath, K, Amarasinghe, M., Senanayeke, K., Jayasumana, C., Mahamithawa, P., Wijewardhane, C., Samarasinghe, D ., Dahanayake, K. Preliminary investigations on the presence of arsenic in groundwater surface water and soils around Siyambalangamuwa and Moragolla in the Kurunegala district, Proceedings of the International Conference on Chemical Sciences, Sri Lanka Foundation Institute, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka, 20 – 22 June, 144.
Location
As (
pp
b)
PF(nEN)DW(nEN)PF(EN)TW(EN)DW(EN)Reservoir
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-
Arsenic content in soli (Endemic area)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
As Content μg/ kg
Depth (feet)
"C Yaya" Paddy field
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
As
Content
μg/ kg
Depth (feet)
Padaviya lake
n= 10
Amarasinghe, MD, Fonseka SI, Jayalath, K, Senanayake KV, Paranagama PA, Jayasumana MACS (2012) Preliminary
investigations on presence of arsenic in soils and plants from two CKDu prevalent areas in Sri Lanka, (2012) Proceedings of the 10th Annual Academic Sessions of the College of Forensic Pathologists of Sri Lanka , 25th February 2012, Sri Lanka Medical
Association, Sri Lanka, pp 15.
-
Gampaha paddy field
Arsenic content in soli (nonendemic area)
Amarasinghe, MD, Fonseka SI, Jayalath, K, Senanayake KV, Paranagama PA, Jayasumana MACS (2012) Preliminary investigations on presence of arsenic in soils and plants from two CKDu prevalent areas in Sri Lanka, (2012) Proceedings of the 10th Annual Academic Sessions of the College of Forensic Pathologists of Sri Lanka, 25th February 2012, Sri Lanka Medical Association, Sri Lanka, pp 15.
n= 10
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Pasgoda paddy field
• As content in soil profiles from the study area indicated that the As loads in
soil show gradual decline with depth.
• Although these data provide evidence that As is added to the soil from the
surface, more data will be collected for its confirmation.
-
Place Feets pH N (mg/Kg) P
(mg/Kg) SO4
(mg/Kg) Cd
(mg/Kg) As
(mg/Kg) Fe
(mg/Kg)
1
1 7.3 48.447 78.90 237.43 0.005 0.034 802.66
2 7.3 21.895 78.11 237.00 0.005 0.017 960.28
3 7.1 16.421 76.61 232.00 0.002 0.008 940.45
4 7.1 7.974 65.20 218.86 ND 0.004 864.14
5 6.9 5.158 40.24 206.86 ND ND 702.53
6 6.7 3.053 38.74 180.43 ND ND 806.74
7 6.6 2.132 30.42 163.22 ND ND 795.49
8 6.6 0.204 30.37 132.54 ND ND 743.31
Soil profile from Nikawewa area
../A-FINAL
-
• The results suggested that arsenic is
not present naturally in the soils of the
study area
•No reported work is available as to the
presence of arsenic in the bedrocks
•Anthropogenic activities
-
Potential Source of Contamination of toxic trace elements
-
Analysis of agrochemicals
• Number of pesticides samples = 472
• Number of fertilizer samples = 74
Jayasumana MACS, Paranagama PA, Fernando A, Jayalath K, Fonseka SI, Amarasinghe MD, Presence of arsenic in fertilizers and its association with the agricultural kidney disease in Sri Lanka, (2013) The Journal of Toxicology and Health
• EPA – 3050B Method was used to determine the Arseic in
fertilizer available in Sri Lanka
• Digested samples were filtered and used to detect arsenic
by Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry
(HGAAS)
• Spike samples were used in order to calculate the % recovery of
agrochemical samples
-
Arsenic content in pesticides
No. Active ingredient company Arsenic content
(µg/kg)
1 Carbofuran
A
A
A
B
B
331 ±12
2458 ±78
554 ±16
854 ±21
1654 ±35
2 Imidacloprid A
A
180 ±14
359 ±12
3 Methoxyfenozide A
A
911 ±24
872 ±18
4 Tubuconazole A
A
288 ±23
680 ±14
5 Etofenprox C
C
757 ±18
2584 ±28
7 Diazinon C
C
625 ±42
995 ±21 Jayasumana MACS, Paranagama PA, Fernando A, Jayalath K, Fonseka SI, Amarasinghe MD, Presence of arsenic in fertilizers and its association with the agricultural kidney disease in Sri Lanka, (2013) The Journal of Toxicology and Health
Approximately 50 % contaminated with Arsenic
-
8 Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl
+Ethoxysulfuron
C
C
1254 ±26
2578 ±39
9 Diazinon C
C
625 ±42
995 ±21
10 Quinalphos C
C
928 ±08
1893 ±15
11 Thiamethoxam D
E
542 ±19
1024 ±25
12 Penthoate E
E
E
698 ±36
565 ±31
1258 ±44
13 Dimethoate B
B
965 ±25
2457 ±59
14 Profenofos
A
A
C
C
C
1452 ±45
865 ±21
458 ±12
569 ±22
987 ±32 Jayasumana MACS, Paranagama PA, Fernando A, Jayalath K, Fonseka SI, Amarasinghe MD, Presence of arsenic in fertilizers and its association with the agricultural kidney disease in Sri Lanka, (2013) The Journal of Toxicology and Health
-
15 Oxyfluorofen D 788 ±32
16 Ispyribac Na E
E
721 ±21
1458 ±36
17 Methomyl F
F
1112 ±29
1458 ±35
18 Chlophyriphos
B
B
C
C
1365 ±42
654 ±09
865 ±31
1008 ±24
19 MCPA
A
A
C
C
D
D
D
858 ±15
458 ±12
895 ±11
478 ±13
1258 ±18
1496 ±24
789 ±20
20 Carbendazim A
C
1458 ±23
1163 ±25 Jayasumana MACS, Paranagama PA, Fernando A, Jayalath K, Fonseka SI, Amarasinghe MD, Presence of arsenic in fertilizers and its association with the agricultural kidney disease in Sri Lanka, (2013) The Journal of Toxicology and Health
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Arsenic content in synthetic fertilizer
Sample Arsenic content (mg/kg) Triple super phosphate1 43.25+2.5
Triple super phosphate 2 25.49+4.3
Triple super phosphate 3 33.58+7.6
Single super phosphate 26.75 + 4.12
Eppawala rock phosphate 15.25 + 3.67
Urea 0.88 + 0.32
Muriate Of Potash 1.2 + 0.19
Vegetable fertilizer 1 14.75+1.04
Flower fertilizer 1 16.46+5.2
Flower fertilizer 2 11.28+7.9
Dolomite 30.46 + 5.82
Calcium carbide 16.30 + 3.08
N = 39
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Arsenic content in Natural fertilizer
Sample Arsenic content
(µg/kg)
Compost mixture 1 2.32 + 0.43
Compost mixture 2 ND
Chicken manure 1.77 + 0.41
Cow dung mixture 1.48 + 071
Natural flower fertilizer
mixture
ND
Wood charcoal 3.54 + 0.58
Paddy husk charcoal 1.23 + 0.34 N = 35
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3 ppt
Bioaccumulation biomagnification
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Risk factors for CKDu
• Hardness of water
• Agrochemicals
• Arsenic
• Cadmium
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Jayasumana, M.A.C.S., Paranagama, P.A., Amarasinghe, M. D., Wijewardane, K.M.R.C., Dahanayake, K.S., Fonseka, S.I., Rajakaruna, K.D.L.M.P., Mahamithawa, A.M.P., Samarasinghe, U.D., Senanayake, V.K. (2013) Possible link of Chronic arsenic toxicity with Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka, Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 3(1), 64-73.
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Acknowledgement
Financial support given by
• HETC grant awarded to Dr. Channa Jayasumana
• University grant (Rs. 300,000/-) from University of Kelaniya
• Prof. Nalin de Silva, Former Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya