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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 11
PointPoint--toto--Point NetworkPoint NetworkSwitching Switching
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 22
PointPoint--toto--Point Network SwitchingPoint Network Switching
• Circuit Switching, Message Switching, Packet Switching, Cell Switching
• Connection-Oriented versus Connectionless• Virtual Circuit versus Datagram Networks• Internal/External Abstractions
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 33
PointPoint--toto--Point SwitchingPoint Switching
• Circuit Switching• Store-and-Forward Networks
– Message Switching– Packet Switching
• connection-oriented vs connectionless• virtual circuit vs datagram
– Cell Switching
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 44
Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching• Seeking out and establishing a physical
copper path from end-to-end [historic definition] .
• Circuit switching implies the need to first set up a dedicated, end-to-end path for the connection before the information transfer takes place.
• Once the connection is made, the only delay is propagation time.
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 55
Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching
Figure 2-38. (a) Circuit switching. (b) Packet switching.
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 66
StoreStore--andand--Forward Forward NetworksNetworks
• Intermediate processors (IMPS, nodes, routers, gateways, switches) along the path store the incoming block of data.
• Each block is received in its entirety, inspected for errors, and retransmitted along the path to the destination. This implies buffering at the router and one transmission time per hop.
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 77
StoreStore--andand--Forward RoutersForward Routers
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 88
CutCut--Through RoutersThrough Routers
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 99
Message SwitchingMessage Switching
• A store-and-forward network where the block of transfer is a complete message.
• Since messages can be quite large, this can cause:– buffering problems– high mean delay times
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1010
Packet SwitchingPacket Switching• A store-and-forward network where the
block of transfer is a complete packet. A packet is a variable length block of data with a fixed upper bound.
Using packets improves mean message delay.
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1111
Cell SwitchingCell Switching
53 bytes
• A network where the unit of transfer is a small, fixed-size block of date (i.e., a cell).
• ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networks use 53-byte cells.
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1212
Packet Switched NetworksPacket Switched Networks
Connection-oriented Protocols
– A setup stage is used to determine the end-to-end path before a connection is established.
– Data flow streams are identified by some type of connection indicator (e.g. OSI, X.25, SNA).
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1313
ConnectionConnection--Oriented Oriented Concatenation of Virtual Concatenation of Virtual
CircuitsCircuits
Figure 5-45.Internetworking using concatenated virtual circuits.
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1414
Packet Switched NetworksPacket Switched Networks
Connectionless Protocols
– No set up is needed.– Each packet contains information which allows
the packet to be individually routed hop-by-hop through the network.
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1515
Connectionless Connectionless InternetworkingInternetworking
Figure 5-46. A connectionless internet.
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1616
Datagram Datagram vsvs Virtual CircuitVirtual Circuit
Datagram– Each datagram packet may be individually
routed.Virtual Circuit
– In virtual circuit set up is required.– All packets in a virtual circuit follow the same
path.
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1717
Event TimingEvent Timing
DCC 6th Ed., W. Stallings, Figure 10.3
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1818
External External Virtual CircuitVirtual CircuitAnd DatagramAnd DatagramOperationOperation
DCC 6th Ed., W. Stallings, Figure 10.4
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Networks: SwitchingNetworks: Switching 1919
Internal Internal Virtual CircuitVirtual CircuitAnd DatagramAnd DatagramOperationOperation
DCC 6th Ed., W. Stallings, Figure 10.5