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Post World War I Germany
1918-1929
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2Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Millions of dead, wounded or homeless people
Four empires broke up
Self-determination became popular
New nation-states were set up
New boundaries created problems
World economy damaged
What was the world like after World War I?
Changes to society
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3Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Homeless people:There were numerous displaced refugees who had lost almost everything.
What does this picture tell you about the impact of World War I?
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4Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Destroyed infrastructure: A lengthy restoration was required and the economy was damaged.
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5Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Changes to position of women in society: They expected equal rights, equal opportunities.
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6Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Unemployment: Many jobs were displaced by the war.
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7Crisis and Conflict: Impact of World War I Copyright 2006
Summary
• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Ottoman Turkey
• Britain• France• Serbia• Russia (until 1917)• Italy (from May 1915)• USA (fought as an Associated Power from 1917)
Major countries involved
Central Powers
Allied Powers
Back to main summary
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Germany
Weimar Republic formed in 1918
Treaty of Versailles
Effects of Reparations
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German Hyperinflation, 1922
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Leftist Agitation in Germany
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“Hands Off the Ruhr”
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Germany
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
Joins National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi) in 1920
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Leader(s) – Adolf HitlerAustrian bornWorld War I veteranMember of the National Socialist Workers’ PartyLed the Brownshirts1923 - Staged the “Beer Hall Putsch” – failedWrote Mein KampfBlamed Jews & Communists for losing warAppealed to German’s sense of historyBecomes Chancellor in 1933Attacks JewsTakes title of der FührerRestores Germany’s military mightIgnored Versailles TreatyOrganizes Nazi youth movement
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Important Events1919 – Germans elect an assembly which establishes a democratic republic called the Weimar Republic1923 – Ruhr Valley occupied by French troops & Beer Hall Putsch1929 – Great Depression in Germany1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor & Reichstag fire1934 – Purge of the Brownshirts1935 – Nuremburg Laws enacted1936 – Hitler and Mussolini sign the Berlin-Rome Axis1938 – Kristallnacht1938 - Austria is annexed – “One blood demands one Reich”1938 – Hitler demands and receives the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia (appeasement) at the Munich Conference
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PeopleBlamed Weimar leaders for signing the Versailles TreatyWidespread opposition to Weimar LeadersBrownshirts – private army of veterans and street thugsHitler appealed to workers and industrialistsPolitical parties banned by NazisLabor unions taken over by NazisChurches controlled and clergy silencedJews – stripped of citizenship and right to hold office; barred from schools and destroyed business
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DiplomacyFrance - occupies the industrial Ruhr ValleyU.S. – provides loans to Germany – helps free Germany of debtAdolf Hitler supports General Francisco Franco of the Spanish Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) he wanted Spanish iron ore and magnesium; prevent spread of communism; test new weapons and military tactics (blitzkrieg)
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EconomyAllies set reparations at $35 billion 1922 – Germany says it can not pay (industrial Ruhr Valley is occupied)Inflation soaredSavings of Germans wiped outMid-1920s – France reaches compromise with GermanyU.S provides loans – Germany has 5-year period of prosperityGreat Depression (begins in 1929) – unemployment, etc.
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MilitaryTreaty of Versailles limited the size of the Germany armyHitler sought to restore Germany’s military mightGerman factories begin turning out guns, ammunition, airplanes, tanks, etc.Government stresses importance of a strong military