Download - Polymers chem
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COMPOUNDING OF PLASTICS
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MATERIALS FOR COMPOUNDING
Resins Plasticizers Extenders/ Fillers Lubricants Catalyst/ Accelerators Stabilizers Coloring Agent
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RESINS
Basic binding material 30 – 100% In plastics Two types of plastics
Thermoplastics
Thermoset plastics
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PLASTICIZERS
Increase flexibility Enhance Flow properties
E.g vegetable oil, camphor, esters of oleic, phthalic acid
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FILLERS/EXTENDERS/REINFORCEMENT
To reduce the cost of finished plastics To improve hardness ,tensile strength ,water resistance,
electrical insulating properties. Enhance mechanical strength
E.g Asbestos-heat & corrosion resistance
Carbon black-tensile strength in natural rubber
Quartz ,mica -hardness
Saw dust ,paper pulp ,wood flour, graphite, cotton fiber, pumice
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LUBRICANTS
To impart the flawless glossy finish
Prevent plastic material from sticking
E.g waxes ,oils, soaps , stearates, oleates
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CATALYST/ACCELERATORS
Required only for thermosetting resins
Accelerates the polymerization reaction
E.g hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, metals like Cu,Pb, ammonia and its salts.
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STABILIZERS
Improve the thermal stability during processing
E.g White lead, Lead chromate, lead silicate
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COLOURANTS/COLOURING AGENTS OR PIGMENTS
Imparts colour
Provide decorative appeal to the finished plastics
E.g Organic dyestuffs, opaque inorganic pigments
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FABRICATION OF PLASTICS
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DEFINITION
The process of making various products of plastics is known as fabrication of plastics.
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METHODS OF FABRICATION
Compression Moulding Injection MouldTransfer MouldingExtrusion MouldingBlowingThermoforming
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COMPRESSION MOULDING
P=100-500 atm
T=100-200ºC
Thermoplastics as well as thermoset resins.
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INDUSTRIAL METHOD
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EXAMPLES
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INJECTION MOULDING PROCESS
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PROCESS CONDITIONS
T=90-250ºC For Thermoplastics resin only
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http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/plastics/Injection-molding.php
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EXAMPLES
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TRANSFER MOULDING
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EXAMPLES
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EXTRUSION MOULDING
The plastic granules are moved down by the feed screw and heated up.
The molten plastic is forced through the series of dies.
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The plastic extrusion is cooled by passing it through a water bath or jets of air.
The extrusion continues until it reaches its predetermined length.
It is then cut off to length and the cycle of operations continues.
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EXAMPLES
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BLOWING
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CONTD..
Bubble casting For thermoplastic materials only
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EXAMPLES
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THERMO FORMING
3 Dimensional articles
Combination of Extrusion and Compression Moulding.
2 Steps: Heating & Forming
Forming can be achieved by i) Vacuums Thermoforming ii) Pressure Thermoforming iii) Mechanical Thermoforming
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VACUUM THERMOFORMING(HTTP://WWW.CUSTOMPARTNET.COM/WU/THERMOFORMING)
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PRESSURE THERMOFORMING
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MECHANICAL THERMOFORMING
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EXAMPLES
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CHEMISTRY OF THERMOPLASTICS & THERMOSET PLASTICS
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IMPORTANT PLASTICS
Polyethylene Polystyrene Poly Vinyl Chloride Teflon Bakelite Nylon
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POLYETHYLENE
][][ 2225015050001000
22
CHCHCHCHn Catm
Polymerization of ethylene
Ethylene Polyethylene
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PREPARATION
22/2 CHCHCHCH PdH
OHCHCHOHCHCH CatalystnDehydratio
22223
22233 HCHCHCHCH CatalystationDehydrogen
(i) Hydrogenation Of Acetylene
(ii) Dehydration of ethanol
(iii) Dehydrogenation of ethane
Acetylene Ethylene
Ethanol Ethylene
Ethane Ethylene
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TYPES OF PE
LDPE
HDPE
natm
CoxideBenzoylPer
CHCHCHCHn ][][ 221500
25080
22
natmCHCAl
CHCHCHCHn ][][ 2276
120)(
22
352
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Obtained at High P Branched Structure Low density 0.91-
0.925 Low M.P(115ºC) Low Crystallinity High Water & gas
permeability Used for making
toys , mugs , carry bags.
Obtained at low P Linear structure High density 0.95-
0.97 High M.P(135ºC) High Crystallinity Low Water & gas
permeability For making milk
bottles ,industrial containers , for domestic water & gas piping.
Low Density PE High Density PE
3/ cmg 3/ cmg
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PROPERTIES OF PE
Rigid, waxy, white, translucent, non-polar material
Chemical resistance to strong acids, alkalis and salt solution
Good electrical insulator
Resistant to atmospheric conditions
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ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
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POLYSTYRENE
Free radical addition polymerization Initiator is Benzoyl peroxide
Styrene Polystyrene
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PREPARATION
+ 2H
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PROPERTIES
Transparent & light weight polymers Resistant to moisture Low M.P (90-100ºC) High electrical insulators Good chemical resistant Transmit light through curved section.
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APPLICATION
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POLY VINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
Prepared by polymerization of VC Free radical chain polymerization Heated in water Emulsion with catalyst under
pressure.
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PREPARATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE
CHClCHHClCHCH tideCatalysMetalChlorC
2
8060
Acetylene Vinyl Chloride
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PROPERTIES OF PVC
Colorless & odorless powder Chemically inert & nonflamable High resistance to light, Atmospheric
Oxygen, Acids & Alkalis. Soluble in Chlorate